Kwenzeka ntoni kwimodyuli yePV yelanga emva kokusebenza kwayo kweminyaka engama-25? Ngokujikeleza kwe-2 TW yophahla kunye ne-utility-scale-scale PV esele isetyenziswe kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye inani elikhulu labo lidla umhlala-phantsi ngaphambi kokuba lisebenze iminyaka eyi-15, isixa seemodyuli ze-PV ezilahlwayo zikhula minyaka le. Njengoko iimodyuli ze-PV ziba zixabiso eliphantsi ngemini, kunye nokuphuculwa rhoqo kwiimodyuli ze-PV, izityalo ezininzi zombane ze-PV ezisetyenziswayo ziqala ukunikwa amandla nangaphambi kokuba zifikelele kwiminyaka yazo engama-25 yokusebenza. Uninzi lwezi modyuli zisaqhuba kakuhle. Ngaba ziyakwazi ukuthunyelwa kubomi besibini ukubonelela ngombane welanga iminyaka embalwa engakumbi?
Inkqubo yePV eyakhiwe ngeepaneli eziphinde zasetyenziswa
Umfanekiso: Ricardo Ruther/ISES
I-International Energy Agency (IEA) iqikelele ngo-2020 ukuba i-global cumulative efakwe amandla e-photovoltaics iya kudlula i-1 TWp ngo-2025 (PVPS TASK, 2020). Nangona kunjalo, phambi kokuphela kuka-2024, eli nani liya kuba liphindwe kabini ukuya kwi-2 TW. Uqikelelo lwamva nje lwemveliso yamandla lubonisa ukuba ukwanda okukhulu kuyafuneka, ngokujoliswe kuko yi-75 TW yomthamo wePV wehlabathi ngo-2050 ukunciphisa ubushushu behlabathi ukuya kwi-1.5 C kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Kuvunywa ngokubanzi ukuba i-photovoltaics yelanga (kunye nomoya omkhulu wase-onshore) yeyona nto izinzileyo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lokuguqula iteknoloji yokuguqula amandla. Ukusasazwa kwelanga kwihlabathi jikelele kufuneka kukhule malunga namaxesha angama-40 ngobukhulu kunanamhlanje ukukhupha ngokupheleleyo i-carbon emhlabeni. Oku kuya kufezekiswa ngonyaka ka-2042 ukuba izinga lokukhula langoku le-20% ngonyaka liyaqhubeka.
Ukukhula kokuveliswa kwePV kwinqanaba lehlabathi ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubangela ubuninzi benkunkuma kwiimodyuli zePV kwixesha elizayo. Kwelinye icala, i-PV yelanga ithintela ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside. Ikhilogram nganye yepaneli yelanga ivelisa malunga ne-0.9 MWh ngexesha lokuphila kwayo, evumela ukuphepha malunga ne-900 kg ye-carbon dioxide ekutshisweni kwamalahle - umlinganiselo we-900: 1. Olu balo luthatha ubunzima bemodyuli yexesha elizayo ye-PV ye-25 W/kg (ngaphandle kwesakhelo), umthamo we-16%, kunye nobomi bemodyuli yeminyaka engama-25.
Ukuba sicinga ukuba i-10 yezigidigidi zabantu zifuna i-100 TW ye-solar PV (i-10 kW nganye) kwi-global decarbonization, ngoko i-400 W / umntu weemodyuli zelanga ziya kuthatha umhlalaphantsi ngonyaka. Oku kufikelela kwi-16 kg yenkunkuma yemodyuli yelanga ngomntu ngamnye ngonyaka, uninzi lwayo iglasi enexabiso elincinci leplastiki, i-silicon kunye neentsimbi. Inkunkuma yeglasi ekhoyo ngoku e-USA imalunga ne-11 yezigidi zeetoni okanye i-32 kg ngomntu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-PV yelanga yongeza i-50% kumjelo wenkunkuma okhoyo ngelixa ugwema ukukhutshwa kwamaxesha angama-900 ubukhulu obukhulu be-carbon dioxide. Inkunkuma yexesha elizayo yemodyuli yelanga ye-16 kg ngomntu ngamnye ngonyaka yi-2% kuphela ye-800 kg ngomntu ngonyaka yenkunkuma eqinileyo yonyaka e-USA.
Isishwankathelo, inkunkuma yemodyuli yelanga ngumba omncinci. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba ikho enye indlela yokuthumela iiphaneli zelanga kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma? Emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ngaba iimodyuli zePV zisenawo amandla okuvelisa amandla? Kukho izifundo eziqhubekayo eziphakamisa umjikelo wobomi ojikelezayo kwiimodyuli zelanga. Ilahleko esebenzayo kwimodyuli ye-photovoltaic inokuvela kwi-0.4% ukuya kwi-5% ngonyaka, kuxhomekeke kwimozulu kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Itekhnoloji yokuvelisa, ejolise ekwandiseni amandla emodyuli yePV, iqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza. Iiphaneli ziyanda ngobukhulu kunye nokusebenza kweeseli kuyanda. Phakathi kwe-1980 kunye ne-2020, ukunciphisa i-76% kwi-weight-to-power ratio yeemodyuli ze-PV zaphunyezwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiphaneli ezintsha zinokuxhonywa kwizakhiwo zenkxaso ezikhoyo okanye iitrackers ukuvelisa amandla amaninzi.
Okwangoku, iteknoloji ebalaseleyo kwimarike yehlabathi i-silicon eyodwa ye-crystalline inamandla emodyuli eqikelelweyo ukusuka kwi-550 W ukuya kwi-750 W, xa kuthelekiswa ne-350 W ngo-2019, ngaphantsi kwe-200 W ngo-2010, kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-100 W ngaphambi kwe-2000. Izixa ezinkulu zeemodyuli ze-PV, kunye nokungabikho kwemodyuli ye-PV, kunye nokungabikho kwemodyuli yezoqoqosho, kunye nokungabikho kwemodyuli ye-PV, kunye nokungabikho kwentlalo, kunye nokungabikho kwemodyuli yezoqoqosho, kunye nokungabikho kwemodyuli ye-PV. ukubanakho ukuphinda zisetyenziswe kubomi besibini endaweni yokuba zilathise ngqo ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona. Ukongeza, kukho ukunqongophala kwemigaqo-nkqubo, imigangatho, kunye neendlela ezikhokela ukuba isixhobo singaphinda sisetyenziswe (ubomi besibini) okanye kufuneka siphinde sisetyenziswe. Umthetho, onjengoMyalelo we-WEEE eYurophu, ubonisa umngeni kwimarike yokusetyenziswa kwakhona.
Uqoqosho lwesetyhula: sebenzisa kwakhona kwaye usetyenziswe kwakhona
I-PV CYCLE yintlangano engenzi nzuzo, ilungu elisekelwe kwi-2007 yi-PV industry yokulawula uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zombane kunye ne-electronics ezibandakanya iimodyuli ze-PV, iibhetri, ukupakishwa kunye nenkunkuma yamashishini. Inikezela ngolawulo lwenkunkuma kunye neenkonzo zokuthotyelwa kwezomthetho kwiinkampani kunye nabanini benkunkuma kwaye inabameli kwihlabathi liphela. Elinye ilungu elinjalo eBrazil wakhula amaxesha 160 kule minyaka mine idlulileyo, processing 13 iitoni (430 iimodyuli PV = 0.2 MW) ngo-2020 xa inkampani waqala ukuqokelela iimodyuli ezilahliweyo PV, ukuba 2800 iitoni (ngaphezu 91 amawaka iimodyuli PV = 45 MW) ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngo 2024. Le njongo yokukhula 4500 MW ukuya 75 ekupheleni 2024 80; kufutshane ne-10% yezi modyuli zivela kwizixhobo zombane zePV eziluncedo. Ngokumalunga ne-10% yeemodyuli ze-PV ezilahliwe zivela kubahambisi (i-brand entsha, eyonakaliswe ngexesha lokuthutha kunye nokuphathwa), kwaye i-10% eseleyo ivela kubadibanisi benkqubo encinci. I-SunR ngoku iyanda kulo lonke elaseLatin America, ikwajolise kumaziko ombane e-PV amakhulu awathi asebenza ngaphantsi kweminyaka eli-XNUMX eyadlulayo.
Ngo-1999, i-Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) ithathe indawo yejenereyitha yedizili kwisiqithi esincinci sesathelayithi (iRatones Grande island) ukusuka kwisiqithi esikhulu saseFlorianopolis, eBrazil, kunye ne-5 kW off-grid system PV eboniswe kwimifanekiso engezantsi. Iimodyuli ze-10% ze-polycrystalline ze-silicon ze-PV ezisebenzayo zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kude kube yi-2022, xa kwagqitywa ukuba zitshintshe iimodyuli ezintsha ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ngokufanelekileyo ukuphindaphinda umthamo ofakwe kwindawo efanayo kuloo ndawo. Emva kweminyaka engaphezulu kwe-20 yokusebenza kule ndawo engaselunxwemeni, uninzi lweemodyuli ze-PV ze-76 zisenemveliso emalunga ne-80% yenqanaba le-nameplate yokuqala kwaye, endaweni yokulahlwa / ukurisayikilishwa, zaphinda zafakwa kwi-UFSC yophando lwamandla elanga kwaye zibekwe esweni kubomi besibini, iprojekthi yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwemodyuli ye-PV. Iinkqubo zezindlu zentlalo eBrazil nakwezinye iindawo zinokuzuza kwiimodyuli ze-PV eziphantsi kakhulu, zesibini ze-PV, ngaphandle kokuba ukusebenza kwazo kunye nokhuseleko kunokuqinisekiswa emva kokuba iziqinisekiso zomenzi zingasasebenzi. Nangona ingekabi yinto eqhelekileyo, kukho amaqela ophando amaninzi kunye neenkampani eYurophu, e-USA nase-Australia, apho ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nemisebenzi yobomi besibini kuphuhliswa.
Uqoqosho lwesetyhula lweemodyuli ze-PV lungabandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nobomi besibini, ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kokugqibela ukubuyisela izinto zokuvelisa iimodyuli ezintsha zePV. Nangona kunjalo, ngeemodyuli ze-PV ze-state-of-art kunye ne-warranties ye-25-30 iminyaka engaphantsi kwe-0.10 / W, njengoko sinayo namhlanje, uqoqosho lweemodyuli ze-PV zesibini kukubheja okunzima.
Ababhali: UProf. Ricardo Rüther (UFSC), UProf. Andrew Blakers /ANU
Andrew.blakers@anu.edu.au
rruther@gmail.com
I-ISES, i-International Solar Energy Society yi-NGO yobulungu obuvunyiweyo be-UN esekelwe kwi-1954 isebenza kwihlabathi kunye ne-100% yamandla avuselelekayo kubo bonke, asetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo nangobulumko.
Iimbono kunye nezimvo ezichazwe kweli nqaku zezababhali ngokwakhe, kwaye azibonakalisi ezo zigcinwe ngu pv imagazini.
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Umthombo ovela pv imagazini
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