Iindidi ezisi-8 zeZithinteli zokuVuthulwa kwiSitokhwe ngo-2025

Izithinteli zokuqhushumba (BOPs) zibalulekile kwishishini leoli negesi, zisebenza njengokhuselo lokugqibela lokuthintela ukuqhushumba okuyingozi. Ezi zixhobo zineziyilo ezilawulayo kunye nokumisa ukukhutshwa okungalawulekiyo kweoli kunye negesi kwimithombo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ii-BOPs ziza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ilungiselelwe ukujongana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zequla le-oyile kunye nemingeni yejoloji.

Esi sikhokelo siya kuphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunqanda ukuvuthuza amashishini anokuzifumana kwimarike namhlanje. Ukusuka kwii-BOPs zonyaka ukuya kwi-chear, inkunzi yegusha, kunye neenketho ze-hybrid, iya kuphonononga ukuba yintoni eyahlula uhlobo ngalunye kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo, ukuze uqiniseke ukuba ugcina ezona zikhetho zibalaseleyo kubathengi bakho.

Isiqulatho
Ziziphi izithinteli zokuvuthela, yaye kutheni zibalulekile?
Iindidi ezisi-8 zokuthintela ukuvuthela ukuba zithathele ingqalelo isitokhwe sika-2025
Amazwi okugqibela

Ziziphi izithinteli zokuvuthela, yaye kutheni zibalulekile?

Abathinteli be-Blowout babalulekile ekugcineni ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kwayo nayiphi na ioli okanye igesi kakuhle. Zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa okungalawulwayo kwee-hydrocarbons, ezidala umngcipheko wokuvuthela. Ukudubula okunjalo kusongela ubomi kwaye ngokufuthi kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo kunye nemali.

Cinga nge-BOPs njengekhaka phakathi kwequla kunye nezixhobo zokomba. Abavelisi babadibanisa ukuze basebenze ngokukhuselekileyo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiimeko ezinzima. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-BOPs yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokhuseleko kwintsimi yeoli kunye negesi.

Ngaphandle kokuthintela ukuvuthela, ii-BOPs zinokunceda ukulawula amaqula e-oyile ngexesha lokomba, ukugcinwa, kunye nokugqitywa. Zenza ukuba lowo uyisebenzisayo acuthe ukuhamba kweoli negesi, alungise, aze ajongane nemibandela enokuvela.

Iindidi ezisi-8 zokuthintela ukuvuthela ukuba zithathele ingqalelo isitokhwe sika-2025

1. Izithinteli zokuvuthela ngomnyaka

Ii-BOP zonyaka (ezingqukuva) zezona zithandwa kakhulu kwishishini leoli negesi. Ziquka irabha, itywina elimilise okwedonathi abaqhubi basongele umbhobho wokubhoboza okanye i-casing ukunika isitywina esiqinileyo sokulawula uxinzelelo.

Nangona kunjalo, into ebenza bathandwe kukuba babhetyebhetye ngokukhethekileyo. Banokugcina itywina lequla naxa imibhobho ingena okanye iphuma, yiyo loo nto abaninzi beyijonga njengefanelekileyo kwimisebenzi efuna ukufakwa kunye nokususwa kwemibhobho rhoqo. Ii-BOP zonyaka zikwasebenzisa uxinzelelo lwehydraulic ukuvala malunga nombhobho wokubhola okanye i-casing xa kufuneka ngokukhawuleza.

2. Izithinteli zokucheba iinkunzi zeegusha

Izithinteli zokucheba iinkunzi zeegusha (okanye iinkunzi zeegusha zokucheba ngexesha likaxakeka) ziintlobo ezikhethekileyo zeBOP eyilelwe iimeko ezinzima. Umsebenzi wabo ulula kodwa ubalulekile: banqumla umbhobho wokugrumba okanye i-casing kwaye batywine iqula ngexesha likaxakeka xa ezinye iindlela zisilele.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, abaqhubi babeka ezi nkunzi ezantsi kwe-BOP stack, zilungele ukuqaliswa xa zifuneka. Abavelisi bakwawaxhobisa ngeencakuba ezibukhali ukuze azivumele ukuba zicande kumbhobho wokubhoboza okanye ingxowankulu phambi kokuba zibambele phantsi ukuvala umthombo, ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuvuthela okuyingozi.

