Ukuqonda iPolyethylene: Iintlobo, iiPropati, kunye nezicelo

I-Polyethylene (i-PE emfutshane) i-resin ye-thermoplastic eyenziwe nge-polymerizing ethylene. Kwakhona kubandakanya i-copolymers ye-ethylene kunye nenani elincinci le-α-olefin. I-Polyethylene ineenzuzo ezininzi, ezifana nokungavumba, okungeyona ityhefu, ukuvakalelwa okufana ne-wax, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo okuphantsi kobushushu, ukuzinza okulungileyo kweekhemikhali, kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nokukhukuliseka kwee-asidi ezininzi kunye ne-alkali. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ayinyibiliki kwizinyibilikisi ngokubanzi, inokufunxeka kancinci kwamanzi, kwaye ineempawu ezilungileyo zokugquma umbane.

I-Polyethylene yi-semi-crystalline polymer compound enokuthi ifakwe i-polymerized nge-ethylene monomer ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphakathi kunye neendlela eziphantsi zoxinzelelo. Ukongeza, isigaba somphunga webhedi esinamanzi, i-slurry kunye neendlela zesisombululo ziyafumaneka ukuvelisa i-linear low density polyethylene.

Ngokuxhomekeke kubuninzi, i-polyethylene ingahlelwa kwiintlobo ezifana ne-ultra-low density polyethylene (ULDPE), i-polyethylene ephantsi (LDPE), i-linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), i-polyethylene ephakathi (MDPE) kunye ne-polyethylene ephezulu (HDPE).

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokwenza i-polymer synthesis, i-polyethylene ingahlelwa kwi-polyethylene ephezulu (i-polyethylene eyenziwe kwi-101.3354.6 MPa), i-polyethylene ephakathi (2.17.1 MPa) kunye ne-polyethylene ephantsi (0.1 ukuya kwi-2.1 MPa).

Ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima bemolekyuli, ipolyethylene inokwahlulwa ibe yimolekyuli ephakathi (5.25 yezigidi, ixhaphakile kushishino kwaye isetyenziselwa iimveliso zenjongo jikelele), ubunzima obuphezulu bemolekyuli (malunga ne-500,000), ubunzima bemolekyuli obuphezulu (1,001,500,000), kunye ne-ultra-low i-agent ye-molecular mass, malunga ne-10,000. yokubumba iiplastiki).

Ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo se-polymer molecular chain, i-polyethylene ingahlelwa kwi-polyethylene yomgca (umzekelo, i-HDPE, i-MDPE, i-LLDPE, i-VLLDPE, i-ULLDPE, i-MLLDPE, i-EPPE, i-UHMWPE) kunye ne-polyethylene ye-branched (LDPE).

1. Uxinano oluphantsi lwepolyethylene (ULDPE)

I-ultra-low density polyethylene (ULDPE), okanye i-ULDPE ngokufutshane, i-polymer indlela yokwenza i-polymerization ifana ne-LLDPE kuba inesakhiwo somgca esingenawo amasebe amade. Ngesi sizathu, i-ULDPE ikwabizwa ngokuba sisizukulwana sesibini seLLDPE. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-LLDPE, i-ULDPE inamatyathanga amafutshane amafutshane, kwaye amatyathanga amasebe mafutshane kwaye aqhelekile kunalawo e-LDPE, kwaye awaqulathanga amasebe amatyathanga amade. Inokusabalalisa ubunzima be-molecular kunye nesakhiwo sesigaba se-crystal esahlukileyo kunye neqondo lokubanjwa kune-LDPE. Ubukho benani elikhulu lamasebe amakhonkco amafutshane kwiifilimu ze-ULDPE kunciphisa ukubunjwa kwemimandla ye-crystalline kwi-polymer main chain. Xa imimandla yekristale yenziwe, imimandla yekristale ikhubazekile, ibangela iziphene. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ze-crystallization, isakhiwo se-crystalline se-ULDPE sihluke kakhulu, okubangela ukuba iimveliso ezineepropati ezihluke kakhulu zomzimba kunye noomatshini ezivela kwezinye i-polyethylenes.

I-ULDPE ibonakaliswe ngu:

• Amandla okuqina agqwesileyo, amandla empembelelo, amandla okukrazula, kunye nokumelana nokugqabhuka.

• Iimpawu ze-Thermal: Ngenxa ye-VLPDE kunye ne-ULDPE i-crystalline ye-short-chain linear crystalline, xa kuthelekiswa ne-long-chain branched LDPE, iziphene zabo ze-crystal structure azibonakali kakhulu, ngoko ke i-melting point ephezulu, malunga ne-20 ° C ephezulu kune-copolymers ye-EVA, okubangelwa ukushisa kwenkonzo ephezulu kwiimveliso zabo.

• I-Modulus: I-U / VLDPE ine-modulus ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-LDPE, i-LLDPE, kunye ne-HDPE, eyenza iifilimu zayo zibe nzima, ziguquguquke, kwaye zithambile kwi-touch.

• Ukuhambelana: I-U/VLDPE idibanisa kakuhle nezinye iipololefins, ibonisa ukuhambelana okuhle.

• Ezinye iipropathi: I-U / VLDPE ibonisa ubuchule obubalaseleyo bokulinganisa i-down-gauging (ukufikelela kwi-10-12.7um), ukugquma okulungileyo, iipropati ezibonakalayo, ukuxhathisa imichiza, ukuxhathisa ioli, kunye nokutywinwa.

Ngokwezicelo:

Ngokubhekiselele kwizixhobo zezixhobo zokukhusela, kuba i-ULDPE inefuthe elihle lokuchasana kunye nomthamo omkhulu wokufunxa amandla, ingasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwempahla yokukhusela, izigcina-ntloko, izixhobo ze-ballistic, ezifana neenqwelo-moya, iitanki kunye neenqanawa, iipleyiti zokukhusela izixhobo, i-radar yokukhusela i-shell cover, i-missile cover, i-bulletproof vests, i-anti-stabbing vests, i-parachutes kunye ne-sods.

Kubunjineli be-aerospace, i-ULDPE ifanelekile kwizakhiwo zamaphiko eenqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo, izakhiwo zeenqwelomoya kunye neenqwelomoya ze-buoy ngenxa yobunzima bayo, amandla aphezulu kunye nokuchasana kwempembelelo efanelekileyo.

Kwicandelo lasekuhlaleni, i-ULDPE inokwenziwa iintambo, iintambo, iiseyile kunye nezixhobo zokuloba zobunjineli baselwandle. Ngaphantsi kobunzima obufileyo, ubude bokuphuka kweentambo ze-ULDPE zihlandlo ezi-8 ngaphezu kweentambo zetsimbi kunye namaxesha angama-2 ngaphezu kwe-aramid. Iintambo zingasetyenziswa njengeentambo zeankile ezisisigxina kwii-supertankers, amaqonga okusebenza aphesheya konxweme, izibane zokukhanya njalo njalo.

Kwizicelo zoshishino, i-ULDPE ingasetyenziselwa izikhongozeli ezichasene noxinzelelo, amabhanti okuhambisa, izinto zokucoca, iibhodi zokumisa iimoto, njl.; kwintsimi yokwakha, ingasetyenziselwa iindonga, izakhiwo zokwahlula, njl. Kwishishini lokuvelisa oomatshini, i-ULDPE isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukwenza zonke iintlobo zeegesi, iikhamera, i-impellers, i-roller, i-pulleys, ii-bearings, i-axle tiles, i-bushings, i-shafts eqoshiwe, i-gaskets, i-gaskets yokutywina, i-couplings, i-screws kunye nezinye ii-screws.

Kwimpahla yezemidlalo, i-ULDPE yenziwe yazizigcina-ntloko, ii-skis, iibhodi zokusefa emoyeni, iirodi zokuloba, iirakhethi, iibhayisekile, iibhodi zokutyibiliza, kunye neenxalenye zenqwelo-moya ezikhaphukhaphu kakhulu.

Kwicandelo lezonyango, i-ULDPE isetyenziselwa izinto zetrayi zamazinyo, ukufakelwa kwezonyango kunye ne-orthopedic sutures. Ine-biocompatibility efanelekileyo kunye nokuqina kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwaye ayibangeli ukusabela komzimba. Ngoko ke, i-ULDPE isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizicelo zeklinikhi. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweeglavu zonyango kunye namanye amanyathelo onyango, phakathi kwabanye.

2.    Uxinaniso oluphantsi lwepolyethylene (LDPE)

I-polyethylene ephantsi (i-LDPE) yi-thermoplastic eveliswa yi-polymerization yamahhala ye-ethylene phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Esi sixhobo sikwimo yamasuntswana amile okwentsimbi amhlophe-amhlophe angqukuva, angeyotyhefu, angenancasa, angenavumba kwaye anomphezulu ongakhazimli. Ubuninzi bayo busuka kwi-0.916 ukuya kwi-0.930 g/cm³.LDPE ineempawu ezithambileyo, kunye ne-ductility efanelekileyo, ukugquma kombane, ukuzinza kweekhemikhali, ukuqhubekeka, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphantsi (ukuya kuthi ga kwi -70 ° C). Nangona kunjalo, amandla ayo omatshini, umqobo wokufuma, umqobo womoya kunye nokumelana ne-solvent akubi. Isakhiwo sayo se-molecular asiqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo, i-crystallinity yayo iphantsi (55% ~ 65%), kunye ne-crystalline melting point iphantsi (108 ~ 126 ℃).

I-LDPE idibanisa ezinye iimpawu ezigqwesileyo, ezifana nokucaca okuphezulu, ukungafihli kweekhemikhali, ukuvala kakuhle, kunye nokubumba okulula kunye nokucubungula. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lepolymer.

I-LDPE ifanelekile kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubumba ze-thermoplastic, ezifana nokubumba inaliti, i-extrusion, ukubunjwa kokuvuthela, ukubunjwa okujikelezayo, ukugubungela, ukukhupha amagwebu, i-thermoforming, i-welding yomoya oshushu, i-welding yokufudumala kunye nokunye.

I-LDPE isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza iimveliso bhanyabhanya ezinje ngeefilimu zezolimo, iifilimu ezigqunywe phantsi komhlaba, iifilimu zezolimo, kunye neefilim zegreenhouse. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukupakisha iifilimu kwi-confectionery, imifuno, ukutya okufriziwe kunye nokunye. Ukongeza, i-LDPE ingasetyenziselwa kwiifilimu ezibunjiweyo zokupakisha ulwelo (umzekelo ubisi, isosi yesoya, incindi yeziqhamo, itofu kunye nobisi lwesoya); iingxowa ezinobunzima, iifilimu zokugoqa ezicuthayo, iifilimu ze-elastic kunye neefilimu ze-liner; Iifilimu zokwakha, iifilimu zokupakishwa kwemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi kunye neengxowa zokutya njl. njl. I-LDPE ingasetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezibunjiweyo zokutofa ezifana nezikhongozeli ezincinci, iziciko, iimfuno zemihla ngemihla, iintyatyambo zeplastiki, kunye nenaliti eyolulayo ivuthele izikhongozeli ezibunjiweyo. Isenokusetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango, amayeza kunye nezinto zokupakisha ukutya, imibhobho extruded, iipleyiti, ucingo kunye nokusonga intambo, iiprofayili, iimveliso thermoformed, njl. Vuthela bunjiweyo umgongxo iimveliso ezibunjiweyo zisenokwenziwa kwakhona LDPE, ezifana nezikhongozeli zobisi kunye jam, amayeza, izinto zokuthambisa, izikhongozeli zeekhemikhali imveliso, amatanki njalo njalo.

3.    I-Polyethylene yoxinano olusezantsi (LLDPE)

I-linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) yiplastiki eveliswa yi-co-polymerization ye-ethylene kunye ne-alpha olefins ephezulu efana ne-butene, i-hexene okanye i-octene kumaqondo aphantsi kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo. I-LLDPE inokusabalalisa ubunzima bemolekyuli kunye nesakhiwo somgca esinika iipropati ezahlukeneyo ze-rheological xa kuthelekiswa ne-polyethylene ephantsi yoxinaniso (LDPE).

I-LLDPE yigranule emhlophe yobisi, ayinayo ityhefu, ayinancasa kwaye ayinavumba. Ubuninzi bayo yi-0.918~0.935g/cm³. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-LDPE, i-LLDPE inobushushu obuphezulu bokuthambisa kunye nokunyibilika, amandla angcono, ukuqina, ukuqina, ubushushu kunye nokumelana nokubanda, kunye nokuchasana kakuhle nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwendalo, amandla empembelelo kunye nokukrazula amandla. Ukongeza, i-LLDPE iyakwazi ukumelana ne-asidi, i-alkali kunye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini, ezolimo, amayeza, impilo kunye neemfuno zemihla ngemihla.

Ngokubhekiselele kwizicelo, i-LLDPE isetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lweemarike zefilimu, ezifana nokuveliswa kweengxowa, iingxowa zenkunkuma, ii-elastic wrappers, ii-industrial liners, iitawuli kunye neengxowa zokuthenga. Ezi zicelo zithatha ithuba lokuphucula amandla kunye nokuqina kwe-LLDPE resin. Isitofu sokubumba kunye nokubumba okujikelezayo zezona zicelo ziqhelekileyo zokubumba ze-LLDPE, kwaye ukuqina kwayo okuphezulu kunye namandla aphantsi obushushu obuphantsi kwenza ukuba ifaneleke ngokwethiyori kwiimveliso ezifana nemigqomo yenkunkuma, iithoyi kunye nezixhobo ezifakwe efrijini.

4. Ipolyethylene yoxinaniso oluphakathi (MDPE)

I-polyethylene yoxinaniso oluphakathi (MDPE) yiplastiki phakathi kwe-polyethylene ephezulu (i-HDPE) kunye ne-polyethylene ephantsi (i-LDPE), ene-rigidity ye-HDPE kunye nokuguquguquka kunye nokumelana nokunyuka kwe-LDPE, ukudibanisa izibonelelo zombini. I-MDPE i-resin eyenziwe kwi-co-polymerization ye-ethylene kunye ne-octene, ene-linear ethylene backbone ekhethekileyo kunye ne-octene branched chains, ebonelela ngokuqina okugqwesileyo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwexesha elide loxinzelelo lwamanzi.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa kokwenziwa kwe-MDPE yamkela indlela ye-LLDPE. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-alpha olefins esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya ipropylene, i-1-butene, i-1-hexene kunye ne-1-octene, njl njl. Isixa se-olefin esisetyenzisiweyo sichaphazela ubungakanani bobuninzi, kwaye inani le-olefin ngokuqhelekileyo li malunga ne-5% (i-fraction mass). I-MDPE inokuveliswa nge-extrusion, i-injection, i-blow-molding, i-rotational, i-rotational kunye ne-powder molding, njl., kunye neeparitha zenkqubo yokuvelisa zifana nezo ze-HDPE kunye ne-LDPE.

I-MDPE yazisa i-avareji ye-20 methyl okanye i-13 ye-ethyl i-athomu kwi-athomu ye-carbon kwi-chain enkulu ye-molecule, ngamanani ahlukeneyo kunye nobude bamasebe achaphazela utshintsho kwiipropati. I-Copolymerization yandisa inani lamatyathanga adibanisa amaqhekeza amancinci ekristale.

I-MDPE inokumelana nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwendalo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla ixesha elide. Uxinzelelo lwayo oluhambelanayo yi-0.926-0.953g / cm³, i-crystallinity yi-70% -80%, i-avareji ye-molecular weight yi-200,000, amandla e-tensile yi-8-24 MPa, i-elongation ngexesha lekhefu yi-50% -60%, iqondo lokushisa elincibilikayo yi-126-135 ° C kunye ne-0.1 ° C kunye ne-35 min / 10 iqondo lokushisa. ubushushu bokuguqula (0.46 MPa) yi-49-74°C.

I-MDPE ingasetyenziselwa kwiinkalo zemibhobho, iifilimu, izitya ezingenanto kunye nokunye. Iimveliso zingasetyenziselwa ukubunjwa kwesantya esiphezulu seebhotile ezahlukeneyo, iifilimu zokupakisha ezizenzekelayo ezikhawulezayo, iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zokubumba i-injection, iimveliso zokubumba ezijikelezayo, iingcingo kunye nokugubungela intambo, izinto ezingenamanzi, imibhobho yamanzi, imibhobho yegesi njalo njalo.

5.    Uxinaniso oluphezulu lwepolyethylene (HDPE)

I-polyethylene ephezulu (i-HDPE) i-polyethylene ephezulu (i-HDPE) i-non-toxic, i-smelly, i-odorless particles emhlophe, kunye ne-melting point malunga ne-130 ° C kunye noxinzelelo olunxulumene no-0.941-0.960g / cm 3. Inokumelana nokushisa okulungileyo kunye nokuchasana nokubanda, ukuzinza kweekhemikhali, kunye nokuqina okuphezulu, ukunyanzeliswa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kweempawu zokusingqongileyo, ukunyanzeliswa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwe-crack. Iqondo lobushushu lokunyibilika liyi-120-160°C. Kwizinto ezineemolekyuli ezinkulu, ubushushu obucetyiswayo bokunyibilika buphakathi kwama-200-250°C.

I-HDPE iveliswa ngenkqubo ye-polymerization kunye ne-ionic reaction mechanism. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-initiator esetyenzisiweyo kunye noxinzelelo lokuphendula, ihlulwe kwiindlela zoxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphakathi, okubangelwa iimveliso ezinobunzima obuphezulu be-molecular, amasebe amancinci kunye ambalwa, ngoko ke i-crystallinity ephezulu kunye noxinaniso. Iimeko zepolymerization zendlela yoxinzelelo oluphantsi: uxinzelelo lwe-0.1-1.5 MPa, ukushisa ngaphakathi kwe-65-100 ° C, usebenzisa umqalisi wohlobo lweZiegler-Natta: Al (C2H5) 3-TiCl4. I-polymerization reaction mechanism yeyohlobo lwe-anionic olulungelelanisiweyo. I-HDPE ilungele iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubumba ze-thermoplastic ngenxa yokubunjwa kwayo kakuhle, njengokubumba inaliti, i-extrusion, ukubunjwa kokuvuthela, ukubunjwa okujikelezayo, ukugquma, iinkqubo zogwebu, i-thermoforming, i-welding ye-thermal, i-thermal welding, njl.

Iinzuzo zayo eziphambili ziquka ukuxhathisa kwe-asidi kunye ne-alkali, ukuxhathisa kwe-solvent ye-organic, ukugquma kombane okugqwesileyo, kunye nokugcina inqanaba elithile lobunzima kumaqondo aphantsi. Ubunzima bayo bomphezulu, amandla okuqina, ukuqina, kunye namanye amandla omatshini aphezulu kune-LDPE, kufutshane ne-PP, yomelele kunePP, kodwa ngokukhanya komphezulu osezantsi kunePP. Izinto ezingeloncedo ziphambili kukusebenza kakubi koomatshini, ukuphefumla kakubi, ukuthambekela kwi-deformation, ukwaluphala, ukuqaqanjelwa, i-brittleness ephantsi kune-PP, ithanda ukucinezeleka ukuqhekeka, ubulukhuni bomphezulu ophantsi, ithanda ukukrwela. Kunzima ukuprinta kuyo, kufuna unyango lwe-corona engaphezulu ukuze iprintwe, ayinako ukufakwa i-electroplated, kwaye inomphezulu we-matte.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-HDPE yoxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-polyethylene:

• Iimveliso ezibunjiweyo zokutofa: iibhokisi zenguqu, iminqwazi yeebhotile, imigqomo, iikepusi, izikhongozeli zokutya, iitreyi, iinkonkxa zenkunkuma, iibhokisi, kunye neentyatyambo zeplastiki.
• Iimveliso ezibunjiweyo zokuvuthela: iimveliso ezibunjiweyo ezingenanto ezifana nochungechunge olwahlukeneyo lwemigqomo yokubumba, izitya, iibhotile, eziqulethe izicoci, iikhemikhali, izithambiso, iitanki zepetroli, iimfuno zemihla ngemihla, njl njl.
• Iimveliso ezikhutshiweyo: imibhobho kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwegesi, amanzi kawonkewonke kunye nokuthuthwa kweekhemikhali, njengemibhobho yokukhupha izinto zokwakha, imibhobho yegesi, imibhobho yamanzi ashushu, njl.; izixhobo zeshiti ezisetyenziselwa izihlalo, iisutikheyisi, izikhongozeli zokuphatha, njl.
• Ukubunjwa okujikelezayo: iimveliso ezibunjwe ngenaliti ezifana nezikhongozeli ezinkulu, iitanki zokugcina, imigqomo, iibhokisi, njl.
• Inokucutshungulwa ibe ziifilim, iingcingo kunye neekheyibhile zeentambo, imibhobho, iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezingenanto, iimveliso ezibunjiweyo zokutofa, iifayibha, njl njl. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ukupakishwa, umbane, oomatshini, iimoto, iimfuno zemihla ngemihla, kunye nezinye iindawo.

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