Isikhokelo kwii-Arhente zikaRhulumente zamaNtsebenziswano

Phambi kokungenisa nayiphi na imveliso kummandla wase-US, amashishini kufuneka azi ukuba ngawaphi amaziko karhulumente alawula ishishini lawo kwaye zeziphi iimfuno ezisebenzayo. Ngelixa kukho amaqela amaninzi abandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokungenisa elizweni, ii-Arhente zikaRhulumente zamaNtsebenziswano (PGAs) ngamaqumrhu karhulumente achaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhamba kwempahla kunye neenkonzo eMelika.

Ezi arhente zomdibaniso zinoxanduva lokukhupha iimvume, amaxwebhu, iilayisensi, kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko ukuze iimveliso zingene kummandla wase-US. Esi sithuba seblogi siya kuhamba ngeziseko zokuchonga nokuqonda iiPGAs kunye nendlela yokuthobela iimfuno zabo zokulawula ukuphepha izohlwayo ezingeyomfuneko kunye nokulibaziseka kokuthunyelwa. Ke ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, masiqalise!

Isiqulatho
Yintoni iarhente karhulumente esebenzisana nayo (PGA)?
Uluhlu lweePGAs ishishini ngalinye kufuneka lazi malunga
Indlela yokuthobela iimfuno zePGAs?
Ukuqonda imigaqo yePGAs yokungeniswa ngaphandle kwamagingxigingxi

Yintoni iarhente karhulumente esebenzisana nayo (PGA)?

Amaziko karhulumente angamahlakani (IiPGAs) yimibutho karhulumente esebenza ne-US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iimpahla ezingena kummandla wase-US zithobela imigaqo esebenzayo. Injongo ye-PGA kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu malunga nokutya, iziyobisi, izixhobo zonyango, izimonyo, i-pesticides, kunye nokunye-kwaye umsebenzi wabo ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ezi mveliso zihlangabezana neemfuno ze-federal ukuba zingeniswe e-United States.

Ezi arhente zaseburhulumenteni zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokungenisa impahla. Bamisela kwaye banyanzelise imigangatho yazo zonke iintlobo zeemveliso eziwela phantsi kolawulo lwabo. Oku kuquka uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri, iimfuno zokwamkelwa, iimfuno zokupakishwa kwezinto ezithile (umzekelo, ukutya kunye nolwelo), kunye nemithetho yokuleyibheli ukuze kuchongwe izithako okanye izinto ezimele zichaphazeleke xa kufanelekile.

IiPGAs ziyinxalenye yeBorder Interagency Executive Council (I-BIEC), eyibhodi yeengcebiso yesigqeba enxibelelanisa iinzame zolawulo phakathi kwee-arhente zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-CBP. I-BIEC ifuna ukwenza ukuthotyelwa kwezithethe Kungenzima kakhulu kubarhwebi, okubavumela ukuba bafumane kwaye bangenise amaxwebhu ngekhompyutha kuzo zonke ii-arhente ezahlukeneyo kwindawo enye.

Uluhlu lweePGAs ishishini ngalinye kufuneka lazi malunga

I-PGA inokuba yinxalenye yesebe likarhulumente wase-US, njengeSebe lezoRhwebo, okanye inokuba yi-arhente ezimeleyo enemithetho nemigaqo yayo. Nalu uluhlu lwee-arhente zamahlakani zikarhulumente wonke umntu ongenisa impahla ngaphandle kufuneka azi ngazo.

Amaziko karhulumente angamaqabane

ISebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zaBantu

ISebe lezeMpilo lase-US kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu (HHS) lisebe lase-US elijongene nokhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi base-US. I-HHS inezahlulo ezintathu ezinkulu: Ulawulo lokutya kunye neziyobisi (i-FDA), amaZiko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC), kunye neKhomishini yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi (CPSC).

ULawulo lokuTya iziyobisi (FDA)

The FDA unoxanduva lokukhusela impilo yoluntu ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya, iziyobisi, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezithambiso zikhuselekile kwaye ziyasebenza. Bavuma okanye bawagatya amachiza amatsha kunye nezixhobo zonyango, bavavanya ukusebenza kwabo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, bavuma amabango okulebhile kwiimveliso zokutya, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iindlela zokuvelisa zikhuselekile kwaye zicocekile.

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The CDC unoxanduva lokuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo, ukukhusela abantu kwiingozi zempilo, kunye nokubonelela ngobunkokeli kwimiba yempilo yoluntu nokhuseleko. Bazifeza ezi njongo ngokubeka esweni ukungeniswa kwezilwanyana, iintsalela zabantu, kunye nezilwanyana zebhayoloji ezinje ngeisampulu zegazi, ulwelo lomzimba kunye nezicubu.

IKomishini yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yabaThengi (i-CPSC)

The I-CPSC lilungu learhente karhulumente ekhusela uluntu kwiingozi ezingafanelekanga zokonzakala okanye zokufa ezinxulumene neemveliso zabathengi. I-CPSC isebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zikhuselekile kubathengi ngokunyanzelisa imigangatho yokhuseleko, ngokukhupha imveliso ekhumbuzayo, kunye nokubonelela ngeengcebiso nolwazi kubathengi.

ISebe lezoLimo

ISebe lezoLimo lase-US (USDA) inoxanduva lokuqinisekisa impilo yezilwanyana kunye nezityalo eUnited States, kunye nokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula ukungeniswa kwezilwanyana kunye nemveliso yezityalo, kubandakanya inyama, iinkukhu kunye neemveliso zobisi. I-USDA ifezekisa oku ngenkqubo yolawulo lolawulo olubandakanya ii-arhente ezintathu eziphambili zikarhulumente.

Inkonzo yoHlolo lweMpilo yeziLwanyana kunye neZityalo (APHIS)

APHIS isebenza ukuthintela ukungeniswa kwezitshabalalisi nezifo zangaphandle eUnited States ngokulawula ukungeniswa kokutya nemveliso yezolimo. Benza le ndima ngeenkonzo zokuhlola kumazibuko okungena eUnited States, ngokwenza uphando kuhlaselo olunokubakho okanye izifo, nokugcina inkqubo yokuhlola imveliso yezolimo evela kumazwe angaphandle.

Ukhuseleko lokutya kunye neNkonzo yoHlolo (FSIS)

I-FSIS unoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba inyama, inkukhu, kunye neemveliso zeqanda zikhuselekile, zilungile, kwaye zibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zipakishwe. Lo mbutho uhlola iindawo zokuxhela, iindawo ezilungisa izinto, kunye neendawo zokugcina ukutya okugcinwa kuzo okanye kusasazwa kuzo, nakwiindawo ezinqumla imida. I-FSIS ikwasebenzisana nezinye ii-arhente zikarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho yenyama kunye neemveliso zeenkukhu ziyahambelana kwihlabathi jikelele.

Inkonzo yezoLimo yaNgaphandle (FAS)

FAS inceda abathengisi bezolimo base-US baphumelele kwimarike yehlabathi ngokubonelela ngoncedo lobugcisa, ukwenza uphando lwemarike kunye nohlalutyo, ukubonelela ngeengcebiso zorhwebo kwiinkampani zase-US, kunye nokusebenza noorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle ukuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo enceda ezolimo zase-US kunye neemveliso zokutya.

KwiSebe lezoThutho

ISebe lezoThutho laseMelika (IDOT) inoxanduva lokongamela ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yezothutho yase-US, kubandakanywa ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya, oololiwe, oohola bendlela, kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke. I-DOT isebenza kunye nezinye ii-arhente ze-federal ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba ngokukhuselekileyo kwilizwe lonke. Elinye lamahlakani ayo aphambili luLawulo lweSizwe loKhuseleko lweNdlela eNdleleni (I-NHTSA).

Ulawulo loKhuseleko lweNdlela yeSizwe (NHTSA)

Injongo ye-NHTSA kukunciphisa ukufa, ukwenzakala, kunye nelahleko yezoqoqosho ngenxa yeengozi zemoto. Banoxanduva lokuseka iimfuno zokusebenza kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko ekufuneka zonke izithuthi ezithunyelwa eUnited States zihlangabezane nazo. Ezi ziquka izinto ezifana namabhanti ezihlalo, ii-airbags, kunye ukuba sengozini, kunye nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kunye neemfuno zoqoqosho lwamafutha. 

Isebe likaNondyebo

I-US Isebe likaNondyebo iqinisekisa uzinzo lwenkqubo yezemali yaseMelika ngokubonelela ngolongamelo kwinkqubo yebhanki, ukubeka esweni izoyikiso zoqoqosho kukhuseleko lwesizwe, nokulawula iimali zoluntu kunye nemithombo. Eyona PGA ingundoqo kwiSebe likaNondyebo liZiko leRhafu yoTywala neCuba kunye noRhwebo (TTB). 

IZiko leRhafu yoTywala neCuba kunye noRhwebo (TTB)

The I-TTB liqumrhu likarhulumente elisebenzisanayo elilawula zonke iziselo ezinxilisayo, iimveliso zecuba, kunye nemimoya exonxisiweyo eMelika. I-TTB ibeka iliso kwinkqubo yokungeniswa kwewayini kweli lizwe, iphande ngeziganeko zobuqhophololo okanye ubuqhophololo, kwaye ihlola amaziko avelisa isiselo esinxilisayo.

ISebe lezoRhwebo

ISebe lezoRhwebo lase-US (I-DoC) unoxanduva lokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezinceda amashishini ase-US ukuba abe nokukhuphisana kwihlabathi jikelele. Le migaqo-nkqubo iquka ukunceda iinkampani zasekhaya ukuba zivelise izinto ezintsha kwaye zithumele iimveliso zazo kwiimarike zangaphandle, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yorhwebo enobulungisa, nokongamela umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo wehlabathi. I-DOC yongamela ii-arhente ezininzi eziquka iNkonzo yeSizwe yokuLoba eLwandle (i-NMFS) kunye ne-Ofisi yeMibhalo neZinxibo (OTEXA).

INkonzo yeSizwe yokuLoba eLwandle (NMFS)

The NMFS yinxalenye yoLawulo lweSizwe loLwandlekazi kunye ne-Atmospheric (NOAA), ngenjongo yokukhusela nokugcina ubutyebi baselwandle. I-NMFS inoxanduva lokuphumeza imimiselo eyilelwe ukuthintela izifo nezifunxi-gazi ekungeneni kweli lizwe ngeemveliso zokutya kwaselwandle ezivela kumazwe angaphandle. I-arhente ikwalawula imisebenzi yokuloba kumanzi ommandla wase-US.

IOfisi yeMiqhaphu kunye neSinxibo (OTEXA)

OTEXA unikwe umsebenzi wokukhuthaza ushishino lwempahla olulukiweyo lwase-US kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano lwawo kwihlabathi jikelele. Bancedisa kwimiba eyahluka-hlukeneyo, ukusuka kuphuhliso lorhwebo kunye nokuxhotyiswa ngezakhono ukuya ekufikeleleni kwiimarike kunye nokukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo. Bakwanceda abathengisi bamashishini ukuba baqonde ukuba bangawangenisa njani amalaphu, ifayibha, izihlangu, kunye neempahla zokuhamba.

Ezinye ii-arhente ezifanelekileyo

Ziliqela ezinye ii-arhente ezibandakanyekayo ekulawuleni ukungenisa elizweni. Basebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwaye abakho kulo naliphi na isebe elithile lase-US, kodwa badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuphunyezwa.

