Ungazikhetha njani ezona Jenereyitha zoMbane woMbane

Amandla ombane ngowona mthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo osetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela. Iijenereyitha zombane wamanzi zifumaneka ngokubanzi, kunye nezikhululo zombane ovelisa umbane ngamanzi, ezibekwe kumadama nasemadamini, ukuya kutsho kwezona zincinci zisetyenziselwa izicelo zasekhaya nezisemaphandleni. Eli nqaku libonelela ngesikhokelo ekukhetheni ezona genereyitha zombane wamanzi ezifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho.

Isiqulatho
Uqikelelo lwemarike yehlabathi yeejenereyitha zombane wamanzi
Intshayelelo kwiijenereyitha zombane wamanzi
Iindidi zee turbines zombane
Ukujongwa kuluhlu lweejenereyitha zombane wamanzi ezikhoyo
Iingcamango zokugqibela

Uqikelelo lwemarike yehlabathi yeejenereyitha zombane wamanzi

Imarike yehlabathi yeejenereyitha zombane wamanzi ikhula kakuhle ngesantya sokukhula esihlanganisiweyo sonyaka (CAGR) ye-6.8% kwisithuba seminyaka eyi-10 ukusuka ku-2022 ukuya ku-2032. Ngo-2022, ixabiso lemarike lali I-US $ 137.6 yezigidigidi, ukukhula ukuya I-US $ 264.41 yezigidigidi yi 2032.

Isabelo semarike sikhokelwa yi Iinkqubo ezinkulu ze-hydro-plant ezisisigxina kwi-63%, ngaphezulu iinkqubo ezincinci eziphathekayo kwi-37%, nangona iinkqubo ezincinci ziqikelelwa ukuba zikhule ngokukhawuleza kwi- I-CAGR ye-7.8%.

I-Asia Pacific ikhokela ukusetyenziswa kwangoku kunye nokukhula okuqikelelweyo kwemarike, kunye neTshayina imveliso enkulu yamandla ombane asekelwe kwidama. Iinkqubo ezincinci zifumana ukukhula kwihlabathi jikelele ngenxa yokwanda komdla kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Iinkqubo ezincinci zikhaphukhaphu kwaye kulula ukuzifaka kwiindawo ezinje ngeefama kunye neefama ezincinci ukongeza eminye imithombo yokuvelisa amandla.

Intshayelelo kwiijenereyitha zombane wamanzi

Impucuko isebenzise amandla amanzi ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2000. Kwixesha langoku, ngaphezulu kwe-70% yombane wehlabathi uveliswa ngamandla ombane, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba ube ngowona mthombo usetyenziswa ngokubanzi wamandla ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi liphela.

Iijenereyitha zombane wamanzi zisebenzisa amandla okuqukuqela kwamanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Oku bakwenza ngokugqithisa amanzi kwiincakuba zefeni yeinjini yomoya. Iincakuba zisebenza njenge-propeller ukujika ishafti yentsimbi, ethi emva koko ijike i-motor. Injini yenza amandla ombane. Ubungakanani beinjini yomoya kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi bumisela ubungakanani bombane owenziweyo.

Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuphunyezwa ngeendlela ezimbalwa zokuhamba ngokuthe ngqo:

• Amanzi akhululwa kumthombo ovalelweyo njengakwidama, okanye kumpompozo wendalo wengxangxasi okanye umlambo oqukuqelayo. Ngale ndlela, amandla omxhuzulane awona mandla aqhuba amanzi kwiinjini yomoya.
• Amanzi aphinda asiwe komnye umthombo, ukuze ahambe kwiinjini yomoya. Oku kudla ngokudalwa ngokuhambisa umzimba omkhulu wamanzi, njengomlambo, kwiijelo ezincinci kunye ezincinci kunye nemibhobho. Le nkqubo inokuvelisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokutyhala iincakuba zeinjini yomoya.
• Amanzi ampontshelwa phezulu ukuya kwindawo egciniweyo, efana nedama, ethi ke ikhuphe loo manzi ukuba ahambe ezantsi ngomxhuzulane ukuya kwiinjini yomoya. Le ndlela ifuna amandla okutyhala amanzi ukuya phezulu, ngoko ke isebenza kakhulu xa imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo isetyenziselwa ukwenza loo mandla.

Umzobo ongasentla ukusuka Inkampani yeTekhnoloji yaseChengdu Forster ibonisa umzekelo womzi-mveliso wamandla ombane osebenza ngamanzi obekwe kwindawo yokugcina amanzi, usebenzisa umxhuzulane wokuhamba kwamanzi kwi-injini yomzi-mveliso wamandla.

Ukusebenzisa amanzi asuka kwimithombo yendalo kwenza ijenereyitha yombane osebenza ngamanzi ibe ngamandla ahlaziyekayo, kodwa umthetho-siseko uyafana kumbane wefosili. Izikhululo zombane ezibaswa ngamalahle zisebenzisa amalahle ukufudumeza amanzi, ukwenza umphunga, othi unyanzeliswe kwi-injini yomoya.

Idama lemiwonyo emithathu, eligudla uMlambo iYangtze eTshayina sesona sikhululo sombane sikhulu ehlabathini, esinee turbines ezingama-32 x 700 Megawatt (Mw), kunye neejenereyitha ezimbini ezingakumbi ezingama-Mw ezingama-50 ezibonelela ngombane kwisikhululo sombane ngokwaso.

Iijenereyitha zombane wamanzi ezinomthamo ongaphantsi kwe-5 Kilowatts ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiifama, iindawo ezincinci, kunye namashishini amancinci, nakusetyenziso lwamandla angekho kwigridi okanye axutyiweyo. Kwijenereyitha ezi-5 zeeKilowatts nangaphezulu, isicelo singabandakanya ukunika amandla uluntu oluncinci, amashishini asemaphandleni kunye neemfuno ezinkulu zezolimo.

Iindidi zee turbines zombane

Iiinjini zombane wamanzi zivelisa amandla azo ngokudityaniswa koxinzelelo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi. Uxinzelelo, okanye amandla amanzi, amiselwa ukusuka kumphakamo womthombo wamanzi, abizwa ngokuba 'yintloko'. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kokubini umthamo kunye nesantya samanzi

Kukho iindidi ngeendidi zee turbines, ezilungele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba kwentloko kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi. Ezona ndidi zimbini zingundoqo kukusabela, kunye nempembelelo.

Iiinjini zokusabela iincakuba zabo zomoya womoya zibekwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kokuhamba kwamanzi kwaye zijikwe njengoko amanzi ebaleka phezu kweencakuba, nawo onke amaphiko adityaniswe nokuhamba kwamanzi. Iindidi zamaphiko eijini ezisetyenziswayo ziquka ipropeller (njengepropeller yesikhephe), iKaplan (iincakuba ezilungisekayo), ikinetic (ethe ngqo ukusuka ekuhambeni), kunye Francis turbine (njengama blades kwi-injini yejethi). Uhlobo lwe-turbine blade lukhethwa ngokusekelwe kwintloko kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi, kwaye nganye inenzuzo yayo. Uninzi lweeinjini zokusabela zisetyenziselwa intloko esezantsi kunye nokuhamba okuphezulu, nangona ii-turbines zeKaplan nazo zifanelekile kwintloko ephezulu.

Iiinjini ze-Impulse ukuvelisa amandla abo ukusuka kumpompozo wamanzi, ukuhambisa ivili (imbaleki). Ngee turbines ze-Pelton impulse, kuphela inxalenye yembaleki edibana nokuhamba kwamanzi (khawube nomfanekiso wevili lamanzi kwindawo yokusila). Njengoko i-flow ijika umgijimi, i-blade entsha nganye ingena ekuhambeni kwaye intshukumo iyaqhubeka. Iiinjini zePelton zisebenza kakuhle kwintloko ephezulu kunye nokuhamba okuphantsi. Iiinjini zokuqukuqela ezinqumlayo zivumela ukuqukuqela kwindawo ebanzi yevili leