Iziseko ze-EPR kunye neempembelelo zayo kubathengisi

Ngoku ka idatha evela kwi-arhente yamanani ye-European Union-EUROSTAT, ngo-2020, abantu base-EU bavelise i-178 kg (392 lbs) yokupakisha inkunkuma ngomntu ngamnye. Ukongeza, olu lwabiwo alulingani kakhulu phakathi kwaMazwe angamaLungu, kwaye abanye bavelisa inkunkuma yokupakisha ngokuphindwe kathathu kunabanye.

Nangona lolona qoqosho lukhulu ehlabathini, iManyano yaseYurophu iseyinxalenye nje yokuvelisa inkunkuma yehlabathi. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba kukho imigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo yokunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yabantu kwimozulu.

Isiqulatho
Yintoni uXanduva olwandisiweyo loMvelisi (EPR)?
Isebenza njani i-EPR?
I-EPR: i-pros and cons
Ngaba i-EPR isebenza: imizekelo engaphaya kwemimiselo ye-EPR
Amashishini anokufunda phi ngakumbi nge-EPR?
Ukuqukumbela: UXanduva olongezelelweyo loMvelisi

Yintoni uXanduva olwandisiweyo loMvelisi (EPR)?

UXanduva loMvelisi owandisiweyo ngumgaqo-nkqubo ophunyezwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Njengoko igama libonisa, le nkqubo yokusingqongileyo yandisa uxanduva kubavelisi bempahla.

Kwi-EU apho imimiselo ye-EPR yavela khona, "umlimi" ngumntu onikezela ngempahla kwimarike, kungekhona nje umntu ovelisayo. Ngokukodwa, i-EPR ibandakanya iindidi ezithile zezinto ezinje ngokupakishwa, i-elektroniki (WEEE), iibhetri, izithuthi zokuphela kobomi (ELV), kunye nezinto ezithe ngqo ngakumbi ezifana neenaliti zonyango kunye namayeza.

I-EPR yaziswa okokuqala eSweden kwiminyaka yoo-1990 ngombono wokutshintsha olunye uxanduva lolawulo lokusingqongileyo lweemveliso kubavelisi endaweni yokuba luphelele kurhulumente, oluthwalisa inkqubo yoluntu.

Kungekudala, imithetho ehambelana ne-EPR kwi-EU ibe ngqongqo, ngakumbi kubavelisi abathatha inxaxheba kwiimarike zaseJamani naseFransi. Ukuqhubela phambili, ekubeni umhla wokugqibela we-2024 i-EU imisele ukufezekisa iinjongo ezithile ezinxulumene nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma isondela, kulindeleke ukuba inani elibalulekileyo lamazwe angamalungu liya kuphinda lilandele lo mzekelo. Ke ngoko, abavelisi kufuneka baziqhelanise noxanduva lwabo kwangoko kwaye balungiselele ukuzalisekisa kwangethuba.

Kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-EU yolawulo lokusingqongileyo, i-EPR ibophelelana noMyalelo wokuPakisha kunye nokuPakisha iNkunkuma (PPWD), ethi yona ibe yinxalenye yoMyalelo weSikhokelo seNkunkuma (WFD).

Abo banolwazi banokufumana ukufana phakathi kwe-EPR kunye nesakhelo "sobugosa bemveliso". Kwaye eneneni, zombini iindlela zijolise ekuqinisekiseni imveliso enoxanduva, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokulahlwa kubomi bemveliso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, la magama mabini asetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo. Sekunjalo, sithetha ngesakhelo esilawulayo esithile kule meko. Ke ngoko siya kusebenzisa igama elifanelekileyo—EPR.

Isebenza njani i-EPR?

Njengoko baninzi abachaphazelekayo kubomi bemveliso, i-EPR ichaphazela amaqela ahlukeneyo abandakanyekayo kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Iimfuno zokuthotyelwa kwe-EPR ziyahluka ngokubanzi kuwo wonke amaLungu e-EU. Kukwasebenza okufanayo kububanzi bale migaqo-nkqubo. Ngo-2022, nangona kunjalo, iJamani neFransi zazisa izibophelelo ezifanayo ezijolise kubenzi kunye neemarike.

Kwakhona, abavelisi babhekisa kwabo babeka imveliso emarikeni, nokuba abayivelisi. Abo bafuna ukuthengisa eJamani naseFransi kufuneka bagqibe amanyathelo amaninzi ukuze bathobele i-EPR kwilizwe elichaphazelekayo.

Ngamafutshane, la manyathelo aqala ngokufaka isicelo seenombolo zobhaliso ezizodwa zodidi ngalunye phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo we-EPR. Inkqubo yenziwa ngokungena kwisivumelwano nemibutho ebizwa ngokuba yiProducer Responsibility Organisations (PRO)—imibutho elawula ukupakishwa okulahliweyo. Emva koko, la manani asetyenziselwa ukungenisa isibhengezo sobunzima obulindelekileyo beepakethe ekufuneka umvelisi azibeke phakathi konyaka. Inyathelo lokugqibela yintlawulo yeefizi ezifanelekileyo.

Imithetho emitsha yazisa izibophelelo ezintsha kwiimarike ngokunjalo. Oko kukuthi, banyanzelekile ukuba bajonge kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abavelisi abasebenzisa iinkonzo zabo bayayithobela i-EPR. Ngaphandle koko, indawo yokuthengisa kuya kufuneka isuse uluhlu lweemveliso.

I-Austria iceba ukuzisa amanyathelo afanayo njengenxalenye yemigaqo ye-EPR esuka kwi-2023. Amanye amazwe angamalungu ajongana nayo ngokuhlukileyo; ngoko ke, uxanduva lomlimi luyohluka ngokwamazwe.

I-EPR: i-pros and cons

eziluncedo

Eyona nzuzo ibalulekileyo ye-EPR kukuba inceda ekusombululeni ingxaki ecinezelayo yokupakisha ungcoliseko. Ngokuka a ingxelo yeEuropean Organisation for Packaging and Environment (EUROPEN), ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela kwi-Eurostat, i-package recycling kwi-EU yenyuka ukusuka kwi-47% ukuya kwi-65% kwi-1998-2012, ixesha emva kokuba i-PPWD iqale ukusebenza. Oku kufanelekileyo kumazwe e-15 awayengamalungu e-EU ngelo xesha ukuba idatha enjalo yaqala ukuxelwa kwiKhomishini ye-EU. Ngelishwa, kusekho umsantsa obonakalayo ekuphumezeni usukelo lokurisayikilisha lweManyano. Ngo-2019, i-Eurostat yabika ukuba iBelgium yayiyinkokeli ekuphindeni kusetyenziswe i-83.5% yokupakishwa kwenkunkuma. Nangona kunjalo, iMalta yahlala kwindawo yokugqibela kunye ne-33.7% kuphela. Kwelinye icala, iFinland iye yafumana i-115% yenkunkuma yokupakisha, ebinokwenzeka ngenxa yokugcinwa nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Nangona luxanduva olongezelelweyo lwabavelisi, banokuzuza kwakhona kwi-EPR ngaphaya kwenzuzo ebonakalayo yokunceda iplanethi. Le migaqo-nkqubo lithuba elihle kakhulu lokuba abavelisi badibanise abathengi babo ngokusebenzisa amaphulo okufundisa kunye nokufikelela eluntwini malunga nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma enoxanduva. Oku kungundoqo kwiimvakalelo zanamhlanje zabathengi, ezithi zijolise ngakumbi ekukhetheni iibrendi ezibonisa inkxalabo esebenzayo neyinyani yokusingqongileyo.

neengozi

Ukungalungi kwe-EPR kubavelisi ayibalulekanga kangako ngaphakathi kwe-EU njengoko inxulumene neerhafu ze-EPR, enengqiqo. Ngapha koko, eyona mali ichanekileyo ixhomekeke kubungakanani, ubunzima, kunye neendidi zeemveliso ezirhafiswayo.

Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ibambekayo ibaluleke kakhulu kunolawulo kwaye ibalulekile kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwelinye icala, imimiselo ye-EPR isekude ukuba idityaniswe phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu e-EU. Yiyo loo nto, yenza nzima ubomi babavelisi abafuna ukuthengisa kuyo yonke imarike ye-EU kwaye ithintele impumelelo yeenjongo zokusingqongileyo ze-EU. Ukongeza, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu kuthetha ukuba abanye abavelisi banokuhlangabezana nezabelo ngaphezulu kwabanye ngokuxhomekeke kwimarike.

Ngaba i-EPR isebenza: imizekelo engaphaya kwemimiselo ye-EPR

Isakhelo se-EPR siyimfuneko yokulawula, ngoko ukuphunyezwa kwayo kuhambelana nezenzo ezithile ezijoliswe ekubekeni uxanduva kunye nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma yokupakisha.

Umzekelo, oomatshini bokubuyiswa kweebhotile zesiselo badume kakhulu kumazwe aseScandinavia, aziinkokeli Ukuphila okuluhlaza imizamo. Kutshanje, iCoca-Cola ibhengeze ukuba iyaqala ukunika iziselo zayo kwiibhotile ezineekepusi ezihlala zincanyathiselwe kwibhotile. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekongezeni ukwenziwa ngokutsha kweebhotile zeplastiki.

Umzekelo omkhulu a indlela enoxanduva kwiimveliso ezizithengisayo yinkampani yempahla yangaphandle iPatagonia. Abathengi bayo banokuthumela iimpahla zabo zePatagonia ezindala okanye ezonakalisiweyo kwinkampani ukuze zilungiswe. Ngale ndlela, injongo kukunciphisa ukuthengwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwempahla, enye ingxaki ebalulekileyo yendalo.

Amashishini anokufunda phi ngakumbi nge-EPR?

Isihloko sokuthotyelwa kwe-EPR sifuna ukucaciswa, kwaye kwi-intanethi, umntu unokubona ukuba abavelisi abaninzi badidekile malunga noko kufunwa kubo. Ngethamsanqa, kukho izibonelelo ezilungileyo ezibonelela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nayo yonke inkqubo.

Umntu unokufumana ulwazi olunjalo kumaphepha abasemagunyeni abajongene nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-EU. Phakathi kwazo kukho iKhomishini yaseYurophu kunye nabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo kumazwe angamalungu. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha ulwazi apho lunokungacaci kwaye lubangele ukubhideka.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umthombo olula ukuwudibanisa amaphepha engcaciso yeemarike kunye imibutho enxulumene nokuthotyelwa kwe-EPR kwi-EU-njengeePRO (iMibutho ejongene neMveliso).

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuthotyelwa kwe-EPR kubavelisi, ezifana nee-arhente zokubala. Bakwangumthombo wolwazi kunye nenye indlela enokubakho yabalimi abanqwenela ukuphepha ukujongana nalo mba weshishini labo.

Ukuqukumbela: UXanduva olongezelelweyo loMvelisi

Iingxelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngemeko yokusingqongileyo ziye zabangela ukuba ihlabathi liphinde licinge ngendlela elihlangabezana ngayo nendlela eliziphatha ngayo. Ukuhlangabezana neenjongo ezintsha, ezingqongqo, nezihamba ngokukhawuleza, imigaqo-nkqubo ebiqokelela uthuli amashumi eminyaka idlule kuhlaziyo olukhulu kunye nesakhelo esitsha. Kule meko, i-EU ithathe indlela yezoqoqosho ejikelezayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa kwesi sicwangciso ngumsebenzi onzima.

Elinye inyathelo eliza kuthathwa kukulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yehlabathi efana nemigaqo ye-EPR. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwawo onke amagunya oqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nokulungelelanisa ibala lokudlala ngokwenzuzo yokhuphiswano.