Ukuthatha okuphambili
Ukuqonda indlela yokuchonga umngcipheko onokuthi ubekho kwiiprojekthi okanye kwintlangano yakho kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yexesha elide kunye nozinzo.
Isakhelo solawulo lomngcipheko sibonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuchonga, ukuvavanya, kunye nokunciphisa iingozi ngaphakathi kumbutho.
Qokelela ingxelo kwaye uhlengahlengise isakhelo sakho somngcipheko njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuze uqinisekise ukuba sihlala sisebenza kwaye sisabela kumngcipheko ovelayo.
Ulawulo lomngcipheko lube yinto ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo yexesha elide kunye nozinzo kwishishini. Iinkampani ziya zisesichengeni sokungaqiniseki okuninzi kunye nezoyikiso ezinokubakho, ukusukela kuguquguquko lwentengiso ukuya kuhlaselo lwe-cyber. Ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokulawulwa komngcipheko akukhona nje ukunciphisa ilahleko enokubakho, kodwa kwakhona malunga nokuthatha amathuba avela kwindlela yokulawula umngcipheko owenziwe kakuhle. Ukulawulwa kwengozi okusebenzayo kwenza ukuba imibutho ilindele imingeni, yenza izigqibo ezinolwazi kwaye igcine umda wokukhuphisana.
Yintoni inkqubo yolawulo lomngcipheko?
Isakhelo solawulo lomngcipheko yindlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuchonga, yokuvavanya nokunciphisa iingozi ngaphakathi kumbutho. Inika inkcazo ecacileyo necacileyo yeenkqubo kunye nezenzo ezilungiselelwe ukulawula iingozi ezinokubakho ngokufanelekileyo. Esi sikhokelo sinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imingcipheko iyasonjululwa ngokucwangcisiweyo, ivumela amashishini ukuba acuthe iimpembelelo ezingalunganga kwaye asebenzise amathuba.
Ngokwembali, ukunyuka kolawulo lomngcipheko kwishishini kuye kwaqhutywa kukukhula kobunzima kunye nokungaqiniseki kwimarike. Njengoko imibutho isanda kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye inxibelelana ngakumbi, ukuthembela kwabo kwitekhnoloji kuye kwanda kakhulu. Olu qhagamshelo luphakamileyo luzise imingcipheko emininzi enokubakho, ukusukela kwizoyikiso zokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity ukuya kwiziphazamiso zokubonelela. Ngenxa yoko, izikhokelo ezibanzi ziye zavela ukunika indlela ecwangcisiweyo necwangcisiweyo yokuchonga, ukuvavanya nokunciphisa le mingcipheko.
Amacandelo aphambili esicwangciso solawulo lomngcipheko
Ukuze kuphuhliswe isicwangciso esisebenzayo solawulo lomngcipheko, ukuqonda amacandelo abalulekileyo esikhokelo solawulo lomngcipheko kubalulekile.
Ukuchongwa koMngcipheko
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ziyakwazi ukubona iingozi ngokufanelekileyo. Ubuchwephesha obufana nohlalutyo lwe-SWOT lunceda ukuvavanya amandla, ubuthathaka, amathuba kunye nezisongelo, ukubonelela ngombono obanzi womngcipheko. Iiseshoni zokucinga ngengqondo zivumela amalungu eqela ukuba axoxe ngeengozi ezinokubakho kwaye aqulunqe izisombululo. Ukongezelela, uvavanyo lomngcipheko kunye nohlalutyo lwemeko lunceda ukuqikelela nokulungiselela imingeni.
Ukujongisisa ubungozi
Ukuphonononga imingcipheko echongiweyo ibandakanya inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo esebenzisa izixhobo zobungakanani kunye nezobunjani. Iindlela zobungakanani, njengemifuziselo yamanani kunye nohlalutyo lokunokwenzeka, zibonelela ngesiseko samanani sokuqonda ukuphindaphindwa komngcipheko kunye nobukhulu, ukuncedisa ekuthathweni kwesigqibo esinenjongo. Iindlela ezisemgangathweni, ezifana nokugweba kweengcali kunye neematriki zomngcipheko, zibonelela ngolwazi ngohlalutyo oluzimeleyo.
Ukunciphisa umngcipheko
Kukho izicwangciso ezininzi zokunciphisa imingcipheko ngokufanelekileyo. Enye indlela kukuphepha, ukuphelisa umngcipheko ngokupheleleyo. Esinye isicwangciso-qhinga kukunciphisa, ukunciphisa umngcipheko ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo asebenzayo. Ukwabelana kubandakanya ukudlulisela umngcipheko kwelinye iqela, nge-inshurensi okanye ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, umzekelo. Okokugqibela, ukwamkelwa kuthetha ukuvuma umngcipheko kunye nokulungiselela iziphumo ezinokubakho kunye nezicwangciso zengozi kunye nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo.
Ukubeka iliso kunye noPhononongo
Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwimingcipheko kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula kubalulekile ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza kunye nokujongana nezoyikiso ezinokubakho. Oku kuvumela imibutho ukuba ihlole ukusebenza kwaye yenze uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko kwimingcipheko evelayo kunye notshintsho. Ngokwenza njalo, bagcina indlela esebenzayo, ukukhusela imisebenzi kunye nokuqinisekisa impumelelo yexesha elide.
Izikhokelo zolawulo lomngcipheko ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo
Ukuqonda ezona nkqubo zixhaphakileyo zolawulo lomngcipheko kunokuba luncedo ekwenzeni esakho isicwangciso. Isakhelo ngasinye sibonelela ngeendlela ezizodwa kunye nezixhobo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile zeshishini kunye neemfuno zolawulo.
Isakhelo se-ERM ye-COSO
I-COSO ERM (uLawulo loMngcipheko woShishino), esenziwe yiKomiti yeMibutho eXhasa ngeMali yeKomishoni yeTreadway, ibonelela ngendlela ebanzi yokuchonga, ukuhlola, ukulawula nokuhlola imingcipheko ngaphakathi kumbutho. Ilungelelanisa ulawulo lomngcipheko kunye nokucwangciswa kobuchule kunye nokusebenza, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokudibanisa umngcipheko kunye neenjongo zoshishino. Esi sikhokelo siquka amacandelo amahlanu: uLawulo neNkcubeko; Isicwangciso-qhinga kunye nokuSekwa kweNjongo; Ukusebenza; Uphononongo noHlaziyo; kunye noLwazi, uNxibelelwano, kunye noNgxelo.
ISO 31000
Isakhelo se-ISO 31000, esaphuhliswa yi-International Organisation for Standardization, sibonelela ngezikhokelo zolawulo olusebenzayo lomngcipheko kuwo nawuphi na umbutho, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani okanye ishishini. Ikhuthaza indlela ecwangcisiweyo, eselubala, nengaguqukiyo ngokuzinzisa ulawulo lomngcipheko kulawulo, isicwangciso kunye neenkqubo zocwangciso. Ichaza imiba engundoqo efana nokuchongwa komngcipheko, uvavanyo, unyango, ukubeka iliso nophononongo, igxininisa ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kunye nonxibelelwano lwabachaphazelekayo.
Isakhelo soLawulo loMngcipheko we-NIST
I-NIST ye-Risk Management Framework (RMF), eyenziwe yiZiko leSizwe leMigangatho kunye neTeknoloji, inikezela ngenkqubo ehleliweyo, eguquguqukayo kunye nephindaphindiweyo yokudibanisa ukhuseleko kunye nokulawulwa komngcipheko kumjikelezo wobomi bophuhliso lwenkqubo. Ekuqaleni kwiinkqubo zolwazi lwe-federal kodwa ukulungelelaniswa kuyo nayiphi na inhlangano, i-RMF igxininisa indlela yokuphila yokulawula ukhuseleko lolwazi kunye nomngcipheko wobumfihlo. Iqulathe amanyathelo asixhenxe:
- Lungiselela: Ukuseka umxholo kunye nokusingqongileyo okufanelekileyo ekulawuleni ukhuseleko kunye nemingcipheko yabucala, kubandakanywa nokuchaza iindima, uxanduva kunye nezibonelelo.
- Cazulula: Chaza inqanaba lempembelelo kwiinkqubo zolwazi ezisekelwe kwimingcipheko enokubakho kwimisebenzi, impahla kunye nabantu.
- Khetha: Khetha iseti elungiselelweyo yolawulo lokhuseleko olusekwe kwinqanaba lempembelelo yenkqubo kunye neemfuno ezithile.
- Phumeza: Sebenzisa ulawulo olukhethiweyo lokhuseleko kwaye ubhale indlela edityaniswe ngayo kwinkqubo yolwazi.
- Vavanya: Vavanya ulawulo lokhuseleko ukuqinisekisa ukuba luyasebenza kwaye lusebenza njengoko kucetyiwe.
- Ugunyaziso: Yenza isigqibo esisekelwe kwingozi yokugunyazisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yolwazi, ukwamkela nayiphi na ingozi eseleyo.
- Ukujonga: Qhubeka ulandelela ulawulo lokhuseleko, uphinde uhlolisise imingcipheko kwaye wenze uhlaziyo oluyimfuneko ukugcina isimo sokhuseleko esamkelekileyo.
Isikhokelo se-PMBOK se-PMI
ISikhokelo soLawulo lweProjekthi (PMI) yeProjekthi yoLawulo loLwazi (PMBOK) yintlanganisela ebanzi yeendlela zokusebenza kunye nemigangatho yolawulo lweprojekthi olusebenzayo kuwo wonke amashishini. Ichaza iinkqubo zolawulo lweeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo kunye nemimandla yolwazi, ehlelwe ngokwamaqela amahlanu enkqubo:
- Ukuqalisa: Chaza kwaye ugunyazise iprojekthi okanye isigaba, sichaza iinjongo zayo, abachaphazelekayo kunye neemfuno eziphezulu.
- Cwangciso: Ukuphuhlisa imephu yendlela ecacileyo yokufezekisa iinjongo zeprojekthi, kubandakanywa ububanzi, ishedyuli, iindleko, umgangatho, izixhobo, unxibelelwano, umngcipheko kunye nezicwangciso zokuthenga.
- Ukuphumeza: Ukulungelelaniswa kwabantu kunye nezibonelelo zokuphumeza isicwangciso seprojekthi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukunikezelwa kweeprojekthi ziveliswa kunye nokusebenza kuhlolwa.
- Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulawula: Landela umkhondo, uphonononge kwaye ulawule inkqubela yeprojekthi kunye nokusebenza, uchonga naluphi na utshintsho oluyimfuneko kwaye ulawule ukuze uhlale usendleleni nesicwangciso seprojekthi.
- Ukuvala: Ukugqibezela yonke imisebenzi ukugqibezela ngokusesikweni iprojekthi okanye isigaba, uqinisekise ukuba zonke iiprojekthi ezinikezelwayo zamkelwe kwaye ubhala izifundo ezifundiweyo kwiiprojekthi zexesha elizayo.
FAIR Framework
I-FAIR (i-Factor Analysis of Information Risk) isakhelo yindlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuqonda, ukuhlalutya kunye nokulinganisa umngcipheko wolwazi ngokwemiqathango yezemali. Iphuhliswe nguJack Jones, i-FAIR idiliza izinto ezinzima ezifaka umngcipheko kumacandelo alawulekayo. Igxininisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke isiganeko esisongelayo kunye nempembelelo yaso enokubakho kumbutho, inika isiseko esicacileyo, sobungakanani bokwenziwa kwezigqibo.
Ukuphumeza isikhokelo solawulo lomngcipheko
Ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso kubalulekile ekulungiseni isakhelo esikhethiweyo ukuze sihambelane neemeko ezithile zombutho. Umbutho ngamnye kunye neshishini lineemfuno ezizodwa, kwaye ukulungelelanisa isakhelo kuqinisekisa ukuba sihambelana nezo mfuno ukuze usebenze ngokugqibeleleyo.
Amaxabiso eshishini
Ulawulo lomngcipheko lubalulekile kuqingqo-maxabiso lweshishini njengoko luchonga, luvavanya kwaye luthomalalisa iingozi ezinokubakho ezichaphazela ukuhamba kwemali yenkampani kwixesha elizayo kunye nexabiso lilonke. Ulawulo olusebenzayo lomngcipheko luqinisekisa ukuba izoyikiso ezibalulekileyo-njengokuguquguquka kweemarike, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, uxanduva lomthetho kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kweqhinga-ziyaqatshelwa kwaye ziyalungiswa. Le ndlela ibonelela ngoqingqo-maxabiso oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo, olubalulekileyo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezinolwazi ngabatyali-mali, abatyalwayo kunye nabachaphazelekayo.
Ulawulo olululo lomngcipheko luphucula uzinzo kunye nokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili kwenkampani, ukwandisa umtsalane kunye nexabiso elibonwayo kubatyali-mali. Isicwangciso solawulo lomngcipheko ngokucokisekileyo sinokukhokelela kulwabiwo olungcono lwezibonelelo, ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kunye nenzuzo ezinzileyo yokhuphiswano, konke okubalulekileyo ekomelezeni ukuxatyiswa kwenkampani.
Izicwangciso zempumelelo:
- Ukubonisa umngcipheko weshishini, lungisa imodeli yezemali kwimingeni yayo eyodwa. Umzekelo, sebenzisa amaxabiso aphezulu esaphulelo kuqalo oluguquguqukayo ukuze uchaze umngcipheko wokusilela kunye nokwahluka kwemivuzo. Ngokufanayo, hlengahlengisa uqikelelo lokuhamba kwemali kwiinkampani ezithengisayo ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuziphatha yabathengi.
- Sebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu bobungakanani ukuhlalutya kunye nokulawula imingcipheko ethile kwishishini. Ngokomzekelo, ukulinganisa kwe-Monte Carlo kunokulinganisa impembelelo yezinto ezahlukeneyo zomngcipheko ekusebenzeni kwemali, ebonisa iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kunye nokwenzeka kwazo. Uhlalutyo lwe-sensitivity lunokubonisa ukuba utshintsho kwiingcamango eziphambili (njengomthamo wokuthengisa okanye iindleko) zichaphazela ixabiso.
- Sebenzisa iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani ukulandelela ngokuqhubekayo nokuhlalutya izinto ezinobungozi kushishino. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngolwazi lwangoku kunye nezilumkiso malunga notshintsho olubalulekileyo kwizalathisi ezingundoqo zomngcipheko (KRIs) ezifanelekileyo kwimisebenzi yenkampani kunye nesikhundla semarike. Ngokomzekelo, idatha yexesha langempela kwiimeko zemarike, utshintsho olulawulayo okanye i-metrics yokusebenza inokunceda ngokukhawuleza ukujongana neengozi ezivelayo.
Consulting
Ulawulo lomngcipheko kudliwano-ndlebe lubalulekile kwimpumelelo kunye nozinzo lweefemu zombini kunye nabaxumi bazo. Abacebisi banceda imibutho ukuba ijonge imingeni kwaye isebenzise amathuba, kodwa le migudu ihlala ibandakanya imingcipheko eyahlukeneyo.
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lomngcipheko luvumela abacebisi ukuba bachonge, bavavanye kwaye banciphise iingozi ezinokuthi zibekho kuyo yonke inkqubo yokubonisana, ukususela ekuqaleni kweprojekthi ukuya ekuphunyezweni. Ngokujongana nemingcipheko enxulumene nobubanzi beprojekthi, ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo, ulindelo lwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokutshintsha kweemarike, abacebisi banokunciphisa amathuba okuphazamiseka kweprojekthi, ukugqithiswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kunye nomonakalo wodumo.
Ngaphaya koko, ukudibanisa ulawulo lomngcipheko ekudibaneni kwakha ukuthembana kunye nokuzithemba phakathi kwabathengi, abathi emva koko babone abacebisi njengamaqabane anobuchule anakho ukuzisa izisombululo ezithembekileyo. Ngokubeka phambili ulawulo lomngcipheko, iifemu zokubonisana zinokuphucula isiphakamiso sexabiso labo, zivelele kwimarike kwaye zizuze impumelelo yexesha elide.
Izicwangciso zempumelelo:
- Sebenzisana nabaxumi ukwenza iirejista zomngcipheko ezidwelisa iingozi ezinokubakho kwaye zivavanye ukuba nokwenzeka kwazo kunye nefuthe. Gxininisa kwimingcipheko echaphazela iinjongo zobuchule bomthengi kunye neziphumo zoshishino. Ngokubeka phambili le mingcipheko, abacebisi bajongana nezona zoyikiso zibaluleke kakhulu kuqala, ukunceda abathengi bajonge imingeni enokuthintela impumelelo yabo.
- Yila iideshibhodi zomngcipheko ezibonelela abalawuli ngokucacileyo, ixesha lokwenyani lokuqonda kwimingcipheko yeprojekthi kunye nezenzo zokunciphisa. Gxininisa ii-KPIs ezinxulumene nolawulo lomngcipheko, ukwenza izigqibo ezikhawulezayo nezinolwazi. Oku kungafihlwa kukhuthaza ukuthembana kwaye kugcina ubunkokeli bunolwazi ngemiba enokubakho kunye nolawulo lwayo.
- Gxininisa kwiimetriki ezilinganisa iinzuzo zemali zolawulo lomngcipheko. Bala imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali lokunciphisa umngcipheko (RORMI) ukubonisa iinzuzo zemali kwimisebenzi yolawulo lomngcipheko. Ngokufanayo, kuvavanya inzuzo yeprojekthi ehlengahlengisiweyo ukubonisa indlela ukuncitshiswa komngcipheko okuziphucula ngayo iziphumo.
ezezimali
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lomngcipheko kwezemali lubalulekile ekukhuseleni ii-asethi, ukwandisa imbuyekezo, nokuqinisekisa uzinzo nokomelela kwamaziko emali kunye neemarike. Ngokuchonga, ukuvavanya kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko eyahlukeneyo-enje ngemarike, intengo yetyala, umngcipheko wokuhlawula amatyala kunye nokusebenza-amaziko emali anokuzikhusela kwilahleko enokubakho kunye nokuphazamiseka.
Izenzo zolawulo lomngcipheko ezomeleleyo aziphuculi nje kuphela ukuzithemba kwabatyali-zimali, kodwa zikwaqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye nokuzinza kwezemali ngokubanzi. Ngaphezu koko, zenza ukuba amaziko emali enze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nolwabiwo lwezibonelelo, izicwangciso zotyalo-mali kunye nophuhliso lwemveliso, ngokwenjenjalo enyusa imbuyekezo ngeli lixa ecutha ukuhla okunokwenzeka.
Izicwangciso zempumelelo:
- Yenza imatriki evavanya kwaye ibeke phambili imingcipheko eyahlukeneyo ngokokubaluleka kwabo kwisicwangciso kunye nefuthe elinokubakho kwiinjongo zexesha elide zombutho. Ngokwenza njalo, amaziko emali angakwazi ukugxila kwiinzame zabo zokulawula umngcipheko kunye nezibonelelo kwimingcipheko ebaluleke kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izisongelo ezinzima zijongwa kuqala kwaye zikhuseleke ngokufanelekileyo ukuzinza kunye neenjongo zeziko.
- Lungiselela amaqhinga okukhusela ukulungelelanisa iimpawu ezithile zomngcipheko wemveliso nganye yezemali okanye utyalo-mali. Oku kubandakanya ukuthathela ingqalelo imiba efana nexesha lokuvuthwa kwemveliso, ubume bempahla ekhoyo kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko kubatyali-mali.
- Phuhlisa iimephu zendlela zokuthotyelwa ezineenkcukacha ezithe ngqo kwimisebenzi yombutho kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye namacandelo oshishino. Ezi mephu zendlela kufuneka zibandakanye zonke iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zokulawula, imihla ebekiweyo kunye nezicwangciso zokwenza kwindawo nganye kunye nomgca woshishino.
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lomngcipheko licandelo eliyimfuneko kuso nasiphi na isicwangciso esiyimpumelelo soshishino. Ngokuchonga, ukuvavanya kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko, iinkampani zinokukhusela iimpahla zazo, ziphucule impumelelo yokusebenza kunye nokwakha isiseko esomeleleyo sokukhula okuzinzileyo. Nokuba ngohlengahlengiso lweemodeli zemali, ukusebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu bobungakanani okanye ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zexesha lokwenyani, ukuthatha amanyathelo abonakalayo okulawula imingcipheko kunokuzisa izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zexesha elide. Khumbula, indlela eyomeleleyo yokulawula umngcipheko ayikhuseli ishishini lakho kuphela, kodwa ikwanyusa nexabiso layo, ukuthembeka, kunye nokomelela.
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