IKomishini yoNxibelelwano ye-Federal (FCC)

The FCC ilawula ukungeniswa nokuthengiswa kwaso nasiphi na isixhobo esikhupha amaza erediyo, kubandakanywa ii-microwaves, iiselfowuni, iikhompyutha, kunye neeseti ze-TV. I-FCC iqinisekisa ukuba ezi zixhobo zihlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yokukhusela abathengi kwimitha eyingozi kunye nokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izixhobo zombane.

I-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kweNdalo (EPA)

The EPA inoxanduva lokulawula iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa ukubeka esweni umgangatho womoya, uvavanyo lomgangatho wamanzi, uvavanyo lokhuseleko lweekhemikhali, kunye nokunye. I-arhente yongamela zonke izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwenkunkuma enobungozi eMelika. Baphinde balawule izinto zekhemikhali ezifana ne-pesticides kunye ne-ozone-depleting substances.

Indlela yokuthobela iimfuno zePGAs?

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ishishini lithengisa ngehoseyile, lithenga kumazwe angaphandle, okanye lithumela ngaphandle, ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iimfuno zePGA ezisebenza kwiimveliso zabo kunokubanceda bonge ixesha, imali, kunye neentloko ezibuhlungu ezingeyomfuneko. Iinkampani ezininzi aziyiqondi imiphumo yokungaphumeleli ukuthobela iimfuno zePGA de kube kusemva kwexesha!

Umzekelo, ukuba inkampani yokutya ingenisa iqanda elimhlophe leqanda elinolwelo ukuvelisa amaqanda omisiwe kunye namaqanda aqandisiweyo, kunokufuneka ukuba bathobele imimiselo yamaziko amathathu karhulumente asebenzisanayo: uLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs, iNkonzo yoHlolo lweMpilo yeZilwanyana kunye neZityalo, kunye neNkonzo yoKhuseleko lokutya kunye noHlolo.

Njengoko i-CBP iyi-arhente yonyanzeliso yemigaqo esebenzayo yokungena esekwe ziiPGA ezahlukeneyo, ukusilela ukuthobela iimfuno zePGA kuya kukhokelela ekulibazisekeni kokukhutshwa kwempahla ephuma kumazwe angaphandle, ukuvalelwa kumazibuko okungena, okanye ukuthinjwa kweempahla ezisuka kwamanye amazwe. Amashishini anokufumana izohlwayo okanye iifayini ukuba abasemagunyeni bafumanisa ukuba uxwebhu aluchanekanga okanye aluphelelanga.

Xa ungaqinisekanga malunga nokuba yeyiphi iPGA ishishini liwela phantsi okanye indlela yokuthobela iimfuno zalo, kungcono ukudibana nomboneleli wenkonzo oyingcali njengomthengisi wempahla, owaziyo ukuba zeziphi iimfuno zokungena kufuneka zaneliswe, kubandakanywa nezo zichazwe yi-PGAs, ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaphepha agqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngokukhawuleza. I-US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) yenze izinto zalula kwiinkampani ngokuhlanganisa izikhokelo ezininzi ngokuthobela imigaqo yePGAs. Amashishini angaya nakwiiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni zearhente nganye ukufunda ngakumbi ngeemfuno zabo ezithile.

Ukuqonda imigaqo yePGA yokungeniswa ngaphandle kwamagingxigingxi

Ii-arhente zikarhulumente zamahlakani ngamaqumrhu alawulayo anefuthe elithe ngqo ekungenweni kwempahla eMelika. Ukuqonda imimiselo yabo kuya kunceda amashishini ukuba aphumelele ukukhutshwa kwezithethe kwaye aphephe izohlwayo okanye ukulibaziseka ekuhanjisweni. Qiniseka ukuba ujonge i-Chovm's iziko lebhlog ukuhlala uphezulu kwiintsingiselo zamva nje kulungiselelo kunye norhwebo.

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