1. Isishwankathelo sezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani
Isixhobo somatshini sibhekisa kumatshini ovelisa oomatshini, abacubungula imathiriyeli ekrwada okanye i-workpiece eyenziwe ngentsimbi okanye ezinye izinto, ukufumana imilo yejometri efunekayo, ukuchaneka kobungakanani, kunye nomgangatho womphezulu. Ikwabizwa ngokuba sisixhobo soshishino okanye umatshini wesixhobo. Sesona sixhobo sisisiseko kwishishini lemveliso yelizwe kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lophuculo kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Njengoko uqoqosho lukhula, iimfuno zabantu zezixhobo zoomatshini ziya ziba phezulu. Izixhobo zoomatshini ziye zaba yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lemveliso yanamhlanje kwaye zifumene ingqalelo kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
IJamani ibona ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso lweshishini, kwaye uphuhliso lweshishini lufuna izixhobo zokuvelisa, ngoko ke ishishini lomatshini lomatshini linendawo enobuchule kunye nebalulekileyo eJamani. Nangona uphuhliso loshishino lwezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani lusemva kwe-United States, iJamani ilungile ekufundeni itekhnoloji ephezulu evela eUnited States nase-United Kingdom, kunye nokomeleza imifuniselo yesayensi kunye nophando olunzulu, ngoko ke uphuhliso loshishino lwesixhobo somatshini lukhawuleza kakhulu. Kuphuhliso loshishino lwezixhobo zoomatshini, iJamani iqhubekile nokuqhuba uphando olunzulu, ilandela ukugqwesa kumgangatho, kwaye yavelisa izixhobo zoomatshini ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nezihamba phambili ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-2021, phakathi kwamazwe okanye imimandla yehlabathi evelisa izixhobo zomatshini, iJamani ibeke kwindawo yesibini ngexabiso lemveliso ye-8991 yezigidi zee-euro, okwesibini kuphela kwiChina. Kwimveliso yomatshini wehlabathi jikelele, imboni yezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani inomlinganiselo omkhulu kunye neenzuzo ezinamandla zokukhuphisana.
Ukusukela ngo-2019, umyinge wexabiso lemveliso yomatshini waseJamani kwixabiso lilonke lemveliso yehlabathi libonise indlela ehlayo, ukusuka kwi-23% ukuya kwi-18%. Ngo-2021, ixabiso lilonke lemveliso yomatshini wehlabathi lalingama-70.9 eebhiliyoni zee-euro, ukonyuka konyaka-ngonyaka ngama-20%. Ixabiso lemveliso yezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani kunye nezixhobo (kubandakanywa neentsimbi, ukugcinwa, njl.) I-12.9 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro ngo-2021, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-6%. Ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwexabiso lemveliso yehlabathi kubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvelisa izixhobo zoomatshini kumazwe ahlukeneyo ziphucula ngokuthe ngcembe, ixabiso lemveliso liyaqhubeka nokukhula, kwaye ugxininiso lwehlabathi kwimveliso yesixhobo somatshini luhamba ngokuthe ngcembe.
2. Ixabiso lokuvelisa izixhobo zomatshini zaseJamani
EJamani, izixhobo zoomatshini zahlulwe ikakhulu zibe zizixhobo zomatshini wokwenza isinyithi kunye nezixhobo zokusika isinyithi. Ngaphambili, ixabiso lemveliso yezixhobo zomatshini wokusika isinyithi lalilikhulu kunelo zixhobo zentsimbi ezenza umatshini, eyona nto yayiyeyona ndlela yophuhliso. Ukususela kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-2019, ixabiso lemveliso yezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani libonise ukukhula okuqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2020, impembelelo yobhubhane yabangela ukuhla okubukhali kwixabiso lemveliso ngenxa yokunqunyanyiswa komsebenzi kunye nemveliso. Ngo-2021, ixabiso lemveliso yezixhobo ze-metal-forming machine zaseJamani zaziyi-2,414 yezigidi ze-euro, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-8.4%, kunye nexabiso lemveliso yezixhobo zomatshini wokusika isinyithi yayiyi-6,577 yezigidi ze-euro, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-0.39%. Ixabiso lilonke lemveliso yezixhobo zoomatshini linyuke nge-1.82% unyaka nonyaka xa kuthelekiswa no-2020.
Ukususela ngo-2021, imarike esezantsi kunye namacandelo omsebenzisi kushishino lwezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani baye bafumana ukukhula okunamandla kunye nokuxhaphakileyo, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba ushishino lwesixhobo somatshini waseJamani luya kuzuza ukukhula okuphawulekayo ngo-2022.
Kwishishini lesixhobo somatshini wokusika isinyithi, amaxabiso amakhulu emveliso ngo-2021 yayingamaziko omatshini kunye neenkqubo eziguquguqukayo; iileyile kunye namaziko okujika; kunye noomatshini bokugaya, kunye nexabiso lemveliso ye-1,735 yezigidi ze-euro, i-967 yezigidi zee-euro, kunye ne-861 yezigidi ze-euro ngokulandelelanayo. Phakathi kwabo, amaziko omatshini kunye neenkqubo eziguquguqukayo zenza i-26% yexabiso lemveliso yezixhobo zomatshini wokusika isinyithi. Ngo-2021, iimveliso ezikhokelayo kwishishini lesixhobo somatshini wokwenza isinyithi yayingoomatshini bokucheba, oomatshini bokuntywila, kunye noomatshini bokutshiza, abanexabiso lilonke lemveliso ye-euro yezigidi ezingama-514, ebalelwa kwi-21% yexabiso lilonke lemveliso yezixhobo zentsimbi. Kuphuhliso lwexesha elide loshishino lwezixhobo zoomatshini eJamani, amashishini amancinci ahlukeneyo abandakanyekayo, iintlobo zemveliso ziyahlukahlukana, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwamaxabiso okuvelisa imveliso kulinganayo.
3. Uhlalutyo lwesixhobo sokungeniswa komatshini waseJamani kunye nexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle
Phakathi kuka-2017 kunye no-2021, imboni yezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani iye yathunyelwa kakhulu kumazwe angaphandle, ngexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle elidlula ixabiso lokungenisa. Ukusukela ngo-2018, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kwezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani libonise indlela ehlayo unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2020, ngenxa yempembelelo yobhubhani, izinto zokusebenza kunye nokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela kubangele ukuhla okubalulekileyo kwixabiso elipheleleyo lokuthumela ngaphandle, eliye laqala ukubuyela kwakhona ngo-2021. Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kuye kwajamelana neengxaki ezifanayo, kunye nexabiso lokungenisa isixhobo somatshini waseJamani ebonisa ukuhla okuhla ukususela ngo-2018, ngakumbi ngo-2020. Emva kokuqalisa kwakhona komsebenzi kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle kuye kwanda ngo-2021. Ngo-2021, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kwezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani laliyi-6,600 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro, ukunyuka kwe-8.64% xa kuthelekiswa no-2020, kwaye ixabiso lokungenisa laliyi-2065 yezigidi ze-euro, ukunyuka kwe-13.96% xa kuthelekiswa no-2020.
Ngo-2021, i-China, i-United States, kunye ne-Italiya yayingawona mazwe aphambili okuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani, kunye nezixa-mali zokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-1592 yezigidi zee-euro, i-971 yezigidi zee-euro, kunye ne-480 yezigidi zee-euro ngokulandelelanayo. Ngokuphuculwa kunye nokuphuculwa kobume bemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina, iTshayina ifumana inqanaba elibalulekileyo lotshintsho ukusuka kwisantya esiphezulu ukuya kuphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu. Ngenxa yoko, iimfuno zezixhobo zoomatshini zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe. Iimveliso zesixhobo somatshini ezikumgangatho ophezulu waseJamani zinegama elihle kumazwe ajikeleze umhlaba, okwenza iChina ibe lelona lizwe likhulu lokungenisa izixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani. Ngo-2021, amazwe aphambili okungenisa izixhobo zoomatshini baseJamani yayiyiSwitzerland, i-Italiya, kunye neJapan, kunye namaxabiso angeniswayo angama-722 ezigidi zee-euro, i-291 yezigidi zee-euro, kunye ne-283 yezigidi zeeyuro ngokulandelelanayo. ISwitzerland igxile ekwenzeni izixhobo zomatshini ezichanekileyo ezixinene kakhulu, ezincinci kwaye zigqwesileyo, kulula ukusebenza, kwaye zithandwa ngamazwe ehlabathi. Ukuthengwa kwezixhobo zoomatshini eJamani ikakhulu zivela eSwitzerland.
Umthombo ovela Iqela loPhando lobuNgcali (chyxx.com)