Iinkunzi zeegusha zokucheba nazo zisebenzisa uxinzelelo lwehydraulic ukuqhuba iincakuba zokusika kunye nokutywina iqula. Banokumelana neemeko ezigqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, bebenza bagqibelele njengokhuseleko lokugqibela ukugcina iqula likhuselekile kwezona meko zinzima kakhulu.

3. Izithinteli zokucheba iinkunzi zeegusha eziyimfama

Olu luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-shear ram BOP esebenza apho owandulelayo unokusilela. Olunye uncedo oluphambili lwezi BOPs kukuba zinokusebenza ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwehydraulic, zizenze zithembeke ngakumbi kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu. Xa uxinzelelo lwehydraulic lusilela, abaqhubi banokuvula ezi BOPs ngomatshini ukuqinisekisa ukuba bavale ngempumelelo umthombo kwaye bathintele ukuvuthela.

4. Izithinteli zokubhoboza iinkunzi zeegusha eziguquguqukayo

Le BOP lolunye uhlobo olulodwa lokuthintela ukuvuthela kwenkunzi yegusha. Eyona nto iyenza yahluke kukukwazi kwayo ukutywina iqula kungakhathaliseki utshintsho kubungakanani bombhobho, inika ububhetyebhetye ekunzima ukuyibetha. Oku kuziqhelanisa kunceda ngakumbi xa ubungakanani bemibhobho emininzi bukhona kwiqula elinye, njengoko kuphelisa imfuneko yokutshintshisa isitaki sonke sokuthintela ukuvuthela.

Njengezinye ii-BOPs, ii-VBRs zisebenza ngamandla e-hydraulically, zivumela abaqhubi ukuba bahlengahlengise iinkunzi zeegusha ukuze zilungele ubungakanani bombhobho ohlukeneyo ngokulula. Oku kwenza ukuba umsebenzi usebenze ngakumbi kwaye uqinisekisa isimo esilawulwa kakuhle kulo lonke. Ngaphandle kokuguquguquka kwazo, ii-VBR zisabonelela ngentembeko yokutywina eyomeleleyo, ibenza babe lukhetho oluthembekileyo lokulawula iimeko ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.

5. Izithinteli zokuvuthela kweenkunzi ezimbini

Ii-BOP zeenkunzi eziphindwe kabini zithatha indlela eyahlukileyo yokuthintela ukuqhushumba. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinkunzi zeegusha, ezi BOPS zibonakalisa iiseti ezimbini zeenkunzi zeegusha ezinokutywina ngakunye kumbhobho wokugrumba okanye ukuvala ukuqukuqela kwamanzi. Eyona njongo iphambili yolu yilo kukubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kuba ukuba iinkunzi zeegusha aziphumeleli, enye inokungenelela ukuze yenze itywina eligcinayo.

Ezi BOPs ziqhelekile kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo, njengokubhobhoza kwamanzi anzulu okanye iindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, apho ukuthembeka kubalulekile. Ukuba neeseti ezimbini zeenkunzi zeegusha zongeza ubuninzi obungafunekiyo ngelixa unyusa amandla okutywina, uqinisekisa itywina elomeleleyo, eliqina ukunceda ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvuthuza.

6. Izithinteli zokuvuthela ngeentambo

I-stripper BOP yinto ekhethekileyo yokuthintela ukuvuthela enceda ukulawula amaqula ngexesha lemisebenzi yokukhubeka, apho imibhobho ingena okanye iphuma equleni. Ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye ii-BOPs (ezijolise ngakumbi ekutywineni iqula ngexesha lokuvuthela), i-stripper BOP ivumela imibhobho ukuba ihambe ngelixa igcina ulawulo.

