Ingcinga yokuqhagamshela okanye yohambo lwenqwelomoya isenokubonakala isoyikisa, ngakumbi xa kubandakanyeka amaxesha amade ohambo. Nangona kunjalo, njengokurhweba kwezi ngxaki zinokwenzeka, ezo nqwelomoya zidla ngokuza ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, naxa ubhukisha ngeenqwelomoya zeprimiyamu. La maxabiso asezantsi enziwa ukuba abe nako ngokudibanisa abakhweli kwindawo esembindini, ngokwenjenjalo kuncitshiswa inani leenqwelomoya ezifunekayo phambi kokubathutha kwiindawo ngeendawo.
Ngoku ingqikelelo eqhelekileyo, ezi nqwelo moya zingumzekelo obalaseleyo we-hub-and-spoke imodeli kushishino lwenqwelomoya- iqaliswe ngu. I-Delta Air Lines ngo-1955. Emva phaya, kunye neAtlanta njengendawo esembindini, iDelta yakwazi ukudibanisa uluntu oluncinci lwasempuma-mpuma kwizixeko ezikhulu, yandisa ngempumelelo iinketho zokubhabha kunye neefrikhwensi.
Funda ukuze ufumane okungakumbi malunga nemodeli ye-hub-and-spoke, kubandakanywa iimpawu zayo eziphambili, indlela esebenza ngayo, iingenelo zayo kunye nokungalunganga, kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa le modeli ukulungiselela amalungiselelo afanelekileyo olungiselelo.
Isiqulatho
Ukuqonda imodeli ye hub-and-spoke kumalungiselelo
Indlela imodeli ye hub-and-spoke esebenza ngayo kumalungiselelo
Kusetyenziswa nini imodeli ye hub-and-spoke kulungiselelo lolungiselelo
Ukugqwesa okuphakathi
Ukuqonda imodeli ye hub-and-spoke kumalungiselelo
Njengoko igama lisitsho, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke ithiywe emva kolwakhiwo lwevili lebhayisekile njengoko ichaza inkqubo apho ihabhu esembindini iqhagamshela ngaphandle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana uthetha ngevili. Kwishishini lezothutho, FedEx ibalwa ngokubanzi njenge umanduleli ekwamkeleni le modeli yokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwayo kunye neenkqubo zothutho ngendlela ebekwe kwindawo enye. Ngaphambi kokwamkelwa kwale modeli, inkqubo yesiqhelo yokusasazwa kwendawo ukuya kwindawo, eququzelela ukuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwamanqaku amabini, yayihlala ingonelanga njengoko amashishini esanda kwaye amakhonkco okubonelela akhula ngakumbi.
Isishwankathelo, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke kwi-logistics ibandakanya ezi mpawu zilandelayo eziphambili:
a) Imisebenzi yeehabhu ezibekwe kwindawo enye: Yonke imisebenzi enxulumene nokuhanjiswa, ukusuka kulawulo lwe-inventri ukuya ekuhleleni nasekuhlanganiseni ukuthunyelwa, kunye nokulawulwa kwendlela kunye nokuhanjiswa kwii-spokes ezininzi, zilawulwa kwindawo ephakathi.
b) Ulawulo olusebenzayo lwezibonelelo: Ngazo zonke iimpahla ezithunyelwayo zidityanisiwe kwaye zabiwe ngokutsha ngendlela esembindini, izibonelelo zinokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zabiwe. Ulawulo lwezibonelelo olwandisiweyo lukwabonakala ngolawulo lwe-inventri olulula olujolise kuphela ekuhanjisweni kwempahla phakathi kwe-hub kunye nee-spokes ezininzi, ukunciphisa ubunzima ekusasazeni izixhobo.
c) Indlela efanelekileyo kunye nokuhanjiswa: Ngenani elincitshisiweyo leendlela, ukuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela kuhlengahlengiswa kwaye kuphuculwe ngokubonakalayo, kubandakanywa neenkqubo eziyimfuneko ezifana nokucwangciswa kwempahla, ulawulo, kunye nokulayisha/ukothula, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa iindleko ezifanelekileyo ngokuphuculwa kwemisebenzi.
d) Ukubekwa kweqhinga okunokwaleka nokubhetyebhetye: Iihabhu ezibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo kunye nezithethi zibonelela ngokuqina kunye nokuguquguquka ngokuntsokotha okuncinci kuba le modeli ixhasa uthutho multimodal. Ukongeza ii-speaks ngokuqhelekileyo akukho nzima kulawulo kwaye ke ngoko kuxhasa ukwandiswa okulula, okwenza le modeli ilungele amashishini amancinci namakhulu.
Indlela imodeli ye hub-and-spoke esebenza ngayo kumalungiselelo
Ukuqala, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke yenza lula ukuhanjiswa ngokuseka i-hub esembindini efumana iimpahla kubaboneleli abohlukeneyo. Ezi mpahla emva koko zihlelwa kwaye zisasazwe kwiindawo ezininzi, ezinje ngeevenkile ezithengisayo kunye namanye amaziko okuhambisa, ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuthetha ezicwangciswe ngobuchule.
Ngokusisiseko, iziko eliphambili lehabhu kule modeli lisebenza njengendawo yokugcina ephakathi kunye neziko lokuhambisa eliphambili. Ngaloo ndlela, akufuneki kuphela iindlela ezithethiweyo kunye neendawo zokugqibela zicwangciswe ngononophelo, kodwa indawo ye-hub kufuneka ikhethwe ngokucokisekileyo ukuba ibe kufutshane namazibuko amakhulu okanye naziphi na iindawo eziphambili zokuhamba.
Ngamafutshane, i-hub kufuneka ikwazi ukuququzelela ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kwempahla ukuze zonke iitreyila zitshintshwe ngeshedyuli efanelekileyo kunye nexesha elincinci lokuhamba kunye nokuphazamiseka okuncinci kubaqhubi. Kwangaxeshanye, indawo ekuyo kufuneka ixhase ukulinganisa okulula, okuthetha ukuvumela iindawo zokugcina ezongezelelekileyo zengingqi ukuba zongezwe nanini na kufuneka.
Ekugqibeleni, ngelixa ukukhululeka kokwandisa kwiindawo ezininzi zokuya kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa le modeli kwiindlela ezininzi zothutho zibonelela ngamashishini ngokuguquguquka ukuhlengahlengisa iishedyuli zokuhanjiswa ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zemarike kunye neemfuno zexesha eliphezulu, iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana IiNkqubo zoLawulo lwezoThutho (TMS) kunye neeNkqubo zoLawulo lweWarehouse (WMS) zingaphucula ngakumbi ukucwangciswa kunye nolungelelwaniso kulo mzekelo. Ezi zixhobo ziphucukileyo zinokwenza iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngokulungiswa kwendlela kunye nokucwangciswa kokuhanjiswa, ukuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo.
Kusetyenziswa nini imodeli ye hub-and-spoke kulungiselelo lolungiselelo
Ukuqonda xa ishishini kufuneka lisebenzise imodeli ye hub-and-spoke kulungiselelo lolungiselelo, makhe sijonge iimbono ezimbalwa eziphambili:
1) Ukuchonga iintlobo zamashishini akwaziyo ukuzuza okuninzi kule modeli,
2) Ukuqonda iimfuno zokusebenza ezithile zamashishini ahlukeneyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni,
3) Ukuqwalasela iintlobo zokuthunyelwa okubandakanyekayo.
Okokuqala, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke ingaba luncedo ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile zoshishino. Eyona mizekelo icacileyo ngamashishini anothungelwano olubanzi losasazo, amakhonkco obonelelo antsonkothileyo, kunye nokufikelela ngokubanzi ngokwejografi. La mashishini abandakanya iinkampani ezinkulu nezincinci ze-ecommerce kumaqonga orhwebo ahlukeneyo e-ecommerce, amakhonkco amakhulu okuthengisa abandakanya iivenkile ezinebhokisi ezinkulu ezifana ne-Costco, kunye nabathengisi abakhulu bokutya neziselo ezifana neCoca-Cola kunye neNestlé.
Ngaphaya koko, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke inokunceda ukwenza lula ukuntsonkotha kwekhonkco lokubonelela kubavelisi behlabathi abafana neenkampani zeemoto kunye nezamayeza. Kuba la mashishini ehlala efumana imathiriyeli ekrwada kunye namacandelo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ke ngoko esebenza ngamakhonkco obonelelo antsonkothileyo athatha amazwekazi amaninzi, inkqubo yawo yokuthumela ngenqanawa ibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho. Banokuthembela kulawulo olusembindini olukhoyo kwimodeli ye-hub-and-spoke ukwenza lula yonke inkqubo ngelixa bexhomekeke kubuchule bokusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zothutho ukufikelela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingwa.
Okwesibini, ngokweemfuno ezithile zeshishini, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke ifanelekile kwiinkampani ezibeka phambili ukusebenza kakuhle kuzo zombini ukuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela kunye nolawulo lweendleko. Lo mzekelo ukhulisa umzila kwaye uphucule ulawulo lonikezelo lweemayile zokugqibela, ngaloo ndlela unceda ukunciphisa iindleko ngokusebenza kwayo kwindawo esembindini kunye nokubekwa kwezicwangciso zehabhu. Okwangoku, ngexesha eliphantsi lokuhamba (TNT) kunye nolwabiwo olungcono lwezixhobo, imodeli ye-hub-spoke nayo iphucula kakhulu inqanaba lokuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela.
Okokugqibela, xa kufikwa kwiintlobo zothutho, Ngaphantsi Kwelori (LTL) yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yokuthunyelwa kwempahla phantsi kwemodeli ye hub-and-spoke. Ngelixa i imfuno ephezulu ye-LTL Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kuqala kuqhutywa kukukhula okukhawulezayo kwecandelo le-ecommerce kwimarike yaseMelika, esona sizathu siphambili sokuba le modeli ifanelekele ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa kwe-LTL kungenxa yokuba ihambelana kakuhle nondoqo wokuthuthwa kwe-LTL, egxile ekudityanisweni kokuthunyelwa kwezinto ezincinci kwi-hub ngaphambi kokuba zihanjiswe kwiindawo ezininzi.
Kwelinye icala, ukuhanjiswa kweLori ePheleleyo (i-FTL) ikwaqhele ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-hub-kunye nentetho kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, xa iimpahla ezisuka kubaboneleli abancinci abahlukeneyo okanye ii-hubs zengingqi kufuneka zidityaniswe kunye ukwenza ilori egcweleyo emiselwe indawo enye yokuhanjiswa. Imeko eqhelekileyo ye-FTL phantsi kwale modeli inokubandakanya umenzi wemoto ofuna ukugcwala okupheleleyo kwelori yeendawo ezithile ezithunyelwayo, ezinjengeenjini okanye ukuhanjiswa, ukusuka kubaboneleli abohlukeneyo kwilizwe lonke phambi kokuba bazise kwenye yeefektri zabo eziphambili.
Ukugqwesa okuphakathi
Embindini wayo, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke kwi-logistics luhlobo lwendlela yothutho enceda ukunyusa iindlela zokuhambisa kunye namaxesha okuhambisa ngokubeka kwindawo enye yonke imisebenzi yokugcina kunye neenkqubo zokuhanjiswa kwindawo ephakathi. Inkqubo iyonke ibandakanya ukuqokelelwa kwempahla kubaboneleli abahlukeneyo, ukuhlenga-hlengiswa, kunye nokudityaniswa kwi-hub ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe kwiindawo ezininzi zokugqibela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthetha ezibekwe kakuhle.
Ngomsebenzi onjalo obekwe kwindawo esembindini kunye nokubekwa ngobuchule kweehabhu kunye nezithethi, izibonelelo zinokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zabiwe njengoko zonke zigxininiswe kakhulu kwindawo enye. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela esembindini ikwanceda ekomelezeni unikezelo lwemayile yokugqibela kunye nexesha lohambo elicuthiweyo. Ukuguquguquka kwayo ekuxhaseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela zothutho kwenza le modeli ibe sisisombululo esinokwehla kwaye siguquguquke kumashishini amaninzi.
Ngamafutshane, imodeli ye-hub-and-spoke yeyona nto iluncedo kumashishini anothungelwano olubanzi lokuhambisa, amakhonkco obonelelo antsonkothileyo, kunye nesidingo sokufikelela ngokubanzi ngokwejografi. Ngelixa i-LTL (Ngaphantsi kweTruckload) lolona hlobo lothutho lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kule modeli ngenxa yokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwe-ecommerce kunye namashishini anxulumeneyo kwaye ngokuhambelana nokulungelelaniswa kwayo kunye nohlobo lwalo mzekelo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-FTL (Full Truckload) nako kunokuzuza kule modeli phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ngakumbi kumashishini afana neemoto.
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