Imiceli mngeni yangexesha nje ngo-2024 kunye nendlela yokuyoyisa

Iinkampani ezininzi zehlabathi, eyona idumileyo iToyota eneNkqubo yayo yoMveliso yeToyota eyaziwayo, bebesebenzisa kanye ngexesha (HIT) ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma. I-JIT ibhekisa kwisicwangciso solawulo esilungelelanisa ukuveliswa kweempahla ngokuchanekileyo kunye nemfuno yabathengi. Ijolise ekudaleni indawo efanelekileyo yasefektri - yonke imveliso yenziwa kanye ngexesha efuneka ngalo, okukhokelela ekumoshweni kwezero kunye ne-inventory ye-surplus ye-zero.

Nangona kunjalo, ubuthathaka benkqubo yoluhlu lwe-JIT yabonakala xa ubhubhani we-COVID-19 wabangela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwemfuno kuwo wonke amashishini, okwenza kube nzima ukugcina amanqanaba afanelekileyo oluhlu. Kwezinye iimeko, amashishini ashiywe enokunqongophala okukhulu kweemveliso, ngelixa kwezinye, azifumana enokugcwala kweemveliso ezazikwimfuno ephantsi ngenxa yezithintelo zokutshixwa.

Ngaphezu koko, imodeli ye-in-time ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuthuthweni okuthembekileyo kunye nokukhawuleza kwempahla. Xa ukuvalwa kunye nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kuphazamise ukuhanjiswa kwehlabathi, kubangele ukulibaziseka okukhulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kwikhonkco lokubonelela. Ngesitokhwe esincinci esikhoyo ngenxa yendlela yeJIT, amashishini awakwazanga ukuzalisa izithuba ngoluhlu olugciniweyo kunye nokuvalwa kwemveliso kwezinye iimeko.

Ngoku sikwi-2024, kwaye umbuzo wokuba iJIT iseyindlela elungileyo akulula ukuyiphendula. Qhubeka ufunda njengoko sijonga ubunzima obukhoyo ngoku kunye nolawulo lwe-inventri lwangexesha kunye nendlela engcono yokusingatha le mingeni!

Isiqulatho
Yeyiphi imiceli mngeni yokubonelela nge-JIT ngo-2024?
Amashishini ahlengahlengisa njani ikhonkco lawo lokubonelela nge-JIT?
Imixokelelwane yokubonelela ngobungqina bentlekele sisitshixo kwimpumelelo yeshishini

Yeyiphi imiceli mngeni yokubonelela nge-JIT ngo-2024?

Ukusebenza 'ngokwesiseko esifunekayo', iisistim zoluhlu lwe-JIT ziyilelwe ukuvumelanisa ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo yokuvelisa, ngelixa ugcina uluhlu lwempahla lusondele ku-zero kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, olu lungelelwaniso luqinileyo ngamanye amaxesha lunokuba lucelomngeni. Makhe sijonge eminye yemiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo ejongene namakhonkco obonelelo ngexesha.

Imfuno yabathengi engalindelekanga

Umceli mngeni wokuqala kwiinkqubo zeJIT yimeko eguquguqukayo yokuziphatha kwabathengi. Ngokophando olwenziwa yi-Accenture olubandakanya iinkokeli ze-C-suite zehlabathi ezili-1,700, a iyamangalisa 95% yabaphathi abavela kumacandelo omabini e-B2C kunye ne-B2B babona ukuba iimfuno zabathengi babo kunye nolindelo lwabo luvela ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iinkampani zabo zinokuziqhelanisa.

Olu tshintsho lukhawulezayo kwindlela yokuziphatha yabathengi alukho nto imangalisayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kuba abathengi badityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ngamaqonga eendaba ezentlalo. Bahlala bevezwa intaphane yeemveliso ezintsha, iindlela, kunye neengcinga, ezikhuthaza umdla wabo wezinto ezintsha kunye neemveliso eziguqulayo. 

Umzekelo, imodeli yamva nje ye-iPhone iyaphelelwa lixesha xa kuvela iingqikelelo malunga nokuqaliswa kwenguqulelo entsha. Ngokufanayo, ifashoni ekhoyo inokuphulukana nomtsalane wayo kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa.

Inkqubo ye-Inventory ye-Just-in-Time (JIT) yenzelwe ukuhambelana, ukusebenza okucwangcisiweyo kwaye ayigcini isitokhwe esongezelelweyo njengento enokwenzeka ukuchasana nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwimfuno. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba imveliso ifumana ukunyuka okungalindelekanga kwimfuno, iinkampani zinokukufumana kunzima ukuhlangabezana neeodolo ngokukhawuleza, kubangele ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa kunye namathuba okuthengisa anokuthi aphoswe.

Ukuhla kweendleko

Kuba i-JIT ixhomekeke ekuthengeni imathiriyeli kanye xa ifuneka kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso, iba sesichengeni kakhulu kwiiyantlukwano kumaxabiso ababoneleli. Iqela laseBoston Consulting (BCG) Uphononongo ludiza ukuba imathiriyeli ekrwada ihlala ijongana nokuguquguquka kweemarike ngenxa yokuphazamiseka konikezelo, imfuno ephezulu, okanye utshintsho olukhulu lwamaxabiso. Oku kunokuchaphazela iindleko zemveliso ngokungalindelekanga.

Amashishini asebenzisa iisistim ze-inventri ngexesha elililo (i-JIT) anokufumana ukonyuka ngesiquphe kwiindleko zokusebenza xa amaxabiso ezinto ezikrwada enyuka, njengoko beswele isithinteli sesitokhwe sokuthintela oku kuguquguquka.

Umzekelo, uphawu olusefashonini oluxhomekeke kwikotoni kumgca we-t-shirt yabo lusebenza nge-JIT inkqubo kwaye iyala ikotoni ukuba yonge kwiindleko zokugcina. Ngelishwa, imozulu embi ichaphazela ukunikezelwa komqhaphu wehlabathi, okubangela ukuba amaxabiso anyuke. 

Ngaphandle komqhaphu othengiweyo kwangaphambili, ixabiso lophawu lwempahla ethengisiweyo (COGS) liyenyuka, lilimaza ingeniso yalo. Bajongene nengxaki yokudlulisela iindleko kubathengi okanye ukonakalisa iingeniso zabo.

Ukunqongophala kwezinto eziphathekayo

Ukongeza kuxinzelelo olubangelwa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso, imfuno yezinto ezikrwada imiselwe ukuba ibe kabini ngaphezulu ngonyaka ka-2050. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo ziya zisiba nzima ukuzifumana. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwi-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.

Cinga ngeenkampani zetekhnoloji ezifana neApple, ezisebenzisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukwenza iimveliso zazo. Kwinkqubo ye-JIT, ezi zinto kufuneka zifike kwiifektri kanye xa zifanele ukufakwa kwiimveliso. 

Kodwa ukuba kwenzeka into engalindelekanga, njengomcimbi wezopolitiko okanye intlekele yemvelo, kwaye iphazamise ukuhanjiswa kwezi zinto, kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? Imveliso yee-iPhones ayinakucotha nje-inokuyeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba iindawo eziphambili azikho.

Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwi-automation

into yokuZenzekelayo ngumqolo wemveliso ebhityileyo njengoko inyusa imveliso kwaye inciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, xa ikhonkco lokubonelela nge-JIT lixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-automation, i-glitches yobugcisa inokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwaye ibangele ukulibaziseka okukhulu. 

Umzekelo, umba omncinci kumgca wokudityaniswa ozenzekelayo unokumisa imveliso.

Ngaphaya koko, i-automation iyaqina xa ujongana notshintsho olukhawulezileyo, olufana nokunyuka okungalindelekanga kweeodolo, ukunqongophala kwezinto, okanye ukusilela kwesixhobo.

Qwalasela indawo yokulungisa ukutya esebenzisa oomatshini abazisebenzelayo ukupakisha nokuthumela ngenqanawa. Ukuba kukho utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwimimiselo yokupakisha okanye iimfuno ezintsha zokulebula zivela, ezifana ne-allergener, inokudala iingxaki. Kule meko, oomatshini kufuneka bahlengahlengiswe ukuze babandakanye ulwazi olutsha okanye balungelelanise ukupakishwa okwahlukileyo, nto leyo enokuba ngumngeni kwaye idle ixesha.

Amashishini ahlengahlengisa njani ikhonkco lawo lokubonelela nge-JIT?

Emva kokuqonda imiceli mngeni yokuba nenkqubo ye-inventri engu-zero, makhe siphonononge indlela amashishini awohlukeneyo ahlengahlengisa ngayo kwaye awomeleza amakhonkco awo obonelelo nge-JIT ukuze akwazi ukomelela ngakumbi.

Ukutshintshela kwi-Just-In-Case (JIC)

Iinkampani ezininzi zijikela kwindlela yoluhlu lwe-just-in-case (JIC). I-JIC ngumnatha wokhuseleko. Kubandakanya ukugcina isitokhwe esongezelelweyo sikulungele ukuchasana neemeko ezingalindelekanga, njengokunyuka ngequbuliso kwii-odolo okanye iihiccups kwikhonkco lokubonelela.

Nangona esi sicwangciso sinokukhokelela ekunyukeni kweendleko ze-inventri, izibonelelo zendlela ye-JIC zihlala zidlula iindleko zayo:

• Ukwaneliseka koMthengi: Ukugcina uluhlu olwaneleyo kuthetha ukuba inkampani ingasoloko ihlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi bayo kwangoko. Igwema ukuphelelwa isitokhwe kwaye iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwangexesha kwee-odolo, okukhokelela kubathengi abanelisekileyo nabathembekileyo.
• Uzinzo lwexabiso: Ukubamba uluhlu lwe-surplus lukhusela amashishini ekutshintsheni kwamaxabiso exeshana elifutshane. Bangakwazi ukuthenga nokubamba isitokhwe xa amaxabiso ephantsi, nto leyo inceda ukugcina uzinzo kwiindleko.
• Ukuziqhelanisa nemarike: Ukuba ne-inventri engaphezulu kwenza amashishini akwazi ukuziqhelanisa neenguqu zemarike ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba kukunyuka kwemfuno okanye ukuphazamiseka konikezelo, iinkampani zinokusebenzisa isitokhwe sazo esongezelelweyo ukugudisa la maqhuma, ukubonisa ukuziqhelanisa nokomelela.

Ukwahluka kwababoneleli

Ukwakha isiseko sababoneleli abahlukeneyo sesinye isicwangciso esinokusetyenziswa ngamashishini ukwenza imixokelelwane yabo yokubonelela nge-JIT yomelele ngakumbi. Kwisakhelo se-JIT, nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka okuvela kumboneleli omnye kunokumisa yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa, ngakumbi apho ixesha libalulekile.

Umzekelo omkhulu wokunciphisa okunjalo kwisenzo Impendulo kaToyota ukuya kwinyikima ka-2011 kunye netsunami eJapan. Emva kokufunda kwingxaki yangaphambili ngo-1997, iToyota yaphuhlisa iqhinga lababoneleli ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, eyenze ukuba igcine imveliso iqhubeka phezu kokuphazamiseka okukhulu konikezelo.

Ukudala uthungelwano olwahlukeneyo lwababoneleli beprayimari kunye ne-backup kuluncedo kwaye lunokuhlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ababoneleli beJografi:

• Ababoneleli bengingqi: Ezi zikufutshane, ezikhokelela kwixesha elifutshane lokuhambisa. Ukuba imiba iyenzeka, inokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokusondela kunye nophuculo lonxibelelwano.
• Ababoneleli behlabathi: Ezi zibonelela ngeendlela zobonelelo ezizezinye ukuba amakhonkco asekuhlaleni aphazamisekile. Basenokunika amaxabiso akhuphisanayo ngakumbi, ngenxa yeendleko eziphantsi zemveliso kwimimandla yabo.

2. Ababoneleli bexesha eliphambili:

• Ababoneleli bexesha elifutshane lokukhokela: Ezi zingundoqo ngexesha likaxakeka njengoko zivumela iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo kwiimfuno ezingalindelekanga okanye ezinye iziphazamiso zokubonelela.
• Ababoneleli bexesha elide: Ezi zihlala zibonelela ngeereyithi ezifikelelekayo kwaye zilungele iimveliso ezifunwa rhoqo.

Ukwandiswa kwendawo

Amakhonkco obonelelo angexesha axhomekeke kubaboneleli bamazwe ngamazwe anokuba sesichengeni somngcipheko ofana nezithintelo zorhwebo, utshintsho kwixabiso lemali, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, kunye neentlekele zendalo. 

Ukulwa le miceli mngeni, imveliso yendawo inokuba luncedo ngokufumana imathiriyeli ikakhulu kubathengisi abakwilizwe elinye okanye ummandla. Nazi ezinye iingenelo zokusebenzisa iiyunithi zendibano zasekuhlaleni:

• Amaxesha akhawulezayo okukhokela: Ababoneleli bendawo banokukhawulezisa inkqubo yokufumana, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amashishini akwazi ukuzalisekisa iimfuno zabathengi.
• Iindleko zezothutho ezicuthiweyo: Ukuba nemithombo ekufutshane kwehlisa iindleko zothutho kuba izinto zinokufika kumaziko emveliso ngaphandle kokuhamba umgama omde.
• Imveliso esebenzayo ngakumbi: Ukusondela kwababoneleli kwiindawo zemveliso kunceda amashishini alungelelanise imigca yabo yokuvelisa, ukulungelelanisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-JIT kunye neethayimthebhile zemveliso.

Ukujonga emva kwi-2018, ukukhula yokurhweba imfazwe phakathi kwe-US ne-China kuchaphazele kakubi amashishini amaninzi kuquka necandelo lokwenziwa kweebhayisikile. I-US ingenisa iibhayisekile ezininzi evela e-China, ethe yafumana intlawulo eyi-25%. Ngenxa yoko, umenzi weebhayisikile wase-US, uHuffy, wabona iindleko zabo zonyuka ngezigidi kwaye kwafuneka zinyuse amaxabiso, nto leyo ebangele ukwehla kweentengiso.

Kwelinye icala, iCanyon Bicycles, edibanisa iibhayisekile zayo eJamani, ayizange ichaphazeleke kangako. Nangona bebefumana iinxalenye kwihlabathi jikelele, ukuba nendawo yendibano kufutshane neemarike zabo eziphambili zaseYurophu kuye kwanceda ukunciphisa imiphumo yokuphazanyiswa kwamaxabiso. Oku kuye kwanceda ukugcina iindleko namaxabiso azo engatshintshi.

Imveliso yangaphakathi

"Kutheni uthenge ilofu xa ungabhaka eyakho?" Ukwenza imathiriyeli ekrwada endlini, endaweni yokuzikhupha, ibe sisicwangciso esomeleleyo sokwenza i-JIT yobonelelo lwamatsheyina athembele kakhulu kwixesha elinokuqina ngakumbi.

Ukuveliswa kwemveliso yangaphakathi endlwini kunokukhokelela ekugcinweni kweendleko ngokususa imfuno yemarkups kunye neentlawulo zothutho ezihlawuliswa ngababoneleli beqela lesithathu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvelisa izinto eziluhlaza ngaphakathi endlini kuvumela amashishini ukuba alawule umgangatho wamagalelo abo ngokusondeleyo, eqinisekisa imigangatho engaguqukiyo kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko weemveliso ezineziphene. 

Ngelixa imveliso yangaphakathi ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba isenokungasebenzi, ifikeleleke, okanye ingabizi kakhulu kuzo zonke iindawo zemveliso. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba amashishini abeke phambili ukuveliswa kwamacandelo aphambili anokuveliswa ngaphakathi ngaphandle kwesidingo sotyalo-mali olukhulu okanye utshintsho olumandla kulungiselelo lwangoku lwemveliso.

Thatha, umzekelo, umenzi wetshokholethi othembele kumthengisi nge-cocoa nibs ekrwada, eyona nto iphambili kwimveliso yetshokholethi. Inkampani inokuthenga iimbotyi zekoko ezikrwada kwaye zojiswe endlwini ukwenza i-cocoa nibs yazo. 

Utyalo-mali oluncinci kwi-roaster kunye nesixhobo sokwenza izinto ezisisiseko kuya kubavumela ukuba babe nolawulo olungcono kumgangatho, iprofayili yencasa, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwecocoa nibs. Ngenxa yoko, oku akuphuculi kuphela iimveliso zabo zetshokholethi kodwa zikwaqinisekisa ukufumaneka okuthembekileyo nokuqhubekayo kwesithako esibalulekileyo nanini na kufuneka.

Imixokelelwane yokubonelela ngobungqina bentlekele sisitshixo kwimpumelelo yeshishini

Isishwankathelo, ukuphazamiseka kwamva nje kwehlabathi kuye kwacela umngeni kumakhonkco obonelelo asele enconyiwe. Le miceli-mngeni ibonakalisa imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokubonelela ngobungqina bonxunguphalo kwimiba yoshishino yanamhlanje. 

Nokuba sithini na isicwangciso solawulo esamkelweyo, ukwakha amakhonkco obonelelo azinzileyo-ngokusebenzisa imilinganiselo efana nokwahluka kwababoneleli, ukwandiswa kwe-inventory buffers, kunye nohlalutyo oluphambili lokuxela kwangaphambili-ayisiyonto nje yokhetho kodwa iyimfuneko ebalulekileyo ukuze uphile. Phonononga ezinye iindlela zolawulo lwempahla kwaye uxhobise ishishini lakho ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha ukungaqiniseki kwixesha elizayo!