Njenge-BOP ye-annular, i-stripper ye-BOP isebenzisa into yerabha eguquguqukayo eyandisa okanye inkontileka malunga nombhobho njengoko ihamba. Ii-BOPs ze-stripper nazo zibonelela ngokhuseleko ngexesha lokuhamba ngomngcipheko ophezulu, ukunceda ukudala itywina eliqinileyo eliyeka ukuvuthela. Nangona kunjalo, abasebenzisi badla ngokuzisebenzisa kunye nezinye ii-BOPs (ezifana ne-annular okanye ii-BOPs zeegusha) kulawulo olupheleleyo lwequla leoli.

Qaphela: I-BOP ye-stripper inokufuna ukugcinwa rhoqo kwaye inemida kubungakanani bemibhobho enokuyiphatha.

7. Ulungelelwaniso lwestakhi

Izithinteli zokuvuthuza azifane zisetyenziswe zodwa-ngokuqhelekileyo ziyinxalenye yenkqubo enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-BOP stack. Le mfumba yindibano ethe nkqo yamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-BOP alungelelaniswe nomsebenzi wokomba, iimeko zequla le-oyile, kunye nemimiselo yendawo. Nalu ucazululo lwesitaki esiqhelekileyo se-BOP:

• I-BOP yonyaka: Ngokwesiqhelo umphezulu wesitaki, eli candelo liguquguqukayo litywina malunga nobungakanani bombhobho obahlukeneyo kunye neemilo.

• Ram BOPs: Rhoqo ngaphantsi kwe-annular, ii-BOP zenkunzi yegusha, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezifana nokucheba okungaboniyo, umbhobho, kunye neenkunzi zeegusha eziguquguqukayo, zibonelela ngemisebenzi ethile (efana nokhuseleko lokugcinwa).

• Ukukrwitsha kwaye ubulale imigca: Le migca yoxinzelelo oluphezulu idibanisa i-stack kwiinkqubo zokulawula kakuhle ioli, inceda ukulawula ukujikeleza kwamanzi kunye nokubeka iliso kuxinzelelo.

• Ivalve kunye nezinto ezininzi: Ezi nxalenye zongezelelweyo ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle.

Indlela i-BOP stack ilungelelanisa ngayo la macandelo ixhomekeke kwiimfuno zomsebenzi wokomba. Abaqhubi ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa izitaki ezimbini ze-BOP zokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kunye nokungafuneki.

8. Iinkqubo zokulawula ukuvuthela

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-BOP ziyimfuneko ekugcineni imithombo yeoli ikhuselekile. Ezi nkqubo zibeka iliso kwaye zilawule ukusebenza kwe-BOP stack, ziqinisekisa ukuba yonke into isebenza njengoko kufanelekile. Inkqubo yolawulo idla ngokubandakanya iiphaneli zolawulo lwehydraulic, iivalve, kunye neziqokeleli.

Olu cwangciso luvumela abaqhubi ukuba bavule kwaye bavale iinkunzi zeegusha, benze iinkunzi zeegusha zisebenze, kwaye babeke iliso kuxinzelelo kunye nesimo se-BOP stack. Abaqhubi baya kuba nokufikelela kwidatha yexesha langempela ukusuka kwi-sensor kunye neegeji, ezibanceda balandele uxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nempilo yenkqubo iyonke.

Oku kubeka iliso rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba i-BOP ihlala isebenza kwaye ilungele ukusebenza. Enye into entle ngezi nkqubo kukuba zivumela ulawulo olukude, lunika abaqhubi ukusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi ngelixa besongeza umaleko wokhuseleko olongezelelweyo.

Amazwi okugqibela

Ishishini leoli kunye negesi alikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuthintela ukuvuthela. Zisebenza njengezikhuselo eziyimfuneko ngokuchasene nokuvuthuza kwaye zinceda ukugcina ukhuseleko lomthombo we-oyile. Ukukhetha i-BOP efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ze-oil rig, njengoko uhlobo ngalunye lunikeza iimpawu ezizodwa ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Khumbula ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana neemeko zequla, ubungakanani bebhore, kunye nokusingqongileyo xa ukhetha ii-BOPs. I-BOP efanelekileyo (ingakumbi ukuba abaqhubi balandela iindlela zokulawula eziqinileyo) baya kunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvuthela kunye nokugcina imisebenzi isebenza kakuhle.