Ngelixa kunokuba ngumceli mngeni ukuqonda enye ijargon yezinto ezifana iintlawulo zokunciphisa, kunyanzelekile ukuba abahambisi ngenqanawa bayiqonde kakuhle le migaqo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ngokusekelwe kwi ingxelo yamuva kwimirhumo ethe gqolo yokwanda kwedemurrage kunye nokuvalelwa ngo-2021 xa kuthelekiswa no-2020, enyuke kakhulu ngokutsiba okukhulu kwe-126% kumazibuko ali-10 aphezulu aseTshayina. Ngelixa amazibuko amaninzi abona ukwehla kwezi ntlawulo ngo-2022, kusafuneka abuyele kwinqanaba lobhubhane (enyanisweni iintlawulo kwamanye amazibuko ziqhubekile nokunyuka).
Uninzi lohlalutyosts Ukungaphumeleli kwiimfuno, imida engqongqo yexesha lasimahla, kunye nokuxinana okubangelwe luphazamiseko lwangaphambili kushishino lwezempilo njengonobangela abaphambili bolu lwando lukhulu. Apha, makhe sifunde banzi malunga nemirhumo ye-demurrage ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yeendleko ezikhulayo ezibandakanya iindlela zokuthintela kunye neengcebiso kuthethwano.
Isiqulatho
Yintoni i-demurrage?
Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zeentlawulo zokunciphisa
Ihlawuliswa njani idemurrage?
Ngubani ofanele athwale iindleko?
Indlela yokuthintela iintlawulo ze-demurrage kunye neengcebiso zokuthethathethana
isiphelo
Yintoni i demurrage?
Ekwaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-“laytime”, i-demurrage ibhekiselele kwiintlawulo ezihlawuliswayo kwimeko apho ikhonteyina igcinwe ngaphakathi kwetheminali ngexesha elabelwe lona “simahla”. Iintsuku zasimahla ezivumelekileyo kwizikhongozeli ezikwiitheminali zihlala ukusuka kwiiyure ezingama-48 okanye iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwiintsuku ezisi-7. Nangona kunjalo, kuba imigaqo-nkqubo “yeentsuku zasimahla” inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumazibuko nakwiinkampani zokuthumela ngenqanawa, kubalulekile ukuba abahambi ngenqanawa baqinisekise ixesha lasimahla elivunyelweyo kwizikhongozeli zabo.
Ukunyuka kwamva nje kwimirhumo ye-demurrage kuwo wonke amazibuko aphezulu kwihlabathi lonke lothuse abasebenzisi bomthwalo kwihlabathi liphela. Lilonke, kukho iinkxalabo ezikhulayo malunga nokunyuka kwamazinga e-demurrage ngamanye amaxesha angaphezulu kwexabiso lilonke leekhonteyina, kuba iintlawulo ze-demurrage zinyuka emva kwexesha lokuqala. Intlawulo yedemurrage ithathwa njenge "intlawulo kade" okanye isohlwayo esinokuvela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezichazwe ngezantsi.
Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ze iintlawulo zokunciphisa
zokuthunyelwa iingxabano
Ingxabano ngenxa yokungavisisani phakathi komthumeli kunye nomthumeli kwimiba eyahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa imiba yentlawulo, ihlala ikhokelela ekukhululweni kade kwezikhongozeli, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuhlawulweni kweentlawulo ezongeziweyo. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba onke amaqela abandakanyekayo alususile uxanduva lokuhlawula oluyimfuneko kubandakanywa nentlawulo kubathwali bezithuthi ukuphepha iifizi zokurhoxiswa ngenxa yeengxabano.
Izithethe uhlolo
Ngokuxhomekeke kwizenzo ezahlukeneyo zezithethe kunye nemimiselo yendawo, inkqubo yokuhlola izithethe inokuthatha ixesha elide kwaye ezinye iinkqubo zezithethe ezintsonkothileyo zinokufuna ukuthotyelwa. Xa oko kubanjwa kusenzeka, ulibaziseko olubangwe lucociso lwerhafu luya kukhokelela kwimirhumo yedemurrage ekugqibeleni.
Imiba yamaxwebhu
Imiba yamaxwebhu ikwaphakathi kwezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo zokutsalela umrhumo wedemurrage. Ulibaziseko kutshintshiselwano lwamaxwebhu oluyimfuneko phakathi kwabathumeli bangaphandle nabathumeli bangaphandle kuya kubangela ukungeniswa kwamaxwebhu kade. Ukungagqitywanga okanye ukulahleka kwamaxwebhu kuthatha ixesha ukulungisa okanye ukulungisa amaxwebhu angekhoyo nto leyo ekhokelela kulibaziseko olungaphaya kwaye kukhokelela kwimirhumo yokulibaziseka engafunekiyo efana neentlawulo zokuhlawula imali ngaphezulu kweendleko ezinokubakho zokulungiswa kwamaxwebhu.
Izinto ezingaphaya kwamandla
Xa kujongwe ubume beshishini lempahla elihlala lixhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu kunye nokusebenza kwabantu, inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwempahla inokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi ezingaphaya kolawulo lwabahambi ngenqanawa. Eminye yale miba ibandakanya iimeko zemozulu ezimbi, ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi, ingxinano yamazibuko, izikhululo ezixakekileyo kunye nezothutho, okanye njengoko sibonile sonke kule minyaka yakutsha nje, okunye ukuphazamiseka kobonelelo olunxulumene nobhubhane. Zonke ezi zinto zinokukhokelela ekulibazisekeni kwentshukumo yesikhongozeli kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha, ngaloo ndlela zenza kube nzima ukunqanda iintlawulo zedemurrage.
Ngokombono wezomthetho, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba inkcazo yeziganeko ze "force majeure" (ukwenzeka kweemeko ezingaphaya kolawulo ezinokuthi zikhulule elinye okanye omabini amaqela ekuqhutyweni kwekhontrakthi ngandlela-thile) inxulumene kakhulu nemigaqo yekhontrakthi phakathi kwamaqela omabini, nokuba kuphantsi kwemithetho yase-US okanye Imithetho yesiNgesi, umzekelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukwenzela ukuba amaqela ekhontrakthi afake izizathu zokunyanzelisa amandla okukhusela iimfuno zamaqela omabini, kufuneka aqale aqinisekise ukuba amagatya afanelekileyo afakwe kwisivumelwano sabo sokuqala.
abanye
Ngeli xesha, kukwakho neminye imiba enqabileyo yokunxibelelana ngendlela engaqhelekanga njengaxa umthumeli engafumaneki okanye abathumeli benqanawa bengazi malunga nokufumaneka komthwalo kwi-terminal. Le miba ibonakala mincinci ngelishwa isenokubangela ulibaziseko kwaye ekugqibeleni ikhokelele kwiintlawulo zokurhoxa.
Injani i demurrage ityala?
Imirhumo ye-Demurrage ibalulekile ngokwendalo ngokwendalo, ngoko ke ihlala ihlawuliswa ngokwenani leentsuku kunye nenani leekhonteyina. Imirhumo iyasebenza kuzo zombini izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nezo zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Iintlawulo ezithile ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubathuthi, iitheminali, kunye namazibuko. Ngelixa iifizi ze-demurrage ziqhele ukunyuka ngokunyukayo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba xa uhambisa izitya ezifakwe efrijini, iireyithi ze-demurrage nazo zinokuba phantsi kweentlawulo ezongezelelweyo.
Imirhumo ye-Demurrage idla ngokuhlawuliswa kumthwalo ogcweleyo wesikhongozeli (FCL). Nangona kunjalo, umthwalo ongaphantsi kune-container (I-LCL) isenokuthi ixhomekeke kwiintlawulo zokurhoxisa. I-LCL, engengomthwalo ugcweleyo, iqhele ukudityaniswa kwisikhongozeli esinye kunye nezinye izinto ezithunyelwa nge-LCL CFS (isikhululo sempahla yecontainer), kwaye ukudityaniswa kwenziwa kuphela kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Imirhumo ye-demurrage ye-LCL kungoko ixhomekeke ekubeni lingakanani na igumbi elithathwa yimpahla kwi-CFS ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa.
Ngubani omele athwale indleko?
Nangona uxanduva lokuhlawula iifizi ze-demurrage ezenziweyo ngokuqhelekileyo luhlala kubathumeli (abarhwebi), kukho iimeko apho abathumeli (abathumela ngaphandle) banoxanduva lokuhlawula iifizi. Intlawulo epheleleyo iyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla zikhutshwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iintlawulo ziya kuhlawulwa ngabathumeli okanye abathumeli.
I-demurrage iyasebenza kuzo zombini izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kuba ilinge lokukhulula amazibuko ukuze ufumane indawo engaphezulu ngokukhuthaza abarhwebi ukuba bahambise iimveliso kwaye bazichole kwizibuko ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa kwelinye icala, bedimaza abathumeli ngaphandle ekuziseni iimpahla kwizibuko kwangoko kakhulu.
Izibophelelo zentlawulo ye-demurrage ziyahluka ngexesha lenkqubo yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle:
Ngenisa
Xa isikhongozelo singaqokelelwanga kwii-terminals ekupheleni kwexesha laso lasimahla ngexesha lesigaba sokungenisa elizweni, umrhwebi othenga kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka athwale iintlawulo zokukhupha impahla kuba umngenisi-mpahla unoxanduva lokucoca imithwalo. Oku kuhlawuliswa kubarhwebi bangaphandle nokuba ukulibaziseka kubangelwe kukusilela ukubuyisela imigqomo okanye ukulibaziseka ekubuyiseni iimpahla.
Ukuthumela ngaphandle
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle, i-demurrage yokuthumela ngaphandle ihlawuliswa ukuba izikhongozeli ezilayishiwe azikwazi ukuthunyelwa ngexesha elinikezelweyo. Abathumeli bangaphandle kufuneka bathwale iintlawulo ezifunyenweyo zedemurrage ngokusilela ukuthumela iimpahla ngexesha.
Indlela yokuthintela iintlawulo zokunciphisa kunye neengcebiso zokuthethathethana
Ukuqonda zonke iikhontrakthi ezibandakanyekayo
Ukuphonononga ngononophelo zonke iikhontrakthi ezibandakanyekayo, oku kubandakanya zombini imvumelwano yokuthumela ngenqanawa nabathwali kunye neemvumelwano nomthumeli. Qaphela naziphi na iimvume ezithile okanye iimfuno ezizodwa ezifunekayo ukususwa ozenzele kona, ngokomzekelo, ukuze ukwazi ukuhlala uzilungiselele kwangaphambili.
Izithethe Usulelo lwangaphambili
Zilungiselele kunye namaxwebhu ayimfuneko kunye apheleleyo ukuze ukhusele i-custom pre-clear nanini na xa kuvumelekile. Amaxwebhu afanelekileyo aluncedo ngokuqinisekileyo ekwandiseni nasekuphuculeni yonke inkqubo yokucocwa kwezithethe nokuba ukucocwa kwangaphambili akunakwenzeka.
Yenza idijithali ukukhutshwa
Ukulungiselela ukuthunyelwa ukuba kukhutshwe i-telex kunokuxhomekeka ekukhululweni kunye ne ibhilidi yokuqala yomthwalo (BL) kuphela. Olu lungiselelo lunokuba luncedo ekukhawuleziseni yonke inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwempahla, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ithuba lokuhlawuliswa kwe-demurrage.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-Telex kubhekiselele kwinkqubo apho umnini wempahla enike imvume nge-elektroniki kumthwali, ngoko banokukhulula imithwalo kwiqela elithile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba ne-BL yoqobo enikezelweyo.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona kukho ulungelelwaniso lwedijithali, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukwabelana ngoxwebhu lwempahla kunye namaxwebhu okuthunyelwa kunye nawo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo kusabalulekile kwinkqubo yokuthunyelwa kwenqanawa.
abanye
Uninzi lweenkonzo zothutho ezifumanekayo kwiimarike zisebenzisa ii-COCs - izikhongozeli eziphethwe ngabathuthi kunezikhongozeli ezingomthuthi (ii-SOCs) kuba abathwali ngokuqhelekileyo ngabanini bezikhongozeli. Ngelixa ii-COC zichanekile kwaye zifanelekile, imirhumo eyongezelelweyo efana ne-demurrage kunye nentlawulo yokuvalelwa inokungaphepheki kunye nabathwali abanobunini obupheleleyo bezikhongozeli.
Ii-SOC, kwelinye icala, zinokubiza ngaphezulu kancinci ekuqaleni njengoko abathumeli kufuneka baqale bazifumanele ezabo izitya. Noko ke, babonelela ngokuguquguquka ngakumbi kwixesha elide njengoko abathumeli bafumana ulawulo olupheleleyo kumhla wokukhutshwa kwempahla, ngenxa yoko, balawula ukuphepha iintlawulo zokuchithwa ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, umntu unokucinga ngokubandakanyeka kwikhuriya yomhlaba egcinayo ukuze ihambe ngokukhawuleza imithwalo kunye nezikhongozeli ziya kuvela iimfuno.
Zilungiselele ukuthethathethana
Hlala ukulungele ukuthetha-thethana endaweni yokwamkela nje inani leentsuku zasimahla ezibonelelwayo. Akukho sikhokelo sichanekileyo malunga nokuba zingaphi iintsuku zamahhala eziza kucelwa njengoko iimfuno zibilisa kuqikelelo lwexesha lokucocwa kwamasiko kunye nokulungiswa kwamaxwebhu afunekayo. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba abathumeli benze uphando oluyimfuneko malunga nexesha elinokwenzeka elifunekayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuthumela (kubandakanywa nokukhutshwa kwempahla) kwaye baqaphele ngokupheleleyo onke amaxwebhu afunekayo.
isiphelo
Ngokujonga ukuhla kweemfuno, amaxesha amafutshane asimahla avunyelweyo kunye nokuxinana okubangelwe kukuphazamiseka kweshishini lehlabathi lolungiselelo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iintlawulo ze-demurrage zehlabathi zonyuke kakhulu ngo-2021 xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo. Ukunqanda okanye ukunciphisa iintlawulo zedemurrage kangangoko kunokwenzeka, abathumeli-mpahla ngaphandle kunye nabarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka baqonde izizathu eziqhelekileyo ezikhokelela kwiintlawulo zedemurrage, ukuba zinyanzeliswa njani, kwaye ngubani ofanele ukuhlawulela iindleko zokuhlawula. Abafundi banokusebenzisa ezi ngcebiso zikhankanywe ngasentla ukuthetha-thethana ngeendleko ze-demurrage naphi na apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuze kuthotywe iindleko kuba iifizi ze-demurrage zithatha ixesha kwaye zingadlula ixabiso lomthwalo ngamanye amaxesha. Iimbono ezithe kratya ezithe kratya kunye neengcebiso ziyafumaneka UChovm uyafunda, ndwendwela indawo ngoku ukuze ufumane ngakumbi!
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