IsiKhokelo eMawaziyo kwi-Ocean Freight Shipping

Uthutho lwaselwandle, okanye ukuthutha elwandle, kunokuchazwa ngokulula njengokuthuthwa kwempahla kumazwe ngamazwe ngolwandle, ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, okanye ngaphakathi ukusuka kwelinye izibuko ukuya kwelinye. Yindlela ethembekileyo kunye nesekwe kakuhle yokuhambisa iimpahla, kwaye isebenze ngokukodwa kwiimveliso ezinkulu kunye nobunzima obunzima, kunye nokuthunyelwa ngobuninzi. Ukuthutha elwandle kunexabiso eliphantsi kunomoya, kodwa izibuko ukuya kwixesha lokuhamba ngenqanawa linokwahluka ngenxa yeeshedyuli zokuhamba ngeenqanawa, imisebenzi yezibuko (kuquka ukulayisha kunye nokothula), kunye nendlela ekhethiweyo yokuthumela ngenqanawa.

Ukuba uzama ukuthatha isigqibo malunga nokuba uthutho lolwandle yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yothutho kwiimfuno zakho zolungiselelo, funda ke ujonge uluhlu lwendlela okusebenza ngayo ukuthunyelwa kwempahla elwandle, kwaye zeziphi iingqwalasela eziphambili ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni xa ulungiselela ukuthunyelwa kwakho.

Isiqulatho
Yintoni ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yolwandle?
Ingaba inqanawa yothutho elwandle isebenza njani?
Iindlela zokurhweba eziphambili
Ukubhukisha kunye nokulayishwa kwesikhongozeli
Ukufika kwezibuko kunye nokuthululwa kwesikhongozeli
Ukubhukisha ukuthunyelwa kwe-FCL kunye ne-LCL kwi-Chovm.com
Iingcebiso zokugqibela

Yintoni ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yolwandle?

Uthutho lwaselwandle lulayishwa kwiinqanawe nokuba lukwisikhongozelo esitywiniweyo senqanawa, okanye ukuba lukhulu kwaye lukhulu, lulayishwa njengoko lunjalo. Abathumeli abaninzi banokuhlawulela umthwalo ogcweleyo wesikhongozeli (i-FCL), okanye balayishe iimpahla zabo ngaphantsi komthwalo ogcweleyo wesikhongozeli (LCL) kunye neempahla zomnye umthengi.

Xa abahambisi benqanawa bethenga indawo, baqesha isitya esigcweleyo, okanye indawo ngaphakathi kwesitya esigcweleyo. Ixabiso olihlawulayo liya kumiselwa yireyithi yemarike yangoku, indlela ekhethiweyo, kunye nayo nayiphi na intlawulo eyongezelelweyo. 

Ixesha elithathwayo lokuhamba ngenqanawa ukusuka kwelinye izibuko ukuya kwelinye liya kuxhomekeka kuqala ekubeni inqanawe iza kuhamba nini—kwaye ayinakuhamba iintsuku ezininzi ngelixa ilayisha–kwaye ke kwindlela ekhethiweyo. Amaxesha ohambo ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwizibuko ayafana kodwa anokwahluka kancinci apha enyakeni okanye anokutshintsha ngokweemeko zemozulu.

Ngokubanzi, iindleko zokuthutha zihlawuliswa ngendawo yesikhongozeli. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubunzima obukhulu kwisikhongozeli ngasinye, ke ukuba iimveliso zakho zinzima kakhulu kwaye zixinene, ungabetha umda wobunzima besikhongozeli ngaphambi kokuba usigcwalise ngempahla yakho.

Ingaba inqanawa yothutho elwandle isebenza njani?

Ukusukela oko kwaqaliswa ukufakwa kwezingxobo, iimpahla zipakishwa kwizikhongozeli phambi kokuba zifike enqanaweni, kwaye ke zinokulayishwa ngokulula, ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo, kwaye zipakishwe ngokuxinana.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zezikhongozeli

Zine iindidi kunye nobukhulu bezikhongozeli nangona kukho ukwahluka kwamanye amazwe. I-20ft kunye ne-40ft izikhongozeli zenjongo ngokubanzi zinobubanzi bangaphandle be-8ft kunye nobude be-8ft 6in. Kukwakho neenguqulelo eziphezulu zazo nganye enenguqulelo ye-9ft 6in yobude kuzo zombini izikhongozeli ezingama-20ft kunye ne-40ft eziphakamileyo zetyhubhu. Ezi ntlobo zine zibizwa ngokuba yi-20GP, 40GP, 20HC kunye ne-40HC ngokulandelelanayo. Umthamo wangaphakathi uya kuncitshiswa ngobubanzi beendonga ezinqabileyo kunye nomgangatho.

Zintathu izixhobo zobunzima bezikhongozeli, eziphawulwe ngaphandle kweengcango zesikhongozeli.

• Ubunzima bethare bubunzima besikhongozeli esingenanto. 
• Umthwalo ohlawulwayo, okanye ubunzima obushiyekileyo, bobona bunzima buphezulu bomthwalo onokuthi uwubambe. 
• Ubunzima bubonke bubunzima bethare kunye nobunzima bomthwalo womvuzo, ngoko oku kumele obona bunzima bubonke besikhongozeli.

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-FCL vs LCL

A Isikhongozeli esigcweleyo sibizwa ngokuba yiFCL (Umthwalo ogcweleyo wesikhongozeli). Ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwakho kuncinci, kunokuthunyelwa njenge-LCL (Ngaphantsi komthwalo wesikhongozeli), ipakishwe kwisiseko sayo sepalethi, yaza yalayishwa kwisikhongozeli esinomthwalo wabanye abantu ukuze igcwalise isikhongozeli. Ukulayisha/ukothula ipalethi yakho nabanye abathengi iipalethi kubizwa ngokuba 'kukugalela/ukungaxoki' kwaye kubangela intlawulo eyongezelelweyo. Iipalethi ezingapakishwayo zisenokufaka intlawulo eyongezelelweyo engapakishwayo. 

I-LCL idla ngokubiza kakhulu kwipalethi nganye, kwaye ingakhuselekanga kangako ekufakeni izinto, ukungafaki izinto kunye nothutho lwasemhlabeni. Izikhongozeli ze-FCL zinokuhlala zitshixiwe ngexesha lonke lokuthunyelwa kwenqanawa, ngaphandle kokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuhlolwe izithethe, kwaye umthwalo unokuthuthwa emhlabeni ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphakathi kwesikhongozeli. 

Kukho ikhefu leendleko phakathi kwenani leephalethi ezithunyelwe i-LCL ngokuchasene ne-FCL, apho malunga neepalethi ezi-5-6 iindleko ze-LCL ziqala ukuba kakhulu okanye ngaphezulu kunokuthatha yonke (kodwa izaliswe ngokuyinxenye) i-20ft FCL ikhonteyina.  

Nangona ubungakanani bobunzima besikhongozeli bungumba, eyona ngqwalasela yokuzalisa isikhongozeli kukuba ungakanani na umthwalo onokulayishwa kuyo. Umthumeli wakho wempahla uya kucebisa malunga nokuba uthutho ludityaniswe ngcono njenge-LCL, okanye luya kuthatha isikhongozeli esipheleleyo ngokwaso njenge-FCL, ukulinganisa iindleko, ixesha lokuhamba kunye nokhuseleko.

Iindlela zokurhweba eziphambili

Ngenqanawa yolwandle kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuqwalasela. Ukukhetha isithuthi solwandle, umhla wokuhamba, kunye neshedyuli yokuhamba ngesikhephe zonke zichaphazela isixokelelwano sothutho kunye nesicwangciso sothutho lomthwalo. Kukwakho nokhetho lokuhamba ngendlela eneendleko kunye nefuthe lothutho lwasemhlabeni. Nje ukuba kukhethwe indlela ekhethwayo, ungakhangela inqanawa efanelekileyo kunye nomhla wokuhamba, indawo yokubhukha enqanaweni kwaye ulungiselele ukuhanjiswa kunye nokulayisha.

Kukho inani leendlela ezinkulu zokuthutha ngenqanawe empuma ukuya entshona, kunye nentshona ukuya empuma, kunye neendlela ezininzi ezilandela iindlela ezithile ezimisiweyo zokuthutha ngenqanawe kwangaphambili. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho ukuguquguquka okuncinci ukulungisa iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo.

Imizila emithathu ephezulu yorhwebo yommandla yahlulahlulwe ngolu hlobo:

1. I-Asiya ukuya kuMntla Melika, iiNdlela zeTranspacific Eastbound (TPEB) 
2. Asia ukuya eYurophu, Far East Westbound (FEWB) 
3. Iindlela ze-Intra-Asia

Amaxesha okuhamba ngenqanawa ukusuka e-China kunokuthatha malunga neentsuku ze-13-20 ukufika kunxweme lwase-US olusentshona ngeTranspacific Route Eastbound, okanye ukuba ngePanama Canal ukuya kunxweme olusempuma lwase-US malunga neentsuku ezingama-30-32. 

Indlela yemveli esuka eAsia isiya eYurophu idlula indlela yeFar East Westbound idlula kuLwandle lwase China, iMalacca Strait, i-Indian Ocean kunye neSuez Canal. Le ndlela esuka eTshayina idla ngokuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-35-40. 

Ukubhukisha kunye nokulayishwa kwesikhongozeli

Ukuqinisekiswa kokuthumela

Nje ukuba iinkcukacha zokuthumela zigqitywe, isikhongozeli singabhukishwa kwinqanawa efanelekileyo. Umthumeli wempahla uya kuba nofikelelo kubathuthi abaninzi kwaye angathethathethana ngeerhafu ezikhethekileyo ngokusekelwe kumthamo uwonke womthengisi. Kungenjalo, unokubhukisha ngokuthe ngqo ngentambo yokuthumela ngenqanawa, kodwa baya kubhukisha kuphela kwesinye sezikhephe zabo.

Inguqulelo entsha yakutsha nje kukubhukisha kwindawo yentengiso yempahla edibanisa amaxabiso okuthumela ngenqanawe kwaye ibonelele ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo onokukhetha kuzo, njenge. Chovm.com Uthutho, eqhutywa yiFreightos.

Ukufika kwezibuko kunye nokuthululwa kwesikhongozeli

Imisebenzi yezibuko kunye neelori

Ezimbini zezona ntlobo ziphambili zoomatshini bokuhambisa izikhongozeli zijikeleze iyadi yokugcina kunye nasezilorini ziiganti zamatayara erabha kwaye zifikelela kwizipakishi.

Iiganti zamavili erabha zinamavili, kwaye zizikhreyini ezinkulu ezikwaziyo ukungqunga ngokupheleleyo kwizikhongozeli. Iigantries ezinkulu zinokubaleka kwimizila kwaye zinqumle kwimiqolo emininzi yezikhongozeli.

Ukufikelela kwi-stackers kunengalo ende yokupakisha izikhongozeli imiqolo emininzi ubunzulu, okanye ukuzihambisa kwisemi-trailers kunye neemoto zikaloliwe.

Ukuphepha ukuvalelwa kunye nokuhlawuliswa imali

Iintlawulo zeDemurrage zinxulumene nexesha isikhongozeli singaphakathi kwitheminali emva kokufika. Ukuvalelwa yintlawulo yokusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo kwesikhongozeli ngokwaso, de sibuyiswe singenanto kumgca wokuthuthwa kwenqanawa. Ukuthotywa kunye nokuvalelwa kunokukhokelela kumawaka eedola kwintlawulo ye-diem nganye.

Ukunqanda iintlawulo ze-demurrage, susa izikhongozeli zakho ngaphandle kwezibuko xa sele zikhutshiwe kwinqanawa. Ngokuqhelekileyo uvunyelwe iintsuku ezi-3-5 zamahhala de iintlawulo ze-demurrage ziqala ukubizwa.

Ukuvalelwa kubhekisa kwixesha apho isikhongozeli singaphandle kwezibuko, apho umthumeli ubambelela kwisikhongozeli ngaphaya kweentsuku ezivumelekileyo zokukhulula. Ukubuyisela isikhongozeli esingenanto ngokukhawuleza kuvumela abarhwebi bangaphandle ukuba baphephe iindleko zokuvalelwa.

Ukubhukisha ukuthunyelwa kwe-FCL kunye ne-LCL kwi-Chovm.com

Amaxabiso othutho eOcean, kubandakanywa amaxabiso e-FCL kunye ne-LCL, ayafumaneka kwi Chovm.com kwaye kuqhubeke Chovm.com Uthutho kwiindlela ezininzi.

Iingcebiso zokugqibela

Uthutho lwaselwandle luhlala lungumqolo wemarike yorhwebo lwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe malunga ne-80-90% yazo zonke iimpahla zehlabathi ezihamba ngolwandle. Kwizinto ezincinci kukho ukhetho lwemo yezothutho, kodwa kwiimpahla ezinkulu ukhetho lukhawulelwe kwiindlela ezide eziphezu komhlaba, okanye ukuthunyelwa kolwandle. 

Amaxesha ohambo ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwizibuko kunokwenzeka ukuba ziiveki ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela, kodwa ixesha elide lokuhamba liza ngexabiso eliphantsi kunomoya. Ngenxa yoko, uthutho lwaselwandle luya kuqhubeka luyindlela yothutho yokhetho olukhulu, olunzima kunye nomthwalo omkhulu, apho amaxesha okuhamba kweeveki ezimbalwa amkelekile kwaye apho ixabiso liyinto ephambili.

Ngaba ujonge isisombululo solungiselelo kunye namaxabiso okukhuphisana, ukubonakala okupheleleyo, kunye nenkxaso yomthengi efikelelekayo? Jonga i Chovm.com Logistics Marketplace namhlanje.