Nanini na xa umthengi okanye umthengisi enqwenela ukuhambisa iimpahla zakhe kumazwe ngamazwe kuya kufuneka afumane umthuthi ofanelekileyo ukuze abaphathe kakuhle, phantsi kwemigaqo nemiqathango ebafaneleyo.
Kukho izigaba ezininzi kwinkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa ukusuka ekuthathweni kwemvelaphi ukuya ekuhanjisweni kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba onke amaqela acace ngokupheleleyo ukuba uxanduva lulele phi kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa. Eli nqaku liza kuchaza yonke imimiselo yorhwebo echazwe ukuthunyelwa ukubonisa apho uxanduva luhlala khona kwimeko nganye, ukwenzela ukuba abathengi kunye nabathengisi banokucaca kwiimbophelelo zabo xa belungiselela ukuthunyelwa.
Isiqulatho
Yiyiphi imigaqo ye-Incoterms® 2020 yorhwebo?
Yintoni engabandakanywanga kwimigaqo yorhwebo ye-Incoterms®?
Ii-Incoterms zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha
Amaphuzu aphambili ukukhumbula
Yiyiphi imigaqo ye-Incoterms® 2020 yorhwebo?
Imiqathango yorhwebo esetyenziselwa ukuthengiselana ngenqanawa kumazwe ngamazwe ichazwa yi I-International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) kwaye ibeke uxanduva lwabathengi kunye nabathengisi bokuthengiswa kwempahla kwiintengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngokutsho kwe-ICC, Incoterms® zasekwa ngokusabela kwiimfuno zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngezenzo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye nokutolikwa okusemthethweni okungafaniyo koxanduva, kwakukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yemithetho kunye nezikhokelo ezifanayo. Imithetho ye-Incoterms yeyomhlaba kwaye iqhelekile kuwo onke amazwe. I-ICC ichaze imiqathango yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, ii-Incoterms, icacisa imisebenzi, iindleko, kunye nemingcipheko emele iqhutywe ngabathengi kunye nabathengisi kulo lonke olu ntengiselwano.
I-ICC ichaze imigaqo yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, Incoterms, ucacise imisebenzi, iindleko, kunye nemingcipheko emele iqhutywe ngabathengi kunye nabathengisi kulo lonke le ntengiselwano.
Ngaba kukho uhlaziyo lwe-Incoterms 2023?
The Incoterms® 2020 luhlaziyo lwamva nje lwale migaqo, edityaniswe ngokweendidi ezibini zamagama orhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe asetyenziswa kushishino lokuthumela ngenqanawa. Uninzi lwamagama lusebenza kushishino ngokubanzi, ngelixa ezinye zisebenza kuphela kwishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa elwandle.
Zonke ii-Incoterms zichaziwe
Nazi sixhenxe kuzo zonke iindlela yezothutho, kunye ezine ngokukodwa zolwandle okanye indlela yamanzi engaphakathi elizweni uthutho. Imithetho ye-Incoterms® 2020 yahluke kancinane kumagama asetyenziswe ngaphambili. Le migaqo mitsha imanyanisiweyo iboniswe apha.
Qaphela: apho igama elithi (faka indawo yokuhanjiswa) oku kuthetha ukuba ikhontrakthi yokuthumela inqanawa iya kuchaza imigaqo kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngelo xesha. Ezi zicaciswe ngakumbi apha.
- EXW Incoterm – Ex Works (faka indawo yonikezelo)
- FCA Incoterm -Umthwali wasimahla (faka indawo enegama lonikezelo)
- CPT Incoterm -Inqwelo ehlawulwayo ukuya (faka indawo oya kuyo)
- I-CIP Incoterm -Inqwelo kunye ne-inshorensi ehlawulwayo (faka indawo oya kuyo)
- DAP Incoterm -Ihanjiswa kwindawo (faka indawo egama layo)
- I-DPU Incoterm -Ihanjiswa kwindawo engalayishwanga (faka indawo oya kuyo)
- DDP Incoterm -Umsebenzi onikezelweyo uhlawulwe (faka indawo oya kuyo)
Kukho imithetho emine ye-Incoterms® 2020 elungiselelwe ngokukodwa uThutho loMgwaqo woLwandle kunye naManzi angaphakathi:
- FAS Incoterm -Simahla ecaleni kwenqanawa (faka igama lezibuko lokulayisha)
- FOB Incoterm -Simahla kwiBhodi (faka izibuko elinikwe igama lokulayisha)
- I-CFR Incoterm -Iindleko kunye noThutho (faka izibuko lendawo ekuyiwa kuyo)
- I-CIF Incoterm - I-Inshorensi yeendleko kunye noThutho (faka izibuko lendawo ekuyiwa kuyo)
Ixesha ngalinye lithwala uxanduva oluthile kubo bobabini umthengi kunye nomthengisi weempahla.
Kuzo zonke iikhontrakthi phakathi komthengi kunye nomthengisi, umthengisi uyavuma ukubonelela ngempahla njengoko kuchazwe kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa. Umthengi uyavuma ukuhlawula ixabiso njengoko kubonelelwe kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa. Imiqathango iya kuthi emva koko ichaze iinkcukacha ezinje ngokuba: ngubani olungiselelayo kwaye ahlawulele ukuthatha, amaxwebhu athunyelwa ngaphandle, ukuthumela ngenqanawa, i-inshurensi, ukukhutshwa kwempahla kunye neentlawulo zokuphatha, ukuhanjiswa kwendawo, kwaye ngubani ohlawula imisebenzi efanelekileyo kunye neerhafu zendawo.
Imigaqo yorhwebo inefuthe elithe ngqo kwisixa somsebenzi kunye neerhafu zendawo ezihlawulweyo, ngoko ke xa ucoca ukuthunyelwa ngamasiko kubalulekile ukuba imimiselo yorhwebo ibhengezwe kwimisebenzi echanekileyo kunye neerhafu eziza kusetyenziswa.
Ngokubanzi imigaqo yorhwebo ichaza umzuzu wokuba uxanduva lwempahla ludlula kumthengisi ukuya kumthengi.
Yintoni engabandakanywanga kwimigaqo yorhwebo ye-Incoterms®?
I-Incoterms icacisa uxanduva lwawo onke amaqela kwintengiselwano yokuthengisa. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ii-Incoterms ziya kufakwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa. Nangona kunjalo:
- aziyihoyi yonke imiqathango yokuthengisa
- ababonisi nkcukacha ngempahla ethengiswayo, okanye babonise ixabiso lesivumelwano
- ababhekiseli kwiinkcukacha zentlawulo njengoko kuxoxiwe phakathi komthengisi okanye umthengi
- abachazi ukuba ubunini bempahla bugqithiselwa kuliphi na ixesha ukusuka kumthengisi ukuya kumthengi
- abachazi ukuba ngawaphi na amaxwebhu ekufuneka anikwe umthengi, ngumthengisi, ukuququzelela iinkqubo zokukhutshwa kwempahla kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
- abajongani namatyala kuko nakuphi na ukusilela ekuboneleleni ngempahla njengoko kuchaziwe kwikhontrakthi yentengiso, okanye iindlela zokusombulula ingxabano.
Ii-Incoterms zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha
Eli candelo lijonge ngakumbi kwi-Incoterms nganye kwaye licacisa apho uxanduva luhlala khona kwimeko nganye. Eminye yale migaqo ifana ngokwaneleyo ukuba igutyungelwe kunye, njengoko ihluke ikakhulu ngohlobo lomthwali kunokuba ngokwemiqathango ngokwazo. Eli candelo libandakanya le migaqo ilandelayo.
• Umsebenzi odlule
• Umthwali waMahla (nakhona waMahla ecaleni kweSikhephe kwaye waSimahla xa ukhwele)
• Inqwelo ihlawulwe… (kwakunye neeNdleko noThutho)
• Ikhareji kunye ne-Inshurensi eHlawulweyo… (kwakunye neeNdleko, i-Inshurensi kunye noThutho)
• Ihanjiswe kwindawo, ihanjiswe kwindawo engathulwanga
• Ukunikezelwa koMsebenzi oHlawulweyo
Umsebenzi odlule
I-Ex Works ligama lorhwebo elithetha ukuba umthengi uhlawula iindleko zothutho ukusuka kumzi-mveliso womthengisi ukuya kwindawo ekusingwa kuyo. Le migaqo ke ngoko imele eyona mfanelo iphantsi yomthengisi.
La magama akufunekanga asetyenziswe xa umthengi engenakho ukukwazi ukwenza iinkqubo zokuthumela ngaphandle. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imigaqo ye-Free Carrier (FCA) kufuneka isetyenziswe.
Umthengi, hayi umthengisi, unoxanduva lokuthatha. Umthengisi kufuneka abeke nje iimpahla kwindawo yomthengi kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yintengiso ngomhla okanye ngexesha elibekiweyo.
Umthengi uthwala zonke iindleko kunye nemingcipheko ebandakanyekayo ekuthuthweni kwempahla ukusuka kwindawo yomthengisi ukuya kwindawo efunwayo.
Umthengi kufuneka afumane, ngeendleko zakhe, nayiphi na ilayisenisi yokungenisa elizweni okanye olunye ugunyaziso olusemthethweni kwaye enze zonke iinkqubo zesithethe zokungeniswa kwempahla kwaye, apho kuyimfuneko, ukuhamba kwazo kwelinye ilizwe.
Umthengi unoxanduva lokuhlawula yonke imisebenzi kunye neerhafu.
Umthwali wamahala, ecaleni kweSikhephe saMahla okanye Mahala xa ukhwele
I-Free Carrier (FCA) ithetha ukuba umthengisi uzalisekisa uxanduva lwakhe xa enikezele iimpahla, zihlanjululwe ukuba zithunyelwe ngaphandle, kwintlawulo yomphathi obizwa ngumthengi kwi-port egama. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthengisi unoxanduva lwazo zonke iimpepha zokuthumela ngaphandle: I-invoyisi yoRhwebo, iBhili yokuLawulwa kunye neSatifikethi sokuQala (ukuba siyafuneka).
Unako kwakhona ukuva amagama athi "Simahla kwiBhodi" (FOB) kunye ne "Free Alongside Ship" ukuchaza le nkqubo. Ngenkcazo engqongqo, ngokwe-Incoterms®, i-FOB kunye ne-FAS ingasetyenziselwa kuphela ukuthutha elwandle okanye ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Xa ukuthuthwa elwandle kungeyondlela esebenzayo, igama leFCA ligama elichanekileyo, nangona iFOB ligama elisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuchaza le nkqubo, nokuba kumhlaba, ulwandle, uloliwe okanye iindlela zothutho lomoya.
Kukho umahluko omncinane phakathi kwezi zintathu, njengoko iFCA neFAS zingafuni ukuba umthengisi alayishe iimpahla enqanaweni (okanye kwinqwelo-moya). I-FOB ifuna umthengisi, hayi umthengi, ukuba alayishe iimpahla enqanaweni.
Ikhareji ihlawulwe Ku, okanye Iindleko kunye noThutho
Ikhareji ihlawulwe…(CPT) ichaza ukuba ixabiso lempahla, ukulandwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwizibuko, ukukhutshwa kwamanye amazwe, kunye nolwandle okanye uloyiko lomoya kwizibuko elibizwa phesheya kolwandle, luxanduva lomthengisi. Ngaphantsi kwale migaqo, umthengisi uchaza ixabiso lempahla, kubandakanywa neendleko zokuthutha, ukuya kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Disembarkation.
Iindleko ze-inshurensi zishiywe kwi-akhawunti yomthengi, nangona kufuneka ibonise ixabiso lempahla njengoko kuchaziwe. Umthengi kufuneka afumane nayiphi na ilayisensi yokungenisa elizweni okanye olunye ugunyaziso olusemthethweni. Kufuneka enze zonke iindlela zesiko lokungeniswa kwempahla. Unoxanduva lwalo naluphi na uthutho oluya kwelinye ilizwe, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwerhafu kunye neerhafu.
Unako ukuva igama elithi Iindleko kunye noThutho (C&F okanye CFR). I-C&F ligama elidala. Nangona kunjalo, njengakuSimahla kwiBhodi (FOB), i-Incoterms ichaza le migaqo njengesebenza kuphela xa kusetyenziswa izithuthi zolwandle kunye namanzi angaphakathi emhlabeni. Ngokwenyani, i-CFR lelona gama liqhelekileyo lisetyenziswa kulo lonke ishishini ukuchaza le nkqubo, kuthutho lomoya nolwandle.
Ikhareji kunye ne-Inshurensi ehlawulwayo, okanye i-Inshurensi yeendleko kunye noThutho
Inqwelo kunye ne-Inshurensi eHlawulweyo…(CIP) ithetha ukuba umthengisi unezibophelelo ezifanayo nezo ziphantsi kwe-CPT noxanduva olongezelelweyo umthengisi analo lokufumana i-inshurensi yomthwalo ngokuchasene nomngcipheko womthengi wokulahleka, okanye ukonakala, iimpahla ngexesha lokuhamba. Umthengisi uthatha i-inshurensi kwaye ahlawule intlawulo ye-inshorensi.
Umthengisi kufuneka afumane, ngeendleko zakhe, i-inshurensi yomthwalo njengoko kuchaziwe kwisivumelwano sentengiso. I-inshurensi kufuneka ichaze ukuba umthengi uya kuba nelungelo lokufaka ibango ngokuthe ngqo kwi-inshurensi, kwaye umthengi kufuneka anikwe ipolisi ye-inshorensi okanye obunye ubungqina be-inshorensi. Umthengi kufuneka aqaphele ukuba phantsi kwemigaqo ye-CIP umthengisi ufuna kuphela ukufumana i-inshurensi kwi-inshurensi encinci (i-110% yexabiso lokuthunyelwa).
Iindleko, i-Inshurensi kunye noThutho (i-CIF) iyafana ne-CIP, nangona kunjalo, njengakuSimahla kwiBhodi kunye neeNdleko kunye noThutho, i-Incoterms ichaza le migaqo njengesebenza kuphela xa uthutho lwamanzi olwandle kunye nolwangaphakathi lusetyenziswa. Kwakhona, inyaniso kukuba igama elithi CIF lisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, nokuba ngumoya okanye imithwalo yolwandle.
Ihanjiswe kwindawo, ihanjiswe kwindawo engalayishwanga
Isiwa kwiNdawo (DAP), okanye iZisiwe kwiNdawo eThunyelweyo (i-DPU) ichaza inkonzo epheleleyo yemvelaphi yokuya-kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kodwa kunye nemisebenzi, iirhafu kunye nezinye iintlawulo zokungenisa elizweni ezisemthethweni ekusafuneka zihlawulwe. Le migaqo ithatha indawo yegama elidala elithi Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU).
Umthengisi kufuneka athwale iindleko kunye nemingcipheko ebandakanyekayo ekuziseni iimpahla kwindawo ekusingwa kuyo (ngaphandle kweentlawulo, iirhafu kunye nezinye iintlawulo ezisemthethweni ezihlawulwa xa kuthengiswe ngaphandle) kunye neendleko kunye nobungozi bokwenza izinto ezisemthethweni. Umthengi unoxanduva lwayo nayiphi na imisebenzi okanye iirhafu zendawo kwaye uthatha uxanduva lwako nakuphi na ukulibaziseka ekuhanjisweni ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwakhe ukuhlawula le ntlawulo ngexesha. Amagama eDAP naweDPU anokusetyenziswa nokuba yeyiphi na indlela yothutho.
Umthengisi uzalisekisa uxanduva lwakhe lokuhambisa xa iimpahla zihanjiswe kwaye zenziwe zifumaneke kwindawo egama layo, kwilizwe lokungenisa. Kule meko igama elithi 'ikhona' libalulekile njengoko iDAP kunye neDPU zahluka ngentsingiselo.
Nge-DAP, indawo ichazwe kwimigaqo kwaye inokuthetha indawo yokugcina impahla yomthengi okanye enye indawo, kwaye iimpahla ziya kuhlala zingalayishwanga (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi kwesikhongozeli) ukuze umthengi akhuphe. Oko kunokufuna ukuba umthengi asebenzise izixhobo zakhe ezikhethekileyo, njengecrane okanye iforklift.
Nge-DPU, umthengisi unoxanduva lokothula kwaye ke ngoko iya kuba nguye obonelela ngazo naziphi na izixhobo zokothula.
Umsebenzi ohlawulelweyo
Ukunikezelwa kweNtlawulo eHlawulweyo (i-DDP) ithetha ukuba umthengisi uzalisekisa izibophelelo zakhe zonikezelo xa iimpahla zinikezelwa kwindawo egama libizwe kwilizwe lokungenisa elizweni. Umthengisi kufuneka athwale imingcipheko kunye neendleko, kubandakanywa imisebenzi, iirhafu kunye nezinye iintlawulo zokuhambisa iimpahla, ezicinywe ngokupheleleyo ukuba zingeniswe.
Ngelixa i-Ex Works imele eyona mfanelo iphantsi yomthengisi, i-DDP imele olona xanduva luphezulu. Qaphela ukuba kunokuvunyelwana kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa ukuba umthengi uya kuhlawula zonke iimpahla, kwaye emva kokunikezelwa abuyisele umthengisi ngayo nayiphi na imisebenzi kunye neerhafu. Ngale ndlela umthengisi ulawula yonke inkqubo, kodwa uphinda ahlawule iindleko zokucoca kamva.
I-DDP ngaphambili yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Free In Store (FIS Incoterm) okanye i-Free Domicile, kwakhona ithetha ukuba zonke iintlawulo ezibandakanya ukukhutshwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo zihlawulwa ngumthengisi. Le migaqo iyasebenza kungakhathaliseki indlela yothutho.
Amaphuzu aphambili ukukhumbula
I-ICC Incoterms® yasekwa ukuze ichaze isethi efanayo yemithetho kunye nezikhokelo zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Nangona nanamhlanje kukho imigaqo yorhwebo esetyenziswa kwindawo (umzekelo, i-US isebenzisa "Ngaphantsi kweTruckload" (LTL) kwiilori zasekhaya), imithetho ye-Incoterms isemhlabeni kwaye ixhaphake kuwo onke amazwe. I Imithetho ye-Incoterms® zisanda kuhlaziywa ngo-2020 kwaye ke i-Incoterms 2021, i-Incoterms 2022 kunye ne-Incoterms 2023 zihlala zingatshintshi.
Inani lamagama ahambelana nokuthe ngqo imithwalo yolwandle iimeko, okanye iintlobo ezithile zokuthunyelwa (ezifana nezixhobo ezinzima zoshishino), apho kukho iingxaki ezifuna ukucaciswa ekulayisheni nasekukhupheni iinqanawa.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezinto ezithunyelwayo zizinto ezincinci zorhwebo ezinokuthunyelwa ngobuninzi, kwiipalethi okanye kwizikhongozeli ezigcweleyo, kwaye ulungiselelo lulula ngakumbi. Kwezi meko, uxanduva phakathi komthengisi kunye nomthengi luthe tye ngakumbi, kwaye elinye okanye elinye iqela liya kugubungela yonke imvelaphi yokuthunyelwa kwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kunye nomsebenzi kunye neerhafu kunye nokuhanjiswa kwengingqi awona manqaku makhulu othethathethwano.
Kubathengi abaninzi, baya kufuna ukubhalisa iinkonzo ze uloyiko ludluliselwe ukucebisa ngeyona migaqo ilungileyo yorhwebo, ukulawula iindleko kunye neenkcukacha zokuthumela ngenqanawa, kunye nokusingatha onke amaxwebhu kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla.
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