I-laser ye-ultrafast luhlobo lwe-ultra-intense, i-ultra-short-pulsed laser kunye nobubanzi be-pulse ngaphantsi okanye ngaphakathi kwinqanaba le-picosecond (10-12s), echazwe ngokusekelwe kwi-wave wave wave wave.
Igama le-laser lisekelwe "kwi-ultrafast phenomenon," ebhekisela kwinto apho inkqubo ye-microscopic yento itshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yomzimba, yekhemikhali, okanye yebhayoloji. Kwinkqubo yeathom kunye nemolekyuli, isikali sexesha lokushukuma kweeathomu kunye neeathom zingolandelelwano lweepicoseconds ukuya kwi-femtoseconds. Umzekelo, ixesha lokujikeleza kwemolekyuli liku-odolo yeepicoseconds kwaye ixesha lokungcangcazela liku-odolo yee-femtoseconds.
Xa ububanzi be-laser pulse bufikelela kwinqanaba le-picosecond okanye i-femtosecond, ubukhulu becala buphepha nayiphi na impembelelo enayo kwintshukumo ye-thermal yeemolekyuli, eyona nto ingundoqo wobushushu be-matte. Ukongezelela, izinto eziphathekayo ziphenjelelwa kwaye ziveliswa ngumlinganiselo wexesha lokungcangcazela kweemolekyuli, oku kuthetha ukuba ngelixa ukucubungula, umphumo we-thermal uyancipha kakhulu.
Isiqulatho
Iintlobo ze-laser ultrafast
Amacandelo e-laser ultrafast
Izicelo ze-laser ezikhawulezayo
Iinzuzo kunye neengozi ze-laser ye-ultrafast
Iintlobo ze-laser ultrafast
Zininzi iindlela zokuhlela iilaser, kunye nezona ndlela zine ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kukuhlela ngezinto ezisebenzayo, ukuhlelwa ngokwamaza okukhutshwa kwamandla (imowudi yokusebenza), ulwahlulo ngobude obuphumayo (umbala), kunye nokuhlelwa ngamandla.
Ngokwendlela yokuphuma kwamandla, ii-lasers zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-lases eziqhubekayo, ii-laser ze-pulsed, kunye ne-quasi-continuous lasers:
I-laser eqhubekayo
I-laser eqhubekayo yilaser eqhuba ngokuqhubekayo iifom zamaza amandla ngexesha leeyure zokusebenza. Ibonakaliswe ngamandla aphezulu kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukucubungula izinto ezinobunzima kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokunyibilika, njengamacwecwe esinyithi.
I-laser pulsed
I-laser pulsed ikhupha amandla ngendlela yeepulses. Ngokobubanzi be-pulse, ezi lasers zinokuphinda zohlulwe zibe yi-millisecond lasers, ii-laser ze-microsecond, izixhobo zokuvala i-nanosecond, i-picosecond lasers, ii-laser ze-femtosecond, kunye ne-laser ye-attosecond. Umzekelo, ukuba ububanzi be-pulse ye-laser ephumayo buphakathi kwe-1-1000ns, iya kuhlelwa njenge-nanosecond laser. Kwii-lasecond lasers, ii-laser ze-femtosecond, ii-laser ze-attosecond, kunye ne-ultrafast lasers, amandla e-laser ye-pulsed asezantsi kakhulu kune-laser eqhubekayo kodwa ukuchaneka kokucubungula kuphezulu. Ngokubanzi, ukucutha ububanzi be-pulse, buphezulu ukuchaneka kokucubungula.
Quasi-CW laser
I-laser ye-quasi-CW yilaser ye-pulse enokuthi ikhuphe ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-laser enamandla kakhulu ngexesha elithile.
Iifom zamaza eziveliswa ngamandla kwezi lasers zintathu zikhankanywe ngasentla zinokuchazwa yiparameter “yomjikelo womsebenzi.”
Kwi-laser, umjikelo womsebenzi unokutolikwa njengomlinganiselo "wexesha lokuphuma kwamandla e-laser" ngokubhekiselele "kwixesha elipheleleyo" ngaphakathi komjikelo we-pulse. Ke, umjikelo we-laser we-CW (=1) > umjikelo we-laser we-quasi-CW > umjikelo we-laser we-pulsed. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ukuncipha kobubanzi be-pulse laser pulsed, kokukhona usezantsi umjikelo womsebenzi.
Kwintsimi yokulungiswa kwezinto, ii-laser ze-pulsed ekuqaleni zaziyimveliso yenguqu ye-laser eqhubekayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla emveliso ye-lasers eqhubekayo ayikwazi ukufikelela phezulu kakhulu ngenxa yempembelelo yezinto ezibandakanya amandla okuthwala amacandelo angundoqo kunye nenqanaba letekhnoloji kwinqanaba lokuqala, kunye nenyaniso yokuba izinto eziphathekayo azikwazi ukufudumeza kwindawo yokunyibilika. Ezi zinto zezona zifezekisa injongo yokusetyenzwa, okuthetha imfuneko yokuqalisa izinto ezintsha.
Utshintsho lweza neendlela ezithile zobugcisa ezisetyenziselwa ukugxila kwimveliso yamandla e-laser kwi-pulse enye. Oku kuye kwamisa amandla apheleleyo e-laser ekutshintsheni kodwa kwavumela amandla angoko nangoko ngexesha le-pulse ukuba anyuke kakhulu kwaye anelise iimfuno zokusetyenzwa kwezinto.
Emva kwexesha, itekhnoloji ye-laser eqhubekayo yakhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-laser ye-pulsed inenzuzo enkulu ekuqhubeni ukuchaneka. Oku kungenxa yokuba impembelelo eshushu ye-laser ye-pulsed kwizinto incinci; Ukunciphisa ububanzi be-laser pulse, buncinci umphumo we-thermal; kunye nomda ogudileyo wezinto ezicutshungulwayo, kokukhona uphezulu ukuchaneka komatshini ohambelanayo.
Amacandelo e-laser ultrafast
Ezimbini zeemfuno eziphambili zelaser ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njenge-laser ye-ultrafast kukuzinza okuphezulu kwe-ultrashort pulse kunye ne-high pulse energy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ultrashort pulses inokufumaneka ngokusebenzisa i-mode-locking technology, ngelixa amandla aphezulu e-pulse angafunyanwa ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokukhulisa i-CPA.
Amacandelo angundoqo abandakanyekayo abandakanya i-oscillators, i-stretchers, i-amplifiers, kunye ne-compressors. Phakathi kwazo, i-oscillator kunye neamplifier zezona zinzima, kodwa zikwayitekhnoloji ephambili emva kwayo nayiphi na inkampani yokuvelisa i-laser.
I-Oscillator
Indlela yokutshixa indlela isetyenziselwa ukufumana i-ultrafast laser pulses kwi-oscillator.
Umthungi
I-stretcher yolula i-femtosecond seed pulses ngaphandle kwexesha ngokusebenzisa ubude bamaza ahlukeneyo.
Amplifier
I-amplifier etshiphuyo isetyenziselwa ukunika amandla ngokupheleleyo i-pulse eyoluliweyo ngoku.
Isiguquli
Icompressor idibanisa i-spectra eyandisiweyo yamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwaye iwabuyisela kububanzi be-femtosecond, ngaloo ndlela yenze i-laser pulses ye-femtosecond ngamandla aphezulu kakhulu ngoko nangoko.
Izicelo ze-laser ezikhawulezayo
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-nanosecond kunye ne-millisecond lasers, ii-laser ze-ultrafast zinamandla aphantsi xa zizonke, nangona kunjalo, kuba zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba lexesha lokungcangcazela kweemolekyuli, ii-laser ze-ultrafast ziyaqonda "ukusetyenzwa okubandayo" ngengqiqo yokwenyani, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kuphuculwe kakhulu ukuchaneka kwendlela.
Ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezahlukeneyo, iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu aqhubekayo, ii-lasers ezingeyo-ultrafast pulsed, kunye ne-laser ezikhawulezayo zonke zibonisa umahluko omkhulu kumasimi osetyenziso olusezantsi:
I-laser enamandla amakhulu aqhubekayo (kunye ne-laser eqhubekayo) isetyenziselwa ukusika, ukutshisa, welding, ukugquma komhlaba, ukugrumba, kunye noshicilelo lwe-3D lwezinto zetsimbi.
Iilaser ezingeyo-ultrafast pulsed lasers zisetyenziselwa ukuphawula izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi, inkqubo yesilicone imathiriyeli, icocekile kwaye iphunyezwe. umkrolo ochanekileyo kwimigangatho yesinyithi, iintsimbi ezichanekileyo ze-weld, kunye neentsimbi ze-micromachine.
Ii-laser ze-Ultrafast zisetyenziselwa ukusika kunye ne-weld izinto eziqinileyo kunye ne-brittle, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezifana neglasi, i-PET, kunye nesafire. Ukongeza, zisetyenziselwa ukuphawula ngokuchanekileyo, utyando lwamehlo, ukunyanzeliswa kwemikroskopu, kunye nokukrolwa.
Ngokombono wokusetyenziswa kwazo, ii-laser ze-CW ezinamandla amakhulu kunye nee-lasers ze-ultrafast phantse azinabudlelwane bokubuyisela omnye komnye. Zifana nezembe kunye ne-tweezers, kwaye ubukhulu bazo bunezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingalunganga.
Usetyenziso olusezantsi lwee-laser ezingeyo-ultrafast pulsed lasers zinokudityaniswa okuthile kunye neelases eziqhubekayo kunye ne-laser ultrafast. Nangona kunjalo, ukugweba ngeziphumo eziphunyeziweyo xa ziphantsi kwezicelo ezifanayo, amandla e-laser ye-ultrafast pulsed ayilungile njengaleyo ye-laser eqhubekayo kwaye ukuchaneka kwayo akulunganga njengaleyo ye-laser ultrafast. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kukusebenza kweendleko.
I-laser ye-ultraviolet ye-nanosecond ngokukodwa, nangona inobubanzi be-pulse engafikeleli kwinqanaba le-piccosecond, inokuchaneka okuphezulu kakhulu kokucubungula kunezinye iilaser ze-nanosecond zemibala. I-laser ye-ultraviolet ye-nanosecond isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekusetyenzweni nasekuveliseni iimveliso ze-3C kwaye njengoko iindleko ze-laser ze-ultrafast ziyancipha kwixesha elizayo, inokuthi ithathe i-nanosecond ultraviolet market.
Ii-laser ze-Ultrafast ziqaphela ukusetyenzwa okubandayo ngengqiqo yokwenyani kwaye zineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokuchanekileyo. Ukongeza, njengoko itekhnoloji yemveliso ikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, iindleko zezi lasers ze-ultrafast ziya kuhla. Ngezi zizathu, kulindeleke ukuba ezi lasers zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwibhayoloji yezonyango, i-aerospace, i-elektroniki yabathengi, umboniso wokukhanyisa, indawo yamandla, oomatshini abachanekileyo, kunye namanye amashishini asezantsi kwixa elizayo.
I-cosmetology yonyango
Iilaser ze-Ultrafast zingasetyenziswa kwisixhobo sotyando lwamehlo kunye nezixhobo zokuthambisa. Umzekelo, i-laser ye-femtosecond isetyenziswa kutyando lwe-myopia kwaye yaziwa, emva kwetekhnoloji yokuphambuka kwe-wavefront, “njengolunye uguqulo kutyando lokuphinda-phinda.”
I-eye axis yezigulane ze-myopic inkulu kune-axis yamehlo eqhelekileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba xa ukwimeko yokuphumla, ugxininiso lwemitha yokukhanya ehambelanayo yinkqubo ye-refractive ye-eye emva kokuba i-refraction iwela phambi kwe-retina. Utyando lwe-laser lwe-Femtosecond lunokususa isihlunu esingaphezulu kwi-axial dimension kwaye lubuyisele umgama we-axial kubude bayo obuqhelekileyo. Utyando lwe-laser lwe-Femtosecond lunoncedo lokuchaneka okuphezulu, ukhuseleko oluphezulu, uzinzo oluphezulu, ixesha elifutshane lokusebenza, kunye nentuthuzelo ephezulu, ekhokelele ekubeni ibe yenye yezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zotyando lwe-myopia.
Ngokumalunga nobuhle, iilaser ezikhawulezayo zinokusetyenziswa ukususa i-pigment kunye ne-moles zendalo, ukususa iitattoos, kunye nokuphucula ukuguga kwesikhumba.
Izixhobo zombane zabathengi
Iilaser ze-Ultrafast zilungele ukusetyenzwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezinzima kunye ne-brittle, ukusetyenzwa kwefilimu encinci, kunye nokumakishwa ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokubonelela ngeminye imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokuvelisa i-electronics yabathengi. Isafire kunye neglasi epholileyo, njengaleyo isetyenziswa kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, zithathwa njengezinto ezinzima, ezinqabileyo, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo phakathi kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwi-elektroniki yabathengi.
ISapphire isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto ezinje ngeewotshi ezihlakaniphileyo, iikhava zekhamera yefowuni ephathwayo, kunye namaqweqwe emodyuli yeminwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu obunzima kunye nokuqina, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nezinga lesivuno seendlela zemveli zomatshini ziphantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoku, i-nanosecond ultraviolet lasers kunye ne-ultrafast lasers zezona ndlela zobugcisa zokusika isafire, kunye nesiphumo sokusetyenzwa kwe-laser ye-ultrafast ibe ngcono kunaleyo ye-ultraviolet nanosecond laser. Ukongeza kule misebenzi ingentla, i-nanosecond kunye ne-picosecond lasers nazo zizona ndlela eziphambili zokucubungula ezisetyenziswa ziimodyuli zekhamera kunye neemodyuli zeminwe.
Iilaser zeUltrafast nazo ziya kuba yeyona ndlela iphambili yetekhnoloji yokusikwa kwesikrini sefowuni ephathwayo eguqukayo (izikrini ezisongekayo) kunye nokugrumba iglasi ye-3D ehambelanayo kwixesha elizayo.
Iilaser ze-Ultrafast nazo zinezicelo ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yeepaneli, kunye nokusetyenziswa okubandakanya ukusika i-OLED polarizers, kunye neenkqubo zokuxobula kunye nokulungiswa ngexesha lokuvelisa i-LCD / OLED.
Izinto zepolymer kwimveliso ye-OLED zinovelwano ngakumbi kwiimpembelelo zobushushu. Ukongeza, ubungakanani kunye nesithuba seeseli ezenziweyo ngoku zincinci kakhulu, njengobungakanani obuseleyo bokuqhubekeka. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yemveli yokusika ayisafaneleki. Iimfuno zemveliso yoshishino kunye neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwezikrini ezinokwakheka okukhethekileyo kunye nezikrini ezine-perforated ngoku zingaphaya kwamandla obugcisa bendabuko. Ke, izibonelelo ezibonelelwa zii-laser ze-ultrafast ziyabonakala, ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa i-piccosecond ultraviolet okanye ii-laser ze-femtosecond, ezinommandla omncinci ochatshazelwe bubushushu kwaye zifaneleke ngakumbi kwizicelo eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokusetyenzwa kwegophe.
Micro welding
Kumacandelo eendaba aqinileyo acacileyo, anje ngeglasi, izinto ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ukufunxwa okungahambelaniyo, umonakalo wokunyibilika, ukwakheka kweplasma, ukukhutshwa, kunye nokusasazwa kwefayibha kuya kwenzeka xa i-ultrashort pulse laser isasazeka phakathi. Lo mzobo ubonisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngexesha lokudibana phakathi kwe-ultrashort pulse laser kunye nemathiriyeli eqinileyo xa iphantsi koxinano lwamandla kunye nezikali zexesha.
Itekhnoloji ye-Ultra-short pulse laser micro-welding ifaneleke kakhulu kwi-micro-welding yezinto ezibonakalayo ezinje ngeglasi kuba ayifuni kufakwa umaleko ophakathi, inokusebenza okuphezulu, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, akukho mpembelelo ye-thermal ye-macroscopic, kwaye inikezela ngeempawu ezifanelekileyo zoomatshini kunye ne-optical emva konyango lwe-welding encinci. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi baye badibanisa ngempumelelo ii-caps zokugqibela kwiifibers eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-microstructured optical fibers usebenzisa i-70 fs, i-250 kHz pulses.
Bonisa ukukhanya
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-lasers ze-ultrafast kwibala lokubonisa ukukhanya kubhekiselele ekubhalweni nasekusikeni ii-wafers ze-LED, ongomnye umzekelo wendlela ii-laser ezikhawuleza ngayo ukusetyenzwa kwezinto ezinzima kunye ne-brittle. Ukucutshungulwa kwe-laser ye-Ultrafast kunokuchaneka okulungileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye ne-flatness ephezulu ye-cross-section kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ukutshitshiswa komphetho.
Amandla e-Photovoltaic
Ii-laser ze-Ultrafast zinendawo ebanzi yesicelo ekwenzeni iiseli ze-photovoltaic. Umzekelo, xa kusenziwa iibhetri ze-CIGS zefilimu ezibhityileyo, ii-laser ze-ultrafast zinokuthatha indawo yenkqubo yokubhalwa komatshini ukuze iphucule kakhulu umgangatho wokubhala, ngakumbi i-P2 kunye ne-P3 yokubhala amakhonkco, apho inokufikelela phantse akukho chipping, iintanda, okanye uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo.
I-Aerospace
Itekhnoloji yokupholisa ifilimu yomoya iyafuneka xa uzama ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-injini kunye nokusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yeebhleyidi zeinjini yomoya ezisetyenziswa kwi-aerospace. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuthetha ukuba iimfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zetekhnoloji yokucubungula umngxuma wefilimu.
Ngo-2018, i-Xi'an Institute of Optics and Mechanics iphuhlise awona mandla aphezulu e-pulse enye e-China: i-26-watt, i-femtosecond fiber laser ye-industrial-grade. Ukongeza, baye baphuhlisa uthotho lwezixhobo zokuvelisa i-laser ezigqithileyo, ezikhawulezayo, ukuphumeza impumelelo “kwinkqubo ebandayo” yemingxuma yefilimu yomoya kwiiblade ze-injini ye-aero-injini kwaye ngaloo ndlela bazalise isithuba sasekhaya. Le ndlela yokucubungula ingaphezulu kune-EDM, ukuchaneka kwayo kuphezulu, kwaye izinga lesivuno liphuculwe kakhulu.
I-laser ye-Ultrafast inokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwi-machining echanekileyo ye-fiber-reinforced composite materials, ngelixa ukuphuculwa kwe-machining ngokuchanekileyo kuya kunceda ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidibeneyo ezifana ne-carbon fiber kwi-aerospace kunye nezinye iindawo eziphezulu.
Indawo yophando
I-teknoloji ye-polymerization ye-photon ezimbini (i-2PP) yindlela yokushicilela ye-3D "ye-nano-optical" efana nokukhanya-ukunyanga iteknoloji ye-prototyping ngokukhawuleza. I-Futurist uChristopher Barnatt ukholelwa ukuba le teknoloji ingaba yindlela eqhelekileyo yoshicilelo lwe-3D kwixesha elizayo.
Umgaqo wetekhnoloji ye-2PP kukunyanga ngokukhetha i-resin ye-photosensitive ngokusebenzisa "i-femtosecond pulse laser." Nangona kubonakala kufana nokufotowa kwe-prototyping ekhawulezayo, umahluko kukuba ubuncinci bobukhulu bomaleko kunye nesisombululo se-axis ye-XY enokufikelela kwitekhnoloji ye-2PP iphakathi kwe-100 nm kunye ne-200 nm. Ngamanye amazwi, itekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-2PP ye-3D ichanekileyo ngokuphindwe kakhulu kuneteknoloji yokubumba yokukhanya yendabuko kwaye izinto eziprintiweyo zincinci kunebhaktheriya.
Ixabiso le-laser ultrafast lihlala libiza kakhulu kodwa njengovulindlela kushishino, i-STYLECNC sele ivelisa izixhobo zokulungisa i-laser ye-ultrafast kwaye ifumene impendulo efanelekileyo yemarike. Izixhobo zokusika ezichanekileyo zeLaser kwiimodyuli ze-OLED ziphehlelelwe ngokusekwe kwitekhnoloji ye-laser ye-ultrafast, i-ultrafast (i-picosecond/femtosecond) isixhobo sokumakisha i-laser, izixhobo zokusetyenzwa kweglasi ye-laser ye-picosecond infrared display screens, kunye ne-picosecond infrared glass wafers.
Iimveliso ziphehlelelwe umbulelo kobu buchwepheshe bubandakanya izixhobo zokusika i-laser, oomatshini bokudiyiza abangabonakaliyo be-LED, i-semiconductor wafer. oomatshini bokusika i-laser, Izixhobo zokusika iglasi yokusika iimodyuli zokuchongwa kweminwe, imigca eguquguqukayo yokubonisa imveliso yobuninzi, kunye noluhlu lweemveliso ze-laser ezikhawulezayo.
Iinzuzo kunye neengozi ze-laser ye-ultrafast
Iinzuzo ze-laser ultrafast
I-laser ye-ultrafast yenye yezona zikhokelo zophuhliso ezibalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwintsimi ye-laser. Njengetekhnoloji evelayo, ineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwi-micromachining echanekileyo.
I-ultra-short pulse eyenziwa yi-laser ultra-fast ithetha ukuba i-laser ngokwayo idibanisa kuphela kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ixesha elifutshane kwaye ngoko ayiyi kuzisa ukushisa kwizinto ezijikelezayo. Ukongeza, xa ububanzi be-laser pulse bufikelela kwinqanaba le-picosecond okanye le-femtosecond, impembelelo kwintshukumo ye-molekyuli ye-thermal inokuthintelwa kakhulu, okukhokelela kwimpembelelo encinci ye-thermal. Ngesi sizathu, ukusetyenzwa kwe-laser okukhawulezileyo kukwabizwa ngokuba "kusetyenzwa ngokubanda."
Umzekelo womzobo obonisa iingenelo zelaser ekhawulezayo kakhulu inokuba kuxa sisika amaqanda agciniweyo ngemela yekhitshi ebuthuntu. Sivame ukusika amaqanda agciniweyo abe ngamaqhekeza amancinci, ngoko ke ukuba ukhetha umgca womese obukhali onqumla ngokukhawuleza endaweni yoko, amaqanda agciniweyo aya kunqunyulwa ngokulinganayo nangobuhle.
Iingxaki ze-laser ultrafast
Amashishini okuvelisa akumgangatho ophezulu, afana nalawo enza iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo kunye neepaneli, aneemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zezixhobo zokusetyenzwa kwelaser kwaye kukho umngcipheko wempumelelo yetekhnoloji entsha enganeno kobekulindelekile.
Ixabiso lelaser ekhawulezayo kakhulu liphezulu kwaye ukutshintshela kumthengisi omtsha welaser kubeka umngcipheko wokungakwazi ukwandisa intengiso njengoko bekulindelekile ekuqaleni ngabavelisi bezixhobo zelaser kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela.
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