Izityalo zamandla elanga sebenzisa amandla amaninzi elanga kwaye zisiba sisiseko secandelo lamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ezi ndawo zibandakanya uluhlu olukhulu lweeseli ze-photovoltaic eziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Nokuba amaziko asezidolophini anika amandla amandla, iilali ezikude okanye iindawo zemizi-mveliso, izityalo zamandla elanga zibonelela ngomthombo wamandla okhawulezayo noguquguqukayo.
Eli nqaku liza kubonelela ngoshwankathelo lwezityalo zamandla elanga kwaye emva koko lijonge kwimiba ephambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa utyala imali kwizityalo zamandla elanga ngo-2024.
Isiqulatho
Yintoni umatshini wombane welanga?
ukwakhiwa
uhlelo
Iziganeko zesicelo
Yintoni omele uyiqwalasele xa ukhetha isityalo sombane welanga?
Ukubakho kwemali
Iindlela zetekhnoloji
Umgca osezantsi
Yintoni umatshini wombane welanga?
Umatshini wamandla elanga liziko elisebenzisa iteknoloji yesolar photovoltaic (PV) okanye iteknoloji yesolar thermal (CSP) ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kumbane. Kwi-PV, isityalo samandla elanga siqulethe ngokuyinhloko inani elikhulu leepaneli zelanga ezithatha ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye ziguqulele kwi-direct current (DC), ethi ke iguqulelwe yi-inverter kwi-alternating current (AC) ekhoyo yorhwebo okanye yasekhaya.
Izityalo zamandla elanga zingasasazwa ufakelo oluncinci, olufana neenkqubo zelanga eziphezu kophahla lwendlu, okanye iifama ezinkulu zesolar photovoltaic ezigubungela amakhulu okanye amawaka eehektare. Kwelinye icala, iiplanti zamandla obushushu belanga, ezisebenzisa izipili ukujolisa imitha yelanga kunye nokufudumeza ulwelo ukuvelisa umphunga, othi wona uqhubele ijenereyitha yomoya wokuvelisa umbane, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kwezityalo zamandla elanga kuphenjelelwa ngamandla ziindawo ezikuyo, iimeko zemozulu, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wengingqi kunye nemiba yezoqoqosho. Iindawo ezifanelekileyo zeplanti yamandla elanga zinemitha yelanga ephezulu, ukuthungelana komgangatho ophantsi kunye neemeko zemozulu ezifanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kwimiba yokusingqongileyo, ukubanakho koqoqosho ngundoqo kwizigqibo zeprojekthi yeplanti yamandla elanga, kubandakanywa iindleko zezixhobo, iindleko zofakelo kunye nokugcinwa kwazo, amaxabiso okuthengisa umbane, kunye nenkxaso-mali karhulumente enokubakho kunye nenkuthazo yerhafu.
Njengoko iteknoloji yelanga iqhubela phambili kunye neendleko ziqhubeka ziwa, izityalo zamandla elanga ziba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomxube wamandla wehlabathi, ukubonelela ngendlela esebenzayo yokufezekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuzinzileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.
ukwakhiwa
Ukubunjwa kwesityalo samandla elanga kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweteknoloji (i-photovoltaic okanye i-thermal) kwaye iboniswe ngokwahlukileyo ngezantsi:
Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla e-Photovoltaic
Iphaneli yelanga (Iphaneli yePV): eli lelona candelo lisisiseko seplanti yamandla elanga kwaye linoxanduva lokuthatha ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nokuliguqula libe ngumbane othe ngqo. Iipaneli zivame ukwenziwa nge-silicon, enokuthi ibe yi-silicon ye-monocrystalline, i-silicon ye-polycrystalline okanye ezinye izinto ze-photovoltaic zefilimu ezincinci.
Isixhobo: Iguqula amandla e-DC aveliswa ziipaneli zelanga zibe ngamandla e-AC ukuze asetyenziswe kumakhaya, kumashishini okanye kwigridi. I-inverter yenye yezinto eziphambili zeplanti yamandla elanga kwaye ichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo.
Inkqubo yokukhwela: Isetyenziselwa ukubamba iipaneli zelanga endaweni, nokuba zilungisiwe okanye ziyalandelelwa. Ukulandelela uhlobo lwe-racking luyakwazi ukulungelelanisa i-angle kunye nokuhamba kwelanga ukuphucula ukukhanya kokufumana ukusebenza kakuhle kweepaneli ze-PV.
Ibhokisi yokuhlangana kunye nenkqubo yokuhambisa: kubandakanywa iintambo, iibhokisi zokuhlangana, iibhodi zokuhambisa, njl., ezinoxanduva lokuhambisa nokusasazwa kombane.
Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulawula: esetyenziselwa ukubeka esweni imeko yokusebenza yeplanti yamandla, kubandakanywa imveliso yamandla, ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokubeka iliso kukhuseleko.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla ashushu
Umqokeleli: ngokuqhelekileyo uthotho lwezibuko okanye iilensi ezinoxanduva lokujolisa ukukhanya kwelanga kumamkeli. Abaqokeleli banokuba yipleyiti ecaba, i-parabolic okanye izakhiwo zenqaba.
Umkeli: ifumana ukukhanya kwelanga okugxininisiweyo kwaye ikuguqulele kumandla obushushu, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokufudumeza ulwelo (umzekelo, amanzi, i-oyile, okanye umxube wetyuwa) ukugcina amandla.
Inkqubo yokugcina amandla obushushu: Okubaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokudibanisa, ukukwazi ukugcina amandla okushisa ukuze asetyenziswe ebusuku okanye kwimozulu efumileyo kuphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokuzinza kwesityalo.
Genset: Amandla obushushu aguqulwa abe ngumphunga ngokusebenzisa isitshintshi sobushushu, esiqhuba iturbine kunye nejenereyitha ukuvelisa umbane.
Okupholisa inkqubo: Isetyenziselwa ukupholisa umphunga ophuma kwiinjini yomoya kwaye uwuhlanganise kwakhona kumanzi alulwelo ukuze uphinde usetyenziswe.
uhlelo
Izityalo zamandla elanga zinokuhlelwa ikakhulu ngokwesiseko sohlobo lwetekhnoloji yazo, ubungakanani kunye nendawo yokufakela. Apha ngezantsi kukho iindlela ezimbalwa eziqhelekileyo zokuhlela izityalo zombane welanga:
Ukuhlelwa ngokohlobo lweteknoloji
Iinkqubo ze-Photovoltaic (Iinkqubo zePV): olu hlobo lwesityalo samandla elanga siguqula ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo kumbane, usebenzisa iipaneli ze-solar photovoltaic. Ngoku sesona sixhobo sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwitekhnoloji yamandla elanga.
Iinkqubo zamandla obushushu belanga (iinkqubo zeCSP): Amandla obushushu belanga agxininise ukukhanya kwelanga ngezipili, ezifudumeza ulwelo ukuvelisa umphunga, othi wona uvelise umbane ngeinjini yomphunga. Iisistim ze-CSP ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla elanga amakhulu.
Ukuhlelwa ngokobungakanani
Iinkqubo zokuhlala zelanga: Zifakwe kuphahla lwendlu yomntu, zincinci ngokwesikali kwaye ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zombane zekhaya.
Iinkqubo zesolar zorhwebo: Isetyenziswa kumashishini okanye kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye zilinganiswe phakathi kwendawo yokuhlala kunye nezityalo ezinkulu zelanga, kwaye ziyilelwe ukunciphisa iindleko zombane worhwebo.
Izixhobo zombane welanga: Ezi zezona zityalo zikhulu zelanga, zihlala zigubungela amakhulu ukuya kumawaka eehektare, kwaye zibonelela ngamandla ngokuthe ngqo kwigridi.
Ukuhlelwa ngendawo yokufakela
Amaziko ombane elanga abekwe phantsi: Ukufakwa ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni, ezi zinokuba yi-photovoltaic enkulu ye-solar okanye i-solar thermal power plant kwiindawo ezivulekileyo.
Iinkqubo zelanga eluphahleni: Ifakwe phezu kophahla lwendawo yokuhlala, isakhiwo sorhwebo, okanye indawo yoshishino, ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo indawo ekhoyo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa komhlaba.
Isikhululo samandla elanga esidadayo: Ukufakwa kumphezulu wamanzi, njengamachibi, amachibi kunye namachibi okuzala, ayithathi izibonelelo zomhlaba ezixabisekileyo, ngelixa isiphumo sokupholisa somgangatho wamanzi siphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweepaneli ze-photovoltaic.
Ukuhlelwa ngokwendlela yokusebenza
Amaziko ombane elanga adityaniswe kwigridi: Ngokuqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwigridi kawonke-wonke, banokubonelela ngamandla okanye batsale amandla kwigridi, kwaye bafanelekele uninzi lweeprojekthi zorhwebo kunye nezinga loncedo.
Ngaphandle kwegridi: Isebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwigridi kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokugcina ibhetri yezicelo kwiindawo ezikude okanye apho igridi ingaboneleli.
Iziganeko zesicelo
Izityalo zamandla elanga ube neentlobo ngeentlobo zeemeko zesicelo ezinokuhlangabezana noluhlu olubanzi lwezihlandlo, ukusuka kusetyenziso lombane oluncinci ukuya kwiimfuno zamandla amakhulu kwimizi-mveliso. Ezi zilandelayo zezinye zeemeko eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zombane welanga:
Unikezelo lwamandla kwindawo yokuhlala
Izityalo zamandla elanga efakwe eluphahleni lwendlu okanye kwintendelezo yendlu inokunika amandla acocekileyo ekhaya, ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwigridi yamandla emveli kunye nokukwazi ukuthengisa amandla kwigridi ngokusebenzisa indlela yengxelo yegridi, ukuqonda amandla okuzimela kunye nokunciphisa amatyala ombane.
Amandla orhwebo kunye noshishino
Iinkqubo zelanga ezifakwe phezu kophahla okanye umhlaba ongasetyenziswanga wezakhiwo zorhwebo kunye nezixhobo zoshishino zinokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokusebenza zeshishini ngelixa zinceda ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zokuzinza kunye nokunciphisa i-carbon footprint.
Amaziko oluntu kunye neziseko ezingundoqo
Izityalo zamandla elanga ezifakwe eluphahleni lwezindlu neendawo ezivulekileyo zezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengeepaki, izikolo, izibhedlele, nezakhiwo zikarhulumente aziboneleli nje kuphela ngobonelelo lombane oluzinzileyo, kodwa zikwasebenza njengemiboniso yeeprojekthi zokubonisa ubugcisa bombane obuzinzileyo.
Ubonelelo lwamandla kwiindawo ezikude nezikwanti
Kwiindawo ezikude ezingagqunywanga kwigridi, izityalo zamandla elanga (ingakumbi iinkqubo ze-off-grid) zibonelela ngesisombululo samandla esingabizi kakhulu ukunika abahlali ukukhanya okusisiseko, unxibelelwano kunye nombane ophilayo.
uthutho
Izityalo zamandla elanga nazo zinokusetyenziswa kwiziseko zothutho ezifana nezikhululo zokutshaja iimoto zombane, izibane zasesitalatweni kunye nemiqondiso yendlela, ukukhuthaza inguqu eluhlaza kwicandelo lezothutho.
Yintoni omele uyiqwalasele xa ukhetha isityalo sombane welanga?
Xa ukhetha i umzi-mveliso wamandla elanga, inani lemiba kufuneka liqwalaselwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe iprojekthi eyimpumelelo neyonga iindleko. Ngezantsi kukho iingqwalasela ezibalulekileyo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo:
Indawo yejografi kunye neemeko zemozulu
Ubude bexesha kunye nobunzulu bokukhanya kwelanga: Kungcono ukukhetha indawo enelanga elide kunye nokukhanya okuphezulu.
Iimeko zemozulu: Iindawo ezifume kakhulu okanye ezinenkungu zisenganciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweepaneli zelanga.
Indawo: Umhlaba othe tyaba okanye othambekileyo ulungele ngakumbi ukufakela iipaneli zelanga.
Imfuno yombane kunye nohlalutyo lomthwalo
Umthwalo wencopho kunye nentlambo: Lungisa uyilo kunye nobukhulu besityalo selanga ukuya kwiincopho kunye neentlambo zemfuno yombane.
Imfuno eqhubekayo: Ngezihlandlo apho kufuneka unikezelo lombane olungaphazamisekiyo lweeyure ezingama-24, qwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zamandla elanga ngokudityaniswa nezinye iindlela zamandla, ezifana nezixhobo zokugcina amandla.
Iingqwalasela zezoqoqosho
Utyalo-mali lokuqala: Qwalasela iindleko zokuqalisa kunye neendleko zokwakha zeprojekthi.
Iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa: Oku kubandakanya ukucoca iiphaneli zelanga, ukugcinwa kwenkqubo, njl.
Amaxabiso okuthengisa umbane kunye nenkxaso: Oorhulumente kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo banokuba nemigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso-mali yeeprojekthi zelanga, kwaye ixabiso lokuthengisa umbane kufuneka liqwalaselwe.
Ukukhetha itekhnoloji kunye novavanyo lomthengisi
Ukuvuthwa kweTekhnoloji: Khetha iipaneli zelanga ezikhulileyo nezithembekileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe be-inverter.
Udumo lomthengisi: Khetha ababoneleli bezixhobo kunye neeyunithi zokwakha ezinegama elihle kunye nenkonzo emva kokuthengisa.
Ukubakho kwemali
Kweli candelo, ukubakho kwemali yokufakela iplanti yombane welanga esekwe kwiPV kuboniswa ngemizekelo emibini elula (yasekhaya kunye neyorhwebo). Imiba eqwalaselweyo inala malungu alandelayo:
- Iindleko zokuqala zokufakela kunye nobukhulu benkqubo zisekwe ngokusekelwe kwimiyinge yoshishino;
- Ukuveliswa kombane ngonyaka kuthatha i-avareji yokusebenza kakuhle kwezityalo zamandla elanga, ezihluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo kunye noyilo lwenkqubo;
- Amaxabiso ombane aphakathi abonisa ixabiso lokuthenga umbane welanga kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo;
- Iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwazo zibandakanya, kodwa azikhawulelwanga, ukuhlolwa rhoqo, ukucocwa kweepaneli zelanga, ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezonakeleyo, njl.
- Ubalo lonyaka lokonga umbane lusekwe kupheliso lombane lonyaka kunye namaxabiso ombane aphakathi, kwakunye neendleko zokuwugcina.
| ye parameter | Indawo yokuhlala encinci | Iprojekthi yoRhwebo |
| Iindleko zofakelo lokuqala | US $ 11,000 | US $ 110,000 |
| Ubungakanani benkqubo | 10 kW | 100 kW |
| Ukuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka | ~14,000 kWh | ~140,000 kWh |
| Ixabiso eliphakathi lombane | US$ 0.17/kWh | US$ 0.13/kWh |
| Iindleko zokusebenza nokugcinwa kwazo | I-US $ 100 / ngonyaka | I-US $ 1000 / ngonyaka |
| Ubomi benkqubo | iminyaka 25 | iminyaka 25 |
| Ukongiwa kweendleko zombane ngonyaka | US $ 2,400 | US $ 18,000 |
| Ukongiwa kweendleko zombane zizonke kwiminyaka engama-25 | US $ 60,000 | US $ 45,0000 |
| Ugcino lulonke | US $ 46,500 | US $ 315,000 |
Iindlela zetekhnoloji
Isityalo samandla elanga Itekhnoloji ikhula ngokukhawuleza, ibonisa iindlela ezininzi eziphawulekayo ezibonisa izalathiso zexesha elizayo kunye nezinto ezintsha ezinokubakho kwicandelo lelanga. Apha ngezantsi ziintsingiselo eziphambili kwitekhnoloji yangoku yeplanti yamandla elanga:
Ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle
Abaphandi kunye nabavelisi baqhubeka nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kweeseli zelanga kunye neemodyuli ngokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha kunye nezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Ngokomzekelo, ubugcisa obuphambili obufana neeseli zelanga ze-chalcogenide kunye neeseli zelanga ze-multi-junction zibonisa amandla okugqithisa iiseli ze-silicon zendabuko kunye nokuguqula amandla elanga abe ngumbane ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukunciphisa iindleko
Nangona iindleko zokwakha kunye nokusebenza kwezityalo zamandla elanga ziye zawa kakhulu, ukuhla kweendleko ezongezelelweyo kuhlala kuyinjongo ebalulekileyo kwishishini. Iindleko zokwakha kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zombane welanga zinokucuthwa ngakumbi ngokunyusa imveliso, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kusetyenziswa izinto ezinexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokuphucula uyilo lwenkqubo.
Ukudibanisa kunye nokusebenza okuninzi
Izityalo zamandla elanga ziya zidityaniswa ngakumbi kwaye zinemisebenzi emininzi. Ngokomzekelo, iteknoloji ye-photovoltaic edibeneyo yokwakha (BIPV) idibanisa iiseli zelanga kwizinto zokwakha, zombini ukuvelisa umbane kunye nenxalenye yesakhiwo. Ukongezelela, ukuhlanganiswa kwezityalo zamandla elanga kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokwandisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kokunikezelwa kwamandla.
Ubukrelekrele kunye nedijithali
Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kweplanti yombane welanga kunye nokugcinwa kwayo. Ukusebenzisa i-intanethi yezinto (i-IoT) iteknoloji, idatha enkulu kunye ne-Artificial Intelligence (AI) analytics, izityalo zamandla elanga zinokufikelela ekubekweni kweliso kude, ukuxilongwa kweempazamo ezihlakaniphile kunye nokugcinwa kwangaphambili ukuze kulungiswe ukusebenza kwezityalo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweegridi zokusasaza kunye ne-microgrids
Izityalo zamandla elanga ziya zisanda kuhlanganiswa kwiigridi zokusasaza kunye ne-microgrids ukubonelela ngezisombululo zamandla asasazwayo. Oku kudityaniswa kunokuphucula ukuguquguquka kwegridi kunye nokungakhuseleki ekuphazamiseni, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezikude kunye noluntu oluncinci, kwaye luvumele ukuzimela kwamandla ngokusebenzisa i-solar microgrids.
Umgca osezantsi
Izityalo zamandla elanga, njengezibonelelo ezithatha kunye nokuguqula amandla elanga kumbane, ziyakwazi ukubonelela ngamandla acocekileyo, ahlaziywa ngokutsha kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo ukuya kumandla ombane wezolimo kunye neendawo ezikude, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla amakhulu kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa amandla.
Ngenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokwandisa ulwazi loluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zamandla elanga kuya kwandisa ngakumbi ukubonelela ngezisombululo zamandla acocekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Okokugqibela, ukuba unomdla wokufaka iplanti yombane welanga kwikhaya lakho okanye ishishini, nceda undwendwele oku ikhonkco.
