Ukukhululwa kwe-GTIN: Uluhlu lweeMveliso kwi-Amazon Ngaphandle kwe-UPC okanye i-GTIN

Izichongi zemveliso, ezifana nee-UPC, ii-EAN, ii-ISBNs, kunye nee-SKU, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-eCommerce. Bancedisa ekulandeleni uluhlu lwempahla, ukudityaniswa kweentengiso, ukujonga izinto, kunye nolawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela. KwiAmazon, ezi khowudi zisembindini weziseko ezingundoqo. IAmazon ifuna isazisi semveliso xa udwelisa into ethengiswayo kwaye wenze amaphepha emveliso. Kwiimveliso ezininzi, oku kuthetha ukuba ufuna i-Global Trade Item Number (GTIN), ekufuneka ibe yodwa. Ngaphezu koko, iAmazon inenkqubo yokuqinisekisa engqongqo eqinisekisa ukuba yonke iGTIN esetyenziswa eqongeni inelayisenisi kwaye isemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izinto ezinokuthi zifanelekele ukuxolelwa kwi-GTIN.

Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, sidlula ngokufutshane kwii-ID zemveliso ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiAmazon kwaye emva koko sijonge kwinkqubo yokufumana ukhululo lwe-GTIN. Sikwakukhokela kwindlela yokudwelisa iimveliso ezixolelwe kwi-GTIN kwiAmazon kunye nokuba ungazifumana phi iikhowudi ze-FNSKU.

Izazisi zemveliso ezisetyenziswa kwiAmazon

Izichongi zemveliso ezisetyenziswa kwiAmazon zinokuhlelwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: zehlabathi kunye neqonga elithile. Ukuqonda ama-nuances phakathi kwezi zichongi kunokukunceda uqonde eyona ilungileyo onokuthi uyisebenzise kwimveliso nganye oyithengisayo. Kuya kukunceda ulawule iakhawunti yakho yomthengisi weAmazon ngcono. 

IGTIN

Inombolo yoRhwebo lweHlabathi (i-GTIN) siSazisi semveliso esamkelwa kwihlabathi jikelele. Ingasetyenziswa ngaphaya kweqonga leAmazon, kubandakanywa kuzo zombini iimarike ze-intanethi kunye nezomzimba. Ii-GTIN zifunyanwa kwi-GS1, umbutho ogcina imigangatho yehlabathi yokuchongwa kwemveliso.

Ukuba ungumnini we-brand okanye inkampani, kuya kufuneka ukuba ufumane i-GS1 Company Prefix ekhethekileyo phambi kokuba uvelise ii-GTIN zeemveliso zakho. Ii-GTIN ezikhutshwe phantsi kwebhrendi okanye inkampani yakho ziya kuqulatha esi simaphambili. KwiAmazon, ezona GTIN zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziiUPCs, EANs, kunye neISBNs.

• IKhowudi yeMveliso yeHlabathi jikelele (UPC) luluhlu lwamanani ali-12 aquka isimaphambili seNkampani ye-GS1, i-Item Reference Number, kunye neDijithi yokuHlola. Abathengisi abaninzi kwiAmazon basebenzisa oku xa bedwelisa iimveliso zabo eqongeni.
• Ikhowudi yamanani enamanani ali-13, iNombolo yeNqaku laseYurophu (EAN) isebenzela injongo efanayo nee-UPCs kodwa isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo eYurophu. 
• Ngeencwadi kunye noshicilelo, i-ID eyaziwayo kwihlabathi jikelele yiNombolo yeNcwadi yeMigangatho yaMazwe ngaMazwe (ISBN). Kwiincwadi ezithengiswa kwi-Amazon, i-ISBN isetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-ASIN.

Izazisi zemveliso yeAmazon

Ngelixa iindidi ezininzi kwiAmazon zifuna i-GTIN ukuze iimveliso zidweliswe, zikho nezinye ii-ID zemveliso ezisetyenziswa eqongeni. Abanye abathengisi basebenzisa ii-SKUs okanye iiYunithi zokuGcina isitokhwe ukulawula nokulandelela uluhlu lwabo lwempahla. Ezi ID zemveliso zinokusetyenziselwa ulawulo lwempahla ngaphakathi kwenkampani okanye kumaqonga okuthengisa angaphandle. Kwi-Amazon, ii-SKU zenziwa ngumthengisi kwaye zinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokwenkqubo yazo ye-inventri. 

Kukho nezinye ii-ID ezimbini zemveliso ezisetyenziswa kwi-Amazon ezikhethekileyo kwiqonga, i-ASIN kunye ne-FNSKU.

• I-Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) yikhowudi ekhethekileyo eyabelwe yonke imveliso kunye nokwahluka kwemveliso ethengiswa kwi-Amazon. Lo mtya weempawu ze-alphanumeric ze-10 ziveliswa yi-Amazon nanini na imveliso entsha okanye ukuhluka zidweliswe kwiqonga. Ngokuyintloko iququzelela ukufakwa kwekhathalogu yemveliso kunye nokukhangela ngaphakathi kweqonga.
• Kwakhona isetyenziswe ngokukodwa ngaphakathi kwe-Amazon, i-FNSKU okanye i-Fulfillment Network Stock Keeping Unit yenziwa liqonga kuyo yonke into edweliswe kwi-FBA. Ii-FNSKU zibalulekile ekuleyibhelini nasekulandeleni izinto kumaziko okuzaliseka kweAmazon. Kwiimveliso ezixolelwe kwi-GTIN kwi-FBA, ibarcode ye-FNSKU iyafuneka.

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi zichongi zemveliso kuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zakho zibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zifikeleleka ngokulula kubathengi ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwendawo yentengiso yeAmazon.

Iimveliso ezifanelekileyo zokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN

Ngelixa ikwasebenzisa ii-ID zemveliso ngokuthe ngqo kwiqonga layo, iAmazon ifuna i-GTIN kuluhlu oluninzi lweemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, le mfuneko ithwala abathengisi abatsha kunye noosomashishini abaneendleko ezibalulekileyo. Ukufumana ilayisenisi yesimaphambili senkampani kunye nee-UPC ezili-10 ukusuka kwi-GS1 kunokumisela enye nge-400 yeedola. Oku kunokuba yimali encinci kumashishini amakhulu, kodwa inokuba yindleko enkulu kubathengisi abancinci abasaqalayo kuhambo lwabo lokuthengisa eAmazon.

Ngethamsanqa, iAmazon inika inkululeko kwezinye iintlobo zemveliso. Kukho iindidi ezithile zeemveliso kunye neemeko apho unokufuna ukhululo lwe-GTIN kwiAmazon. Phakathi kweemveliso ezifanele ukukhululwa kwi-GTIN zezi:

• Iimveliso zophawu lwabucala. Ukuba wenza okanye upapasha iimveliso zakho phantsi kwebhrendi onayo, usenokufanelekela ukukhululwa kwi-GTIN. Nangona kunjalo, uphawu lwakho kufuneka lubhaliswe kwi-Amazon Brand Registry kwaye izinto zakho akufuneki zibe neebhakhowudi ezikhoyo kuzo.
• Iimveliso ezenziwe ngezandla. Izinto ezenziwe ngesandla, ezitshintshwe ngesandla, okanye ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ozenzileyo wena okanye iqela elincinane ngaphandle kokuveliswa kobuninzi okanye ubuchwephesha obuzisebenzelayo azikho kwimfuno ye-GTIN. Abathengisi banokubhalisa phantsi kwe-Amazon Handmade ukuze bazuze kolu kukhululwa.
• Izixhobo zeMveliso okanye iiNdawo. Izincedisi zeselfowuni, iinxalenye zemoto, kunye neenxalenye zemveliso nganye ezingenazo ii-ID zemveliso nazo azikhutshiwe kwimfuno ye-GTIN.
• Iimveliso ezihlanganisiweyo okanye ezipakishwe ngokutsha. Iimveliso ezithengiswa njengeseti okanye iipakethi ezidityanisiweyo zezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zisenokufaneleka ukuba zixolelwe kwi-GTIN.

Ezinye iimveliso zamayeza enziwe ngabenzi bawo afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi ezingenazo ii-GTINs zohlobo oluthile kunye neemveliso ezikwiindidi ezikhethekileyo nazo zisenokufaneleka ukukhululwa. Kodwa ezi zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwemveliso kunye nodidi into edweliswe phantsi kwayo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukukhululwa kwe-GTIN akudluli ngaphaya kweqonga le-Amazon. Ngelixa olu khululo lunokuba luncedo kubathengisi abatsha okanye abakwizinga eliphantsi, njengoko ibhrendi yakho ikhula, kwaye imveliso yakho iyanda, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ucinge ngokufumana ii-GTINs ezivela kwi-GS1 zokufikelela kwimarike ngokubanzi kwezinye iindawo zentengiso.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo kuluhlu ngaphandle kwe-GTIN

Uluhlu lweemveliso kwiAmazon ngaphandle kwe-UPC okanye i-GTIN inokuba sisicwangciso esisebenzayo kubathengisi abatsha, kodwa kufuneka uvavanye okuhle kunye nokubi ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke. Nazi izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

Izinto eziluncedo zokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN

• Ugcino lweendleko. Ukufumana ii-GTIN kubiza imali. Ngokufaka isicelo sokuxolelwa kwiimveliso ezifanelekileyo, abathengisi banokugcina iindleko zangaphambili kwaye bandise inzuzo yabo. 
• Ukuba bhetyebhetye. Ukukhululwa kwi-GTIN kukunika ukuguquguquka kokuthengisa izinto ezingenazo iibhakhowudi zemveli. Bakuvumela ukuba uthengise izinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zoyilo.
• Uluhlu olukhawulezayo. Ukufaka isicelo se-GTIN kwandisa ixesha lakho lokuya kwintengiso. Ngokwahlukileyo, uluhlu ngaphandle kwe-GTINs lufumana iimveliso zakho kwiAmazon ngokukhawuleza.

Ububi bokudwelisa iimveliso ngaphandle kwe-GTINs

• UkuNcitshiswa kokubonakala. I-Amazon isebenzisa ii-ID zemveliso ukukhomba kunye nokuhlela iimveliso. Abathengi banokuzisebenzisa ukukhangela iimveliso. Ngaphandle kwee-GTINs, iimveliso zakho zisenokungabonakali kwezinye iziphumo zokhangelo.
• Ukuthembana okuncitshisiweyo. Abathengi basenokungazithembi kangako ekuthengeni iimveliso ngaphandle kweziphawuli zemveliso eziqhelekileyo. Ukunqongophala kwe-GTIN kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukuthembela kwabo kwimveliso, kwaye ngenxa yoko, izigqibo zabo zokuthenga.
• Imingeni yokuFaka uphawu. Iimveliso ezikhululwe kwi-GTIN zinokujongana nemingeni ekusekeni uphawu lophawu olulodwa kwaye zinokusokola ukukhuphisana nezinto ezinophawu.

Ezi ngqwalasela kufuneka zikhokele inkqubo yakho yokwenza izigqibo xa ufaka isicelo sokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN. Vavanya iinjongo zakho zeshishini elithile ukumisela eyona ndlela ilungileyo yelinge lakho leCommerce.

Usenza njani isicelo sokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN

Ukwakha ishishini elinengeniso kuthatha ixesha. KwiAmazon, malunga ne-24% yabathengisi baqala ukwenza inzuzo kuphela emva kweenyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu. Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba iAmazon ibonelela ngamathuba kubathengisi abancinci ukuba banciphise i-overhead yabo. Enye indlela enjalo kukufaka isicelo sokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN. Ukuba uyahlangabezana nemigaqo yokufaneleka, ukufuna ukhululo kwi-GTIN kunokongela izixhobo ezixabisekileyo. Nantsi indlela yokusifaka isicelo.

Lungiselela iimfuno zokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN

Phambi kokuba uhambe ngeyona nkqubo yesicelo, lungiselela yonke into enokufunwa ukubonisa ukuba imveliso yakho ikulungele ukuxolelwa. Oku kuquka oku kulandelayo:

• Igama lemveliso kunye nolwazi. Qinisekisa ukuba igama lemveliso yakho yodwa kwaye lifanelekile. Yiba nalo lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nemveliso yakho, njengoko uya kucelwa ukuba unikeze ezi ngexesha lenkqubo yesicelo.
• Imifanekiso yeefoto. Lungiselela imifanekiso emibini ukuya kwesithoba ebonisa imveliso yakho kunye nokupakishwa kwayo. Ezi kufuneka ibe ziifoto zokwenyani ezibonisa ngokucacileyo uphawu okanye igama lemveliso elincanyathiselwe ngokusisigxina kwimveliso ngokwayo kunye/okanye kwipakethe yayo. Kufuneka kwakhona ibonise ngokucacileyo ukuba imveliso kunye nokupakishwa kwayo ayinayo ibhakhowudi ekhoyo evunyiweyo ye-GS1.
• Ileta evela kumvelisi okanye umthengisi. Kubathengisi abafumana iimveliso zabo kubenzi okanye kubathengisi abangaboneleli ngee-GTIN, kufuneka bacele ileta kumthengisi wabo engqina oku.

Hamba ngenkqubo yesicelo kwi-Seller Central

Nje ukuba zonke iimfuno zamaxwebhu zilungile, ngena kwi-akhawunti yakho yomthengisi ophakathi kwaye ulandele la manyathelo:

1. Yiya kwiphepha elithi 'Faka isicelo se-GTIN exemption'.
2. Khetha udidi lwemveliso kuluhlu. Cofa 'Yongeza iindidi ezininzi' ukuba ufuna ukudwelisa imveliso kwiindidi ezininzi.
3. Nika igama lebhrendi. Qinisekisa ukuba igama lebrendi lihambelana nencanyathiselwe kwimveliso kunye nokupakishwa kwayo. Ukuba ukwinkqubo yoBhaliso lweBrand, sebenzisa igama lohlobo olufanayo obhalise kulo. Ukuba ufaka isicelo sokuxolelwa kwiimveliso ezingaphawulwanga okanye iiseti ezidityanisiweyo, chwetheza "Generic".
4. Cofa 'Yongeza iibrendi/abapapashi' ukuba uneempawu ezininzi okanye abapapashi. Ungafaka isicelo ukuya kutsho kwi-10 indibaniselwano eyahlukeneyo yegama lebhrendi kunye nodidi ngendlela efanayo.
5. Cofa 'Khangela ukufaneleka'. Ukuba imveliso yakho ifanelekile, uya kuboniswa isishwankathelo sokufaneleka kunye noncedo lokungenisa ubungqina. Ukuba imveliso yakho ayifaneleki, awuyi kukwazi ukuya kumanyathelo alandelayo.
6. Cofa u-'Qhubeka ungenise ubungqina'. Layisha imifanekiso yemveliso kunye nokupakishwa kwayo. Ukuba ufaka isicelo seemveliso ezininzi okanye ukwahluka kwemveliso kwifomu enye, kufuneka unikeze imifanekiso yemveliso nganye. Ukubonelela ngeemfuno ezongezelelweyo zamaxwebhu ukuba kukho imfuneko.
7. Cofa 'Ngenisa isicelo'.

IAmazon inenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yokuphonononga izicelo zokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN. Ukuba uyahlangabezana nazo zonke iikhrayitheriya kunye neemfuno, uya kufumana i-imeyile malunga nemeko yakho yemvume kwiiyure ezingama-48. Ukuba awukayifumani i-imeyile okwangoku, jonga imeko yesicelo sakho kwilog yetyala lakho kuMthengisi oPhakathi.

Jonga iimpazamo ngexesha lenkqubo yesicelo

Ngelixa ufaka isicelo sokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN, unokuhlangabezana neempazamo ezithile. Impazamo enye eqhelekileyo “yimpazamo ye-5665,” ebonisa ukuba ibhrendi yemveliso oyenza isicelo sokukhululwa kwi-GTIN ayibhaliswanga kwinkqubo yoBhaliso lweBrand. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, qhagamshelana nokuThengisa iNkxaso yoMlingane ukuze ufumane uncedo ekusombululeni lo mbandela.

Ukuba ufumana “impazamo ye-5461,” imveliso okanye umahluko wemveliso owufakayo ekubeni ukhululwe kwi-GTIN isenokuba sele idwelisiwe ngumnini webhrendi okanye umthengisi oqeqeshiweyo. Jonga kwakhona ikhathalogu yeAmazon ukujonga ukuba imveliso sele ine-ASIN. Ukuba ayidweliswanga kwikhathalogu, qhagamshelana neNkxaso yokuThengisa uMlingane.

Udwelisa njani iimveliso ze-GTIN-exempted

Wakuba ufumene imvume, yinto elungileyo ukulinda malunga nemizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuba udwelise iimveliso zakho ezixolelwe kwi-GTIN. Oku kuvumela iinkqubo ze-Amazon ukuba zihlaziye kwaye ziqaphele isimo sakho sokuxolelwa.

Inkqubo yoluhlu lweemveliso ze-GTIN-exempted iyafana nenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudwelisa ezinye iimveliso. Ngena kwiakhawunti yakho yomthengisi kwaye ulandele la manyathelo:

1. Yiya e 'Ikhathalogu' kwaye ucofe 'Yongeza iimveliso'.
2. Khetha udidi kunye necandelwana elivela kwisaziso sokwamkelwa kokuxolelwa.
3. Faka igama lebhrendi kanye njengoko livela kulwamkelo lokukhululwa. Qinisekisa ukuba akukho zithuba zongezelelweyo okanye abalinganiswa kunye nokuba imali enkulu iyahambelana noko ukunike ngexesha lesicelo sakho.
4. Nika zonke ezinye iinkcukacha zemveliso efunekayo, kuquka ixabiso, inani leyunithi, kunye nenkcazelo yemveliso.
5. Khetha umjelo wakho wokuzaliseka owuthandayo. Ukuba ukhetha 'Izalisekiswe nguMrhwebi', unokwabela i-SKU ukulandelela iodolo. Ukuba ukhetha 'Ukuzaliseka kweAmazon', ungasebenzisa i-FNSKU yokulandela umkhondo.
6. Layisha imifanekiso yephepha lemveliso. Qinisekisa ukuba ezi ziyahlangabezana nezikhokelo zeAmazon kwimifanekiso yemveliso.
7. Cofa 'Gcina kwaye ugqibezele' ukugqiba inkqubo yoluhlu. 

Ukuba ukhululwe kwi-GTIN kwimveliso ethile oyidwelisileyo, uya kukwazi ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kokubonelela nge-GTIN. Ukuba imveliso ayinayo i-GTIN exemption, uya kucelwa ukuba unikezele ngesazisi semveliso esisebenzayo.

Ungayifumana phi i-FNSKU yeemveliso ze-GTIN-exempted

Ukuba uceba ukuthengisa imveliso yakho ekhululwe kwi-GTIN kwi-FBA, uya kudinga i-FNSKU yayo. IAmazon ivelisa eli nani kwiimveliso zakho ze-GTIN-exempted xa usongeza kuluhlu lwakho lwe-FBA. Unokufumana ii-FNSKUs xa usenza isicwangciso sakho sokuthumela.

1. Ngena kwi-Seller Central.
2. yiya 'Inventory' kwaye ukhethe 'Lawula i-FBA Inventory'.
3. Cofa kwi-GTIN-exemption imveliso ofuna ukuyithumela ngenqanawa.
4. Khetha iSicwangciso sokuThumela kwaye unike iinkcukacha ezifunekayo, kuquka ubungakanani, imeko, kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
5. nqakraza 'Qhubekela kwiSicwangciso sokuThumela' kwaye ukhethe 'Izalisekile yiAmazon' njengendlela yakho yokuzaliseka.
6. Khuphela okanye uprinte ibhakhowudi ye-FNSKU uze uyincamathelise kwinto yakho.

IAmazon ivelisa iFNSKU kuyo yonke into ethengiswa ngeFBA. Le khowudi ayikwazi ukuguqulwa ngumthengisi kwaye kufuneka ifakwe kwi-package yemveliso ukwenzela ukuskena lula kumaziko okuzaliseka kunye nayo yonke inkqubo yokuzaliseka.

Yintoni omawuyenze ukuba akufanelanga ukhululo kwi-GTIN

Ngelixa ukufumana ukhululo kwi-GTIN kunokuba luncedo, ayingabo bonke abathengisi okanye iimveliso ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba awufikeleli kwiikhrayitheriya zokukhululwa kwi-GTIN, ungakhathazeki-kukho amanye amanyathelo onokuwathatha ukudwelisa iimveliso zakho kwiAmazon:

1. Fumana ii-GTIN kwi-GS1

Ukuba iimveliso zakho zifuna ii-GTINs, zifumane ngqo kwi-GS1. Ngelixa oku kubandakanya iindleko, kukubonelela ngezazisi ezaziwayo kwihlabathi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kungekuphela kwiAmazon kodwa nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentengiso kunye namajelo okuthengisa. Yithathe njengotyalo-mali kwimpumelelo yophawu.

2. Sebenzisa uluhlu lwemveliso olukhoyo

Unokufumana uluhlu lweemveliso ezikhoyo kwiAmazon ezihambelana neemveliso zakho. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, dwelisa izinto zakho phantsi kwezi ASINs. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba iimveliso zakho kufuneka zifane okanye zihambelane ngokusondeleyo neenkcazo zemveliso kolu luhlu.

3. Phinda uvavanye ikhathalogu yemveliso yakho

Cinga ngokujonga kwakhona iimveliso ozinikezelayo kwaye ugxile kwizinto ezingadingi GTINs. Oku kunokubandakanya ukwahluka koluhlu lwemveliso yakho ukubandakanya ezo ziwela phantsi kweendidi ze-GTIN-exemption, ezifana nezinto ezenziwe ngesandla okanye ezithandwayo.

Fumana uncedo ngesicelo sakho sokuxolelwa kwi-GTIN

Ukuqonda ukukhululwa kwi-GTIN kunye nendlela yokudwelisa iimveliso ngaphandle kwe-UPC okanye i-GTIN kwi-Amazon kubalulekile kubanini bebrendi, abathengisi babucala kunye nabathengisi. Ngelixa ukuxolelwa kwe-GTIN kunika ukuguquguquka, kufuneka ulandele iinkqubo ezichanekileyo kunye nezikhokelo zokuqinisekisa amava okuthengisa agudileyo eqongeni. Khumbula kwakhona ukuba ukukhululwa kwi-GTIN kwi-Amazon kukodwa kwiqonga, kwaye ukuba uceba ukwandisa ibhrendi yakho, ukufumana ii-GS1 GTINs kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufikelele kwimarike ngokubanzi.

Ukuba, nasemva kokulandela amanyathelo kwesi sikhokelo, udibana nemiba okanye ufuna uncedo olungakumbi, fikelela kwiNkxaso yoMthengisi weAmazon. Ukufumana izisombululo eziphucukileyo kunye nenkxaso yobuchwephesha ekujongeni izinto ezintsonkothileyo zokuthengisa iAmazon, cinga ngokunyusa izinto ezizenzekelayo kunye nobuchule obubonelelwa ngabathathu. Hlala usexesheni ngeendaba zamva nje kunye nophuhliso lwehlabathi lokuthengisa kwi-Intanethi ukuze ufumane impumelelo kwiAmazon nangaphaya.

Umthombo ovela Iicolts ezintathu

Ulwazi olubekwe ngasentla lubonelelwa ngabakwa-Threecolts ngokuzimeleyo kwe-Chovm.com. I-Chovm.com ayenzi lumelo kunye neziqinisekiso malunga nomgangatho kunye nokuthembeka komthengisi kunye neemveliso.