I-Drayage: Intsingiselo kunye neentlobo ekufuneka uzazi

Njengoko amahashe engaseyondlela iqhelekileyo yothutho kule mihla, kusenokuba nzima ukucinga ukuba malunga neenkulungwane ezi-1.5 ezadlulayo, ebesebenza njengeyona ndlela yothutho eyimfuneko phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Kwada kwaba ngo-1886 apho abantu baqala ukufumana indlela yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwiinkonzo zehashe. Inqwelo yehashe yokuqala ehlaziyiweyo yehlabathi, ebizwa Daimler kunye neNqwelo eneMoto, ekugqibeleni yaqanjwa ngaloo nyaka kwaye ngoko nangoko yasebenza njengenye indlela yothutho enamandla ngakumbi nethembekileyo ukususela ngoko.

Nangona amahashe esenokuba sele erholile kwiinkonzo zawo ezibalulekileyo, igama elithi drayage, ekuqaleni eyayithetha nayiphi na isithuthi somgama omfutshane kusetyenziswa amahashe e-dray, isagcinwa nanamhlanje. Kwezothutho lwangoku, nangona kunjalo, ngelixa lisamele izithuthi ezimfutshane, zibandakanya iintsingiselo ezibanzi. Qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufumane intsingiselo yokwenyani yedrayage kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lobuchule, iintlobo ngeentlobo zedrayaji, kunye nendima yayo ekuhanjisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo namhlanje.

Isiqulatho
1. Ukuqonda idrayage
2. Iintlobo zedrayage
3. I-Drayage kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal
4. Intshukumo engenamthungo

Ukuqonda idrayage

Kushishino lwezothutho, igama elithi drayage limele inkqubo kunye neentlawulo ezihambelanayo zokususa imithwalo ukusuka kumenzi okanye isitora ukuya kwitheminali eyimvelaphi, kwaye ukusuka kwitheminali ekusingwa kuyo ukuya kwindawo yokugcina yokugcina. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhanjiswa kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwexesha elifutshane kuzo zozibini iziphelo zothutho, ukudibanisa umthumeli wokuqala kwitheminali yemvelaphi kunye netheminali yendawo ukuya kumamkeli wokugqibela.

Ngokuphathelele kuthutho elwandle, umzekelo omnye oqhelekileyo kukuthuthwa kwezikhongozeli zenqanawa ngelori ukusuka kwizibuko lemvelaphi yazo ukuya kwiyadi kaloliwe ekufutshane okanye kwiziko lokuhambisa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba ngenqanawa akubhekiseli kuthutho elwandle kuphela kodwa kunokubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempahla kunye neendlela zothutho, kubandakanya uthutho ezindleleni kunye nomthwalo womoya.

Ngeli xesha, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukutsala kungabandakanya inkqubo encinci yokuhambisa i-niche elungiselelwe amacandelo athile, umzekelo, kwiisetingi ezinkulu zeevenkile kunye nolungiselelo lomsitho. Kusasazo lwentengiso, iinkonzo zokutsala amanzi zisenokubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwempahla ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi yokufumana idokhi ukuya kwiivenkile ezithengisayo ezingaphakathi kudederhu lweevenkile. Kwimeko yolungiselelo lomsitho, idrayaji inokubandakanya inkqubo yokuthutha imathiriyeli yomboniso ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina impahla ukuya kwimixholo eyahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwiziko lendibano. 

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-drayage iphinda ibhekisele kwimirhumo echaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yokudonsa. Ngelixa ezi ntlawulo ziqhele ukuwela kuluhlu olusemgangathweni, aziqhelekanga ukucatshulwa ngaphambili ngenxa yoqwalaselo lwesakhono valelwe kwaye imirhumo yokunciphisa. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba abathumeli baqinisekise yonke imirhumo enokubakho yokutsala amanzi phambi kokuba bakhethe umthumeli othile.

Ngokwenyani, eyona nkalo ibalulekileyo yokutsala inqanawa yindima yayo ekuhanjisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isebenza njengecandelo elibalulekileyo phakathi kwenkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa phakathi kweendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle kuzo zonke iindlela zothutho. Amacandelo alandelayo aya kuphonononga nzulu kwiindidi zedrayaji, ezidityaniswe ngaphakathi kwi-intermodal drayage njengodidi olubanzi lwedrayage, kwaye baphonononge unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-drayage kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-intermodal ngeenkcukacha.

Iintlobo zedrayage

Ezi zilandelayo zi-6 zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zeenkonzo zokutsala amanzi ezikhoyo kwimarike ngoku:

Pier Drayage

Nangona ngamanye amaxesha ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Drayage, i-Drayage yezibuko ibhekisa ngokukodwa ekuthuthweni kwempahla ukuya nokubuya kumazibuko nakwiindawo ezikufutshane kumgama omfutshane. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngelixa ikwanxulumene nokuthuthwa kwempahla ukuya kumazibuko okanye kwiipiers, i-pier drayage ibeka ugxininiso kuloliwe okanye iindawo zikaloliwe. 

Ngokusisiseko, i-pier drayage ibandakanya ukuthutha izikhongozeli zenqanawa kunye nempahla ngelori ukusuka kwisikhululo sikaloliwe okanye kwindawo kaloliwe ukuya kwipier okanye idokhi yezibuko. Le nkqubo iphakamisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kwezikhongozeli zokhutshelo zokuthumela ngenqanawa kumazwe ngamazwe.

I-Intra-Carrier Drayage

Njengoko igama libonisa, i-intra-carrier drayage luhlobo lwe-drayage ebandakanya ukuhamba kwempahla ngaphakathi kwezibonelelo eziphethwe ngumthwali ofanayo, ezifana neendawo zokuhamba, iidokhi, iitheminali, okanye izikhululo zempahla.

Ukuyibeka ngokulula, luhlobo lwezothutho olufutshane lwenzeka ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo kunye nobunini bomthwali ofanayo. Ngokusisiseko, kukho umthwali omnye kuphela obandakanyekayo, nangona iindawo ezininzi zothutho phakathi kweendlela ezininzi zinokugqunywa.

I-Inter-Carrier Drayage

Ngokuchasene ngqo ne-intra-carrier drayage, i-inter-carrier drayage ibhekisela kwiinkonzo ezibandakanya abathwali abaninzi abahlukeneyo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuthuthwa kwempahla phakathi kwendlela yothutho efanayo okanye ukuhanjiswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo, njengokusuka kwisikhululo sikaloliwe ukuya kwisikhululo seelori.

Ngokutsho I-Intermodal Association yaseMntla Melika, i-drayage ye-inter-carrier drayage ikwahlelwa njenge-drayage enqumla idolophu, njengoko ibandakanya ukuthutha umzila weyunithi ye-intermodal "kwidolophu yonke" ukuqhubeka nohambo lwayo.

Shuttle Drayage

Nangona i-shuttle drayage ikwabandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwexesha elifutshane kwempahla ukuya nokubuya kwiindawo zezothutho kuzo zombini imvelaphi kunye nesiphelo sendawo yokufikela, yohlukile kuzo zonke ezinye iintlobo zokutsala amanzi. Xa kuthelekiswa nomthamo oqhelekileyo wokuthuthwa kwempahla obandakanya ukuthutha iimpahla ukusuka kumazibuko ekusingwa kuwo okanye iindawo zothutho zisiya kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla, inqanawa yokuhambisa inqanawa ihambisa imithwalo kwindawo yokugcina okwexeshana enendawo enyiniweyo.

Ulungiselelo lwexeshana olunjalo luhlala lusenzeka ngamaxesha onyaka axakeke kakhulu xa iindawo zezothutho eziphambili zigcwele kakhulu ukuba zingathwala umthamo ongaphezulu okanye zinolibaziseko lokusebenza. Nangona oku kongeza ngokucacileyo inyathelo elongezelelweyo kwikhonkco lolungiselelo, luhlobo oluyimfuneko lokutsala ukulawulwa kokuphuphuma kwempahla ngenxa yengxinano kumazibuko axakekileyo okanye iindawo zokuhamba.

Umnyango ukuya kuMzi wokukhupha amanzi

Ngokufana ne-shuttle drayage, i-drayage yendlu ngendlu yolunye uhlobo olulodwa lwe-drayage olungabandakanyi ukuhanjiswa kwempahla kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla okanye kwiindawo zokugcina. Endaweni yoko, ibonakaliswa yindlela yokuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo- ihambisa iimpahla ngokuthe ngqo kumthengi wokugqibela ukusuka kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.

Kwizibuko lemvelaphi, umnyango wendlu ngendlu uhlala utsiba indawo yokugcina impahla kodwa uthumela iimpahla ngqo kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngaphambi kokuba izise ngqo kubathengi bokugqibela.

Ngaphaya koko, iimeko apho iimpahla zithunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina impahla yomthengisi ukuya kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo kwaye emva koko ukuya kumthengi wokugqibela zikwahlelwa njengesixhobo sokutsala umnyango nomnyango kuba olona phawu luphambili lokutsalwa kwendlu ngendlu luphawu oluchazayo lokuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo yomthengi.

I-Drayage ekhawulezileyo

Njengoko umntu enokuqikelela kwigama layo, ukutsala okukhawulezileyo kubandakanya ukuthuthwa kwempahla ethatha ixesha, engxamisekileyo, okanye ekhawulezileyo. Ikhawuleza kakhulu xa ithelekiswa neenkonzo eziqhelekileyo zokutsala amanzi kwaye ke ngoko ifaneleke kakhulu kwimpahla etshabalalayo okanye nawuphi na umthwalo oneemfuno ezingqongqo zexesha.

Ekuthathweni kwazo zombini iindawo zemvelaphi kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, ukutsalwa okukhawulezileyo kunikezela ukuhanjiswa okukhawulezileyo kwaye kungoko ilungele ukuthunyelwa ngeemfuno ezingxamisekileyo.

I-Drayage kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal

Masikhe sihlaziye ngokukhawuleza ngenqanawa intermodal ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngonxibelelwano lwayo kunye nedrayage. Ngamafutshane, ukuhanjiswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa ebandakanya iindlela ezininzi zothutho ukusuka kwindawo yemvelaphi ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-intermodal kuqulethe iimpawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba kube ngaphezulu nje kwendibaniselwano yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho, ukuhanjiswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya iiyunithi zokuthumela ezisemgangathweni (ezifana nezikhongozelo ezinobukhulu obuqhelekileyo), iyunithi esemgangathweni ikwaqinisekisa inkqubo yokuthumela inqanawe ngakumbi kwaye egudileyo njengoko ukupakishwa kwakhona kunye nokuhlelwa kwempahla kunokuncitshiswa.

Lilonke, ukutsala kwenqanawa kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuhanjiswa kwempahla ngokutyibilikayo kuzo zonke iindlela zothutho ngokudibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho, ezinjengeenqanawa, iilori, noololiwe, ngaphandle komthungo kumgama omfutshane.

Ukudityaniswa phakathi komtsalane kunye nokuhanjiswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo kuthetha ukuhamba kwangexesha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweempahla kunye nexesha elincinci lokungenzi nto, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngokunciphisa amaxesha ohambo kunye neendleko. Ngenxa yoko, oku kukwanegalelo elikhulu kumakhonkco onikezelo lwehlabathi, axhomekeke kakhulu kuthutho lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa iimpahla ukusuka kubavelisi abakude ukuya kubathengi.

Intshukumo engenamthungo

I-Drayage ligama lolungiselelo olubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwexesha elifutshane kuzo zombini imvelaphi kunye neziphelo zokusingwa. Iquka uthutho elwandle, uthutho ezindleleni, kunye nemithwalo yomoya, iququzelela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngelori kuzo zombini imvelaphi kunye netheminali yokugqibela. I-Drayage ikwabandakanya iinkqubo ze-niche kudederhu lweevenkile kunye nolungiselelo lomsitho. Ngelixa imirhumo eqhelekileyo ngokubanzi, idrayaji ayiqhelekanga ukucatshulwa ngaphambili ngenxa yokubanjwa okunokubakho kunye nemirhumo yedemurrage. Kungoko kubalulekile ukuba abahambisi ngenqanawa bajonge zonke iindleko ezinokubakho zokutsala amanzi phambi kokukhetha umthumeli. Iindidi ezi-6 eziqhelekileyo zedrayage yi-pier drayage, intra-carrier drayage, i-inter-carrier drayage, i-shuttle drayage, i-drayage yendlu ngendlu, kunye ne-drayage ekhawulezayo.

I-Drayage iyinxalenye yothutho lwe-intermodal, kwaye ukudibanisa phakathi kweengcamango ezimbini akunakuhlukana, ngakumbi xa imilenze emininzi yokuthutha ibandakanyeka. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zombhobho zibonelela ngokudityaniswa komthungo odibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo.

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