Iinjini zeemoto banembali ende yophuhliso, eyaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1800 xa uEtienne Lenoir wayeyila injini yokuqala yokutsha yangaphakathi. Kule mihla, baye basebenza ngokumangalisayo, bevelisa amandla amaninzi ngamafutha amancinci, anceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokukhuthaza ukuzinza kwendalo.
Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, siza kuntywila kwindawo enomdla ye iinjini zeemoto, behlola intaphane yeenzuzo zabo; ukusuka kumandla akrwada aveliswa ziinjini zepetroli ukuya ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwe-eco-friendly yeemoto zombane, siya kutyhila uhlobo ngalunye lwangaphakathi lokusebenza, amandla, kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo.
Isiqulatho
Isabelo semarike yeenjini zeemoto kunye nobukhulu
Iinjini zemoto zisebenza njani
Amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo eenjini zeemoto
Amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo e-injini yesilinda
isiphelo
Isabelo semarike yeenjini zeemoto kunye nobukhulu
Imarike yeenjini yeemoto kwihlabathi liphela ibandakanya imveliso, intengiso, kunye neenkonzo zentengiso yasemva kwentengiso ezinxulumene neentlobo zeenjini zeemoto. UPhando oluPhambili ixabisa imarike yenjini yemoto kwihlabathi ngo-2022 nge-US $ 102.89 yezigidigidi, kwaye ilindele ukuba ikhule kwi-CAGR ye-2.8% ukusuka ku-2023 ukuya ku-2032. Ke ngoko, ekupheleni kuka-2023, imakethi ye-injini yemoto yehlabathi iqikelelwa ukuba ixabisa i-US $ 136.81 yebhiliyoni.
Imarike yeenjini zeemoto ikhula ikakhulu ngenxa yokukhula ukuthengiswa kwezithuthi, ukusuka kwi-66.7 yezigidi ngo-2021 ukuya kwi-67.2 yezigidi ngo-2022. Ukongeza, imimiselo engqongqo yoqoqosho lwepetroli inyanzelise abavelisi beemoto ukuba bagxininise ekuphuhliseni iinjini ezisebenzayo neziphucukileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimarike echumayo yobuchule benjini obutsha obuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo ngelixa bebonelela ngokuphucuka komgangatho wokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Imimandla enemfuno ephezulu yeenjini zemoto ibandakanya uMntla Merika, iAsia Pacific, iYurophu, uMzantsi Merika, kunye noMbindi Mpuma. Ngo-2021, isabelo sengeniso yaseMntla Melika sadlula i-30%. Lo mmandla uqhayisa ngoqoqosho oluphuhlileyo, kuquka iUnited States neCanada. Ngexesha loqikelelo (ngo-2023 ukuya ku-2032), kuqikelelwa ukuba imakethi yaseAsia Pacific iya kuba namava. Isantya sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiweyo se-3.2%.
Iinjini zemoto zisebenza njani
Eyona nto iphambili ekusebenzeni kwenjini yemoto yiseti yamacandelo abalulekileyo asebenza ngokuhambelana. Umzekelo, i-ankile ngaphakathi kwibhloko ye-injini kukho iisilinda, apho ukutsha okulawulwayo kwenzeka khona. Ngeli xesha, iipiston ezibekwe ngaphakathi kwezi cylinder zenza iintshukumo ezithe nkqo, zenza amandla abalulekileyo. Ukuhambisa la mandla ukusuka kwi-pistons ukuya kwi-crankshaft ziintonga ezidibanisayo, eziguqula intshukumo yomgca ibe yinto ejikelezayo. Ekugqibeleni, ulungelelwaniso oluyinkimbinkimbi lwee-valve, olujongwa yi-camshaft, lulawula ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwepetroli kunye nokukhupha iigesi ngaphakathi kweesilinda.
Inyathelo 1: Ukungenisa umoya
Xa i-injini isebenza, kufuneka kuqala kuqinisekiswe ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokutsala umoya ngesixhobo sokungena esinevalve elawula umoya ongena enjinini. Ukugcina umoya ococekileyo kunye nongcolisekileyo, izihluzi zomoya zinceda ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuququzeleleni ukutsha okufanelekileyo. Ukongeza, iinjini ezisebenza ngokuphezulu zinokusebenzisa ii-intercoolers ukupholisa umsi, ukonyusa umthamo, kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsha.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Isitofu samafutha
Isitofu samafutha yinkqubo echanekileyo ehambisa amafutha kwiisilinda ze-injini. Isilinda ngasinye sinesitofu esikhethekileyo esitshiza amafutha kwinkungu ecolekileyo emoyeni ongenayo. Kule mihla, ii-injini ezininzi zisebenzisa isitofu se-electronic fuel injection (EFI), ethi ilungelelanise ngokuzenzekelayo isixa samafutha esizisiweyo ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana nomthwalo we-injini, isantya kunye nobushushu.
Ubuchwephesha obutsha bukhokelela ekuphuculweni kokusebenza kwamafutha, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-injini xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-carbureted zakudala. Ezinye ii-injini zide zifake isitofu esithe ngqo se-fuel, apho i-fuel ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwigumbi lokutshisa ukuze isebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Inyathelo lesi-3: Uxinzelelo
Njengoko ipiston ihambela phezulu kwi-cylinder, icinezela umxube wamafutha omoya, inyusa uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu. Oku kudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokutsha. Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo, othelekisa umthamo we-cylinder kwi-stroke ephantsi xa uthelekiswa nomphezulu wayo, yinto ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwe-injini. Iinjini ze-diesel, ngokukodwa, zixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-compression ignition, apho iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu lomoya lilodwa litshisa i-fuel.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Umlilo
Kwiinjini zepetroli, i-spark plug idlala indima ephambili ngokwenza i-spark yombane evutha umxube we-air-fuel. Lentlantsi yenziwa xa umsinga uqukuqela kwisithuba se-spark plug. Ixesha lale ntlantsi lilawulwa ngobuchule yiyunithi yolawulo lwe-elektroniki ye-injini (ECU). Kwelinye icala, iinjini zedizili azithembeli kwiiplagi zentlantsi ukuze zilume. Endaweni yoko, bafezekisa ukutshisa ngokunyanzeliswa kobushushu obuphezulu, okubangela ukutsha okuzenzekelayo kwe-diesel fuel.
Inyathelo 5: Ukubetha kwamandla
Emva kokutshisa, iigesi ezivela ekutsha zikhula ngokukhawuleza, zinyanzele ukuba ipiston ihambe phantsi kwi-cylinder. Le ntshukumo igqithiselwa kwi-crankshaft, ethi iyiguqule ibe yintshukumo ejikelezayo. Kungexesha le-stroke yamandla apho isithuthi sifumana ukuqhubela phambili. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo ngexesha lale nkqubo kubalulekile ukwenzela ukuba kugqibelele injiniukusebenza kunye noqoqosho lwamafutha njengoko nayiphi na ilahleko okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwesithuthi ngokubanzi.
Inyathelo lesi-6: I-Exhaust stroke
Xa ibuya inyuka, ivalve yokukhupha iyavula emva kokubethwa kwamandla episton. Iigesi zombhobho otshisiweyo ziyaphuma injini ngokuphuma kombhobho njengoko ipiston irhoxa ukuya phezulu kwicylinder. Iigesi zokukhutshwa kuqala zithwalwa ityhubhu nge-exhaust manifold, apho zihamba khona ngombhobho wokukhupha kwaye ekugqibeleni zikhutshwe emoyeni wangaphandle.
Ukuphonononga nzulu kule symphony yoomatshini, siza kuphonononga amacandelo amabini abalulekileyo: ulungiselelo oluqhelekileyo lweenjini zemoto kunye namalungiselelo ohlukeneyo e-injini yesilinda. La macandelo asebenza njengamaqabane abalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu indlela iinjini zemoto ezisebenza ngayo.
Amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo eenjini zemoto anika ukukhanya kuyilo lwenjini eqhelekileyo, icacisa indlela izinto ekuxoxiwe ngazo ngaphambili ezidibana ngayo kwiimeko zehlabathi zokwenyani. Ngeli xesha, ulungelelwaniso lweesilinda ze-injini ziya kuphonononga kwiiinjini zolungelelwaniso ezahlukeneyo ezinokwamkelwa, zicacisa ukuba la malungiselelo anefuthe njani ekusebenzeni kwe-injini, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi.
Amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo eenjini zeemoto
Ingaba imoto inolungiselelo lwe-injini oluqhelekileyo luxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwendawo, ukusabalalisa ubunzima, kunye nokusebenza. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yi-injini yangaphambili, ilungiselelo lokuqhuba ngamavili angaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, i-injini yangaphambili, i-wheel-wheel drive ibonelela ngokuphathwa ngcono kodwa inokuncama indawo yangaphakathi. Uyilo lwe-injini yangasemva aluxhaphakanga kangako kodwa lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezizodwa, ezifana nokuhamba okuphuculweyo kwiimeko ezithile zokuqhuba. Ukhetho lolungiselelo luxhomekeke kusetyenziso olucetywayo lwesithuthi kunye noyilo oluphambili.
1. Uyilo lwe-injini engaphakathi
Uyilo lwe-injini engaphakathi lulungiselela iisilinda kumgca othe ngqo, omnye emva komnye. Olu lungelelwaniso luhlala lubonwa kwi iinjini ezine-cylinder, apho iisilinda zibekwe kumqolo omnye. Iinjini ze-inline zikhethwa kuyilo lwazo oluthe ngqo, ubungakanani obubambeneyo, kunye nokusebenza okulinganayo. Iimodeli ezimele zibandakanya i-Honda Civic (i-injini ye-cylinder emine) kunye ne-BMW 3 Series (ii-injini ezine-cylinder ezine-cylinder ezine-inline).
eziluncedo
- Uyilo olulula kunye namalungu ambalwa
- Ubungakanani obuncinci kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwendawo
- Ukusebenza kakuhle
neengozi
- Amandla alinganiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa nolunye ulungelelwaniso
- Ukungcangcazela okuthile ngenxa yolungiselelo lwangaphakathi
- Imingeni ekupakishweni, ngakumbi kuyilo oluthile lwesithuthi
2. Uyilo lwe-injini oluthe ngqo
Uyilo lwe-injini oluthe ngqo, olukwabizwa ngokuba zii-injini ezisemgqeni, luquka iisilinda ezicwangciswe kumqolo omnye, kanye njengokuyilwa kwe-injini engaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-injini ezithe tye zihlala zineesilinda ezingaphezu kwezine, endaweni yoko ziqhayisa ezintandathu okanye ezisibhozo. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso olugqwesileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nonikezelo lwamandla olukhulu. Iimodeli ezimeleyo ziquka i-BMW 5 Series kunye ne-Audi A8.
eziluncedo
- Ibhalansi egqwesileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngenxa yokucwangciswa kwe-inline yeesilinda
- Unikezelo lwamandla olugqwesileyo, ngakumbi kuhlengahlengiso kunye neesilinda ezintandathu okanye ezisibhozo, njengoko kubonwa kwi-BMW 5 Series kunye ne-Audi A8.
- Uyilo olulula kunye namacandelo ambalwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinjini ezininzi ze-cylinder
neengozi
- Isenokufuna indawo eyongeziweyo ye-injini ukuze ikwazi ukufaka iisilinda ezininzi
- Ezinye iimodeli zinokufumana ukungcangcazela okwandisiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nolunye uyilo lwe-injini
- Isithuba esilinganiselweyo kwizincedisi ezithile okanye amacandelo ngenxa yolungiselelo olude
3. V Uyilo lwenjini
Ezi njini zibonakaliswe ngamasilinda ahlelwe kwiibhanki ezimbini okanye "ii-vees" kwi-angle enye kwenye. I-angle ethile phakathi kweebhanki inokwahluka, kwaye iinguqu ezidumileyo ziquka i-V6, i-V8, kunye ne-V12 iinjini. Olu yilo luvumela uyilo oluhlangeneyo, ukulinganisa ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Iimodeli ezimele ziquka i-Mercedes-Benz C-Class (injini ye-V6), i-Chevrolet Corvette (i-injini ye-V8), kunye ne-Aston Martin DB11 (injini ye-V12).
eziluncedo
- Uyilo olubambeneyo kunye nokufakwa lula kwiindawo zenjini
- Ibhalansi yendalo yokusebenza kakuhle kwenjini
- Inika imveliso yamandla egqwesileyo kunye nokuguquguquka
neengozi
- Ukonyuka kobunzima kwimveliso kunye nokugcinwa
- Ukuthoba kancinci ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kwezinye iimeko
- Iindleko eziphezulu zemveliso ngenxa yokwanda kobunzima
4. Uyilo lwenjini ecaba
Uyilo lweenjini ezisicaba, ezikwaziwa njengeenjini ezichase ngokuthe tye, zineesilinda ezibekwe ngokuthe tye kumacala omabini ecrankshaft. Olu lungelelwaniso olulodwa luphumela kwiziko eliphantsi lomxhuzulane, liphucula uzinzo kunye nokuphatha. Umcaba iinjini zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwizithuthi ezifana neemoto zezemidlalo ze-Porsche (umz. i-Porsche 911 ene-injini ye-flat-six) kunye ne-injini ye-Subaru Boxer (umz. i-Subaru Impreza ene-flat-four injini), ibonisa izibonelelo zabo malunga nokusebenza kunye nokulawula.
eziluncedo
- Iziko eliphantsi lomxhuzulane linceda ukuphucula ukuzinza nokuphatha
- Ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kunye nolawulo, ngakumbi kwiimoto zemidlalo ezifana nePorsche 911
- Uyilo lweCompact luvumela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwendawo, njengoko kubonwa kwi-Subaru Impreza
neengozi
- Okunokubanzima ngakumbi ukwenza kunye nokugcinwa
- Indawo enyiniweyo yamacandelo athile ngenxa yoyilo olubambeneyo
- Amaxabiso okwenziwa aphezulu kancinci xa kuthelekiswa nolunye uyilo
Amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo e-injini yesilinda
Isilinda yindawo apho amafutha kunye nomoya zixuba, zivutha, kwaye zidale amandla aqhubela phambili isithuthi. Inani kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweesilinda kumcimbi we-injini kuba zichaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo injini, amandla angakanani anokuvelisa, indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye nendlela ekhangeleka ngayo kwaye ingena ngayo emotweni. Uyilo ngalunye luneenzuzo kunye neentsilelo.
1. Iinjini ezintathu-cylinder
Ukunyuka kokuthandwa kwee-cylinder ezintathu iinjini zeemoto kunokubalelwa kumxube wabo olungelelanisiweyo wokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha. Ixhaphake ngokufumaneka kwiimoto ezixineneyo kunye nakwimifuziselo ekumgangatho ophezulu njengeFord Fiesta (1.0L EcoBoost), iMini Cooper (1.5L Turbo), kunye neBMW i8 (i-hybrid), ubumbeko lwe-cylinder ezintathu lubetha ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokubumbana.
Ngophuculo loqoqosho lwamafutha, ezi njini zihambisa amandla awoneleyo kwiimfuno zokuqhuba zemihla ngemihla, zizenza zibe lukhetho olunomtsalane kwabo bafuna indibaniselwano yokusebenza nokusebenza kakuhle.
eziluncedo
- Indibaniselwano elungelelanisiweyo yamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ukulungiselela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuba
- Ukuthotywa kwengxabano yangaphakathi kukhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamafutha kunye nokongiwa kweendleko
- Ukwakhiwa okuncinci kunye nokukhaphukhaphu konyusa ukuhanjiswa kobunzima kunye nokuphatha, kubenze balungele iimoto ezixineneyo kunye nokuqhuba ezidolophini
neengozi
- Isenokuba nemveliso yamandla esezantsi kancinane xa kuthelekiswa neenjini ezinkulu ezinesilinda ezininzi
- Iisilinda ezimbalwa zinokukhokelela ekushukumeni okuphawuleka ngakumbi ngexesha lokusebenza, nangona lo mbandela uncitshisiwe kuyilo lwangoku.
- Ngelixa zilungele ukuqhuba yonke imihla, zisenokungabi zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiimoto zemidlalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu okanye iimeko ezinzima.
2. Iinjini ezine-cylinder
Iinjini ezine-cylinder zithandwa ngolungelelwano lwazo phakathi kwamandla, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, kunye nobukhulu obubambeneyo. Ezi njini ziqhele ukufunyanwa kwiisedan, iiSUVs, kunye neehatchbacks, zibonisa ukuguquguquka kwazo.
Eyaziwa ngokusebenziseka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ii-injini ezine-cylinder zihambisa amandla awoneleyo ohambo lwemihla ngemihla ngelixa zigcina uqoqosho lwamafutha oluncomekayo. Imifuziselo emele iquka iHonda Civic, eyaziwa ngokuthembeka nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, iToyota Camry eneenketho ezahlukeneyo zeenjini ezine-cylinder ezine, kunye neVolkswagen Golf, idunyiswe ngenxa yobumnandi bayo bokuqhuba kunye nokudityaniswa okuhle kokusebenza kunye noqoqosho lwamafutha.
eziluncedo
- Ibhalansi ehambelanayo phakathi kwamandla, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, kunye nemilinganiselo ehlangeneyo
- Ixhaphakile kwii-sedans, ii-SUVs, kunye nee-hatchbacks, ukulungiselela iintlobo ngeentlobo zezithuthi
- Amandla aneleyo ohambo lwemihla ngemihla kunye noqoqosho lwamafutha ancomekayo
neengozi
- Isenokuswela amandla kunye nokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa neenjini ezinkulu, ukunciphisa usetyenziso oluphezulu
- Kwezinye iimeko, uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo kwi-injini lunokubangela ukunciphisa ixesha elide
- Kwiimeko ezithile zomthwalo onzima, kunokubonisa i-torque enciphileyo xa kuthelekiswa neenjini ezinkulu ezineesilinda ezininzi.
3. Ii-injini ze-cylinder ezintandathu
Iinjini ze-cylinder ezintandathu zijongwa kakuhle ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuthembekileyo nokomelela. Zifumaneka kwiimoto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ii-sedans, ii-SUVs, kunye neemoto zemidlalo, ezibetha ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kunye nokubonelela ngamava okuqhuba aphuculweyo. Imifuziselo emele iquka BMW 3 Series, eyaziwa ngokuqhuba sporty dynamics, Toyota yasezintabeni, enika agudileyo kwaye ekwaziyo midsize SUV ukhetho, kunye Ford Mustang, kunye iinjini zabo ezinamandla-cylinder ezintandathu ukutya abathanda ukusebenza.
eziluncedo
- Ukusebenza olomeleleyo kunye namandla angaphezulu okuqhuba ngomoya
- Ukuguquguquka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi, kubandakanya ii-sedans, iiSUVs, kunye neemoto zemidlalo, njl.
- Ukusebenza okungenamagingxigingxi kunye nokungcangcazela okuncitshisiweyo ngenxa yeesilinda ezongezelelweyo
neengozi
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha aphezulu, okukhokelela kwiindleko zokusebenza ezinokuthi zibe phezulu
- Iindleko eziphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neenketho zeenjini ezincinci
- Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli, ngakumbi ekuqhubeni nokuhamba edolophini
4. Iinjini ze-cylinder ezisibhozo
Iinjini ze-cylinder ezisibhozo zinika amandla akhethekileyo, zizenza zidume kwiimoto ezisebenza kakhulu, iimoto zodidi, kunye neelori. Babonelela ngamava okuqhuba amnandi ngamandla amakhulu kunye netorque kodwa basebenzise amafutha amaninzi kwaye baneendleko eziphezulu zokuvelisa. Iimodeli ezimele ziquka iLamborghini Aventador (V12), iMercedes-Benz S-Class (V8), kunye neChevrolet Silverado (V8).
eziluncedo
- Amandla aphezulu ehashe kunye netorque yokukhawulezisa okumangalisayo kunye nokusebenza
- Idume kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezithuthi, ezinjengeemoto zemidlalo, ii-sedans zodidi oluphezulu, kunye neelori
- Ubuninzi beesilinda zibonelela ngokukhawuleza okuguquguqukayo kunye nobukho obuyalelayo
neengozi
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha amaninzi kukhokelela ekunyukeni kweendleko zokusebenza
- Ukuntsonkotha kunye neenxalenye ezongezelelweyo kubangela iindleko eziphezulu zemveliso
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha okongeziweyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kusenokuba nophawu lokusingqongileyo olukhulu
isiphelo
Uhlobo ngalunye lokucwangciswa kwe-injini lubonisa iingenelo ezizodwa ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso lwezithuthi ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiinjini ezixineneyo nezisebenzayo zamawele ukuya kwii-injini ze-cylinder ezisibhozo ezinamandla nezinamandla. Nokuba ubeka phambili ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, ukusebenza okuphezulu, okanye ibhalansi phakathi kwezi zimbini, kukho uhlobo lwe-injini oluhlangabezana neemfuno zakho ezithile. Ukujonga ngakumbi ummandla weenjini zeemoto, ndwendwela Chovm.com kwaye ukhangele amawaka eemveliso zeemoto kunye namalungu.
