A iseli yelanga sisixhobo esiguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngamandla ombane. Olu guqulelo luphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa umphumo we-photovoltaic kwizinto eziphathekayo ze-semiconductor, ngokuqhelekileyo i-silicon. Iiseli zelanga ziyinxalenye ephambili yobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zamandla elanga.
Inqaku elilandelayo liza kukunika isishwankathelo sembali ye iseli yelanga uphuhliso kwaye iya kuqaqambisa iirekhodi eziphambili zobuchule ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Isiqulatho
Ukuphuhliswa kweeseli zelanga
uhlelo
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zelanga
Iirekhodi zehlabathi zeeseli zelanga kwiminyaka
Umahluko phakathi kwelebhu kunye nempumelelo yorhwebo
Iindlela eziphambili kwitekhnoloji yeeseli zelanga
Ukuvala
Ukuphuhliswa kweeseli zelanga
Imbali ye iiseli zelanga ibuyele emva ekupheleni kwe-1800s, xa izazinzulu zafumanisa ukuba izinto ezithile ze-PV zinokuvelisa umbane xa ubonakaliswe ekukhanyeni. Kodwa akuzange kube ngowe-1954 apho iBell Labs iphuhlise ngempumelelo iseli yelanga yesilicon yokuqala. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, iiseli zelanga zaqalisa ukusetyenziswa ekuboneleleni amandla kwiziphekepheke, nto leyo eyabangela uphuhliso olungakumbi lobugcisa babo.
Ukurhweba kunye nokuthandwa kwaqala ngo-1970, kunye nokuvela kwengxaki yamandla, iiseli zelanga zafumana ingqwalasela engakumbi njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa zavumela iiseli zelanga ukuba ziqale ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo zorhwebo kunye neendawo zokuhlala.
uhlelo
Isilicon yemonocrystalline iiseli zelanga: zenziwe ngekristale enye yesilicon kwaye zisebenza ngakumbi kodwa zibiza kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo banokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu kunye nobomi benkonzo ende.
I-silicon yepolycrystalline iiseli zelanga: zenziwe ngeekristale ezininzi ze-silicon ezincinci, zisebenza kancinci kancinci kune-silicon ye-monocrystalline, kodwa zibiza kancinci.
Ifilimu encinci iiseli zelanga: I-silicon ye-amorphous okanye ezinye izinto (umzekelo, i-CdTe, i-CIGS) zigqunywe kwiileya ezibhityileyo kakhulu kwi-substrate. Ezi seli zixabiso eliphantsi, kodwa zihlala zingasebenzi kakuhle kuneeseli ze-silicon zekristale.
New iiseli zelanga: Ezi ziquka iiseli zelanga ze-organic, iiseli zelanga ze-chalcogenide, njl., ezinokubonelela ngeendleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa kunye namathuba okufaka isicelo esitsha. Iiseli ze-Chalcogenide, ngakumbi, zinokukhokelela kwimpumelelo entsha.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zelanga
Iseli yelanga ukusebenza kakuhle yeyona metric engundoqo yendlela ngokufanelekileyo iseli yelanga ekuguqulela ngayo ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Ngokukodwa, ngumlinganiselo wamandla ombane oveliswa yiseli yelanga kumandla awafumana kwimitha yelanga. Ngamanye amazwi, ichaza ukuba ubungakanani bamandla elanga afunxwa yiseli yelanga aguqulwa ngokufanelekileyo abe ngamandla ombane.
Ukubaluleka kokusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zelanga
Imveliso yamandla: okukhona ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kokukhona umbane omninzi umlinganiselo ofanayo weseli yelanga unokuvelisa phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya ezifanayo.
Ukusebenza kweendleko: Ukonyuka kokusebenza kakuhle kunciphisa ixabiso leyunithi yombane welanga, okwenza amandla elanga akhuphisane ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho.
Ukusetyenziswa kwendawo: Iiseli zelanga ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu zinokuvelisa umbane omninzi kwindawo elinganiselweyo, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezinqandwa ngendawo ezifana neenkqubo zelanga eziphezu kophahla okanye ufakelo oluncinci.
Inkqubo yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle
Uphuhliso lweeseli zelanga lunokwahlulwa lube ngamanqanaba amathathu, ngalinye linenkqubela yalo ethile yetekhnoloji:
Isigaba I: Iiseli zelanga ze-silicon zecrystalline
Inqanaba lokuqala le iiseli zelanga isekelwe ikakhulu kwi-monocrystalline kunye ne-polycrystalline silicon materials. Iiseli zelanga ze-silicon ezithengiswayo zokuqala zineempembelelo ezimalunga ne-6%, kodwa ngokuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe, iiseli zesilicon zemonocrystalline zanamhlanje ziye zakwazi ukufikelela kwimpumelelo engaphezulu kwe-22% phantsi kweemeko zelabhoratri.
Inkqubo yempumelelo: Ukonyuka kokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kungenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kucoceko lwe-silicon, ukwenziwa ngcono kolwakhiwo lwe-lattice, ukuncitshiswa kokubonakala, ukuphuculwa koyilo lwe-electrode, kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yamandla ngaphakathi kweseli.
Isigaba II: Iiseli zelanga zefilimu ezincinci
ezi iiseli zelanga ziquka i-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), i-cadmium tellurium (CdTe) kunye neeseli zelanga ze-silicon ze-amorphous. Ukuqala kokusebenza kakuhle kwezi seli zefilimu zincinci ziphantsi, ngokubanzi malunga ne-10%, kodwa ngokuphuhliswa kwezinto kunye neteknoloji yenkqubo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwelebhu ye-CIGS kunye neeseli ze-CdTe kudlule i-23%.
Oku kuphunyezwa ikakhulu ngokuphucula amandla okufunxa ukukhanya kwezixhobo zefilimu ezibhityileyo, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kothutho kunye nokuphucula ubume beseli.
Isigaba III: Iiseli zelanga zeCalcium titanite
I-calcium titanite iiseli zelanga lolona didi lukhula ngokukhawuleza lweeseli zelanga kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukusukela kwingxelo yayo yokuqala ngo-2009, ukusebenza kakuhle kwayo kunyuke ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-3.8% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-33.9% namhlanje.
Ukonyuka okukhawulezayo kokusebenza kakuhle kubangelwe kwiinzuzo ezizodwa zezinto ze-chalcogenide, ezifana ne-coefficients yokukhanya okuphezulu, i-bandgaps ehlengahlengiswayo kunye neenkqubo ezilula zokwenza.
Iirekhodi zehlabathi zeeseli zelanga kwiminyaka
Inqanaba lophuhliso (2009-2012)
Ngo-2009, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-3.5%: Isazinzulu saseJapan uMiyasaka wasebenzisa izinto ze-chalcogenide kwiiseli zelanga ezenziwe ngedayi njengezinto ezifunxa ukukhanya, kodwa izinto bezingazinzanga kwaye zasilela emva kwemizuzu embalwa.
Ngo-2011, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-6.5%: I-Nam-Gyu Park, iYunivesithi yaseSungkyunkwan, eMzantsi Korea, iphucule iteknoloji yeeseli zelanga ze-chalcogenide, yandisa ngokukhawuleza ukuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric ukusebenza kakuhle, kodwa izinto azikwazi ukuzinza ngenxa ye-electrolyte yolwelo esasetyenziswayo, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwanqunyulwa ngama-80% emva kwemizuzu embalwa.
Ngo-2012, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-10%: Iqela leYunivesithi yaseOxford uHenry Snaith wazisa izinto zothutho zeSpiro-OMeTA, waqonda imeko eqinileyo yeseli ye-chalcogenide, yaphucula ngakumbi ukuguqulwa kokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwe-photovoltaic ngokucacileyo akuzange kubole emva kweeyure ezingama-500, ebonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kozinzo.
Inqanaba lophuhliso lokuqala (2012-2015)
kwi 2012, UHenry Snaith weYunivesithi yaseOxford wathatha indawo ye-TiO2 kwiseli kunye ne-aluminium (A1203), kwaye ukususela ngoko i-calcite ayizange ibe yinto efunxayo yokukhanya kwiseli, kodwa yasebenza njengesixhobo se-semiconductor yokudlulisa intlawulo yombane.
kwi 2013, i-chalcogenide ikhethwe njengenye yeempumelelo zenzululwazi ze-10 kwiSayensi ye-2013.
Ngo-2015, ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle kwe-15%: I-China, iJapan kunye neSwitzerland babambisane ukwenza indawo enkulu (indawo yokusebenza engaphezu kwe-1 CM2) iiseli zelanga ze-chalcogenide, eziye zaqinisekiswa ngabasemagunyeni bamazwe ngamazwe.
Inqanaba lophuhliso olukhawulezayo (2016-ngoku)
Ngo-2016, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-19.6%: Iqela likaProf Gratzel kwi-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology eLausanne linyuse izinga lokuphumelela eliqinisekisiweyo laya kutsho kwi-19.6%.
Ngo-2018, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-23.7%: Iziko loPhando lwe-Semiconductor ye-Chinese Academy of Sciences licebise ukugqithiswa kwetyuwa ye-organic ye-chalcogenide yeziphene zomhlaba, ngokulandelelana ukwandisa ukuguqulwa kwempumelelo kwi-23.3% kunye ne-23.7%.
Ngo-2021, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-29.8%: I-Helmholtz Centre Berlin (HZB) iphuhlise ukusebenza kwebhetri ye-chalcogenide tandem yokuguqulwa kwebhetri ye-29.8%, idlula umda osebenzayo we-heterogeneous junction (HJT), i-TOPCon kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe be-silicon ye-crystalline.
Ngo-2022, ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle kwe-31.3%: i-Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) kunye ne-Swiss Centre ye-Electronics kunye ne-Microtechnology (CSEM) yenze i-chalcogenide-silicon efakwe iiseli ze-photovoltaic ezinokuguqulwa kwe-31.3%.
Ngo-2023, ukusebenza koguqulo lwamandla nge-33.9%: Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-crystalline silicon-calcite iseli egciniweyo ngokuzimeleyo ephuhliswe yi-LONGi Green Energy Technology Co. ifikelela kwi-33.9%, idlula umda we-Shockley-Quayther (SQ) wethiyori ye-33.7% yeeseli ezidibanisa enye.
Umahluko phakathi kwelebhu kunye nempumelelo yorhwebo
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwelabhoratri kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezorhwebo ziimetrics ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya ukusebenza kweeseli zelanga, kwaye kukho umahluko ophambili phakathi kwazo:
Ukusebenza kweLabhoratri
Inkcazo:
Ukusebenza kweLabhoratri yeyona nto iphezulu yokuphumelela a iseli yelanga ilinganiswe phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zelabhoratri. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya iimeko zovavanyo oluqhelekileyo (STC) olufana nobunzulu bokukhanya obuthile (1000 W/m²), usasazo lwembonakalo echaziweyo kunye nobushushu obumiselweyo (budla ngokuba yi-25°C).
iimpawu:
Ukuphumelela kwelebhu ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo ezilungiselelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kweeseli.
Ubuchule obunjalo buqhele ukulinganiselwa kwiiseli ezizimeleyo okanye iisampuli zeeseli ezincinci, endaweni yesolar panel yonke okanye inkqubo.
Ukusebenza kweLabhoratri kubonisa umda ophezulu wesakhono sobugcisa beseli yelanga.
Ubuchule borhwebo
Inkcazo:
Ubuchule borhwebo yi-avareji yokusebenza kakuhle iiseli zelanga okanye iiphaneli zelanga eziveliswa ngokwenene kwaye zisetyenziswe kwimarike. Yinqanaba lokusebenza ukuba abathengi banokulindela xa kuthengwa kwaye besebenzisa inkqubo yeseli yelanga.
iimpawu:
Ukusebenza korhwebo kuqhelekile kunokusebenza kwelabhoratri kuba kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ngobuninzi, njengokwahluka kwezinto, ukunyamezelana kwemveliso, kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide.
Oku kusebenza kakuhle kulinganiswa phantsi kweemeko ezikufutshane neemeko zokusebenza zangempela, kubandakanywa amaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo, iimeko zokukhanya, kunye ne-shading enokwenzeka.
Ubuchule borhwebo bubonakalisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kwangempela kweeseli zelanga kusetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla.
Ukungafani
Ubuchule: Ukusebenza kweLabhoratri kuqhele ukuba phezulu kunorhwebo kuba kufunyanwa phantsi kweemeko ezinqwenelekayo.
isicelo: Ukusebenza kweLabhoratri kusetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando nakuphuhliso ukukhuthaza impumelelo entsha yetekhnoloji; ngelixa impumelelo yorhwebo igxile ekusebenzeni kwemveliso kunye nokhuphiswano lwemarike.
Iindleko: Xa kuphunyeziwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwezorhwebo, iindleko zemveliso kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuveliswa kwemveliso enkulu nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo ayiyongqwalasela enkulu ekumiselweni kokusebenza kakuhle kwebhubhoratri.
Iindlela eziphambili kwitekhnoloji yeeseli zelanga
Ukuphumelela kwixesha elizayo iseli yelanga iteknoloji igxile ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa iindleko, ukuqinisa ukuqina kunye nokulungelelanisa iimfuno zezicelo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kulandelayo yinkangeleko eneenkcukacha kule mikhwa:
Ukonyuka kokuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle
Iiseli zelanga ezidityanisiweyo ezininzi: Ngokupakisha imathiriyeli ye-semiconductor enee-bandgap ezahlukeneyo, iiseli zelanga ze-junction ezininzi zinokufunxa ibhanti ebanzi yokukhanya kwelanga, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Udityaniso oluphindwe kathathu kunye neeseli zelanga eziphindwe kane zinokubonwa kwixesha elizayo.
Ukudibanisa i-chalcogenide kunye ne-silicon: Ukudityaniswa kweeseli zelanga ze-chalcogenide kunye neeseli ze-silicon eziqhelekileyo ukwenza i-hybrid okanye iiseli ezigciniweyo zelanga zinokunika ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuphendula okungcono kwe-spectral.
Ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza
Imveliso yokunyusa: Iindleko zokwenziwa kweeseli zelanga kulindeleke ukuba zehle ngakumbi njengoko itekhnoloji ikhula kwaye imveliso yokunyusa iyenzeka.
Izinto ezivuselelekayo: Uphando kunye nophuhliso lwezinto ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, izinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokunciphisa ukuthembela kwizinto ezinqabileyo kunye netyhefu kuya kunceda ukuphucula ukugcinwa kokusingqongileyo kweeseli zelanga.
Ukomelezwa kokuqina kunye nokuthembeka
Phucula uzinzo lwexesha elide: Abaphandi bajolise ekuphuculeni ukuzinza kwexesha elide kunye nokuchasana kwemozulu yeeseli zelanga ukujamelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokwandisa ubomi babo.
Izinto zokuziphilisa: Ukuphuhlisa izinto zeseli zelanga ezinokuzilungisa umonakalo omncinci ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwexesha elide.
Ukuvala
Uphuculo olusebenzayo lwe iiseli zelanga ingene kwinqanaba elikhawulezayo, ngakumbi ngokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kweeseli ze-chalcogenide eziza kuzisa amandla amatsha kule ndawo. Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kweeseli zelanga yeyona nto iphambili eqhuba uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yelanga kunye nokwamkelwa kwentengiso.
Ngokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kwisayensi yezinto, uyilo oluphambili lweeseli kunye nenkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokuvelisa, iiseli zelanga ziya zisebenza ngakumbi, zingabizi kakhulu kwaye zithembekile. Ngophuculo olongezelelweyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha, sinokulindela ukuba baya kubonelela ngezisombululo zamandla ezithembekileyo nezingabizi kakhulu kumakhaya kunye namashishini.
Okokugqibela, yiya ku Chovm.com ukuphonononga uluhlu lweendlela zamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokukhangela uluhlu lwemveliso enikezelwayo, kubandakanya iiseli zelanga ezisetyenziselwa ikhaya kunye neshishini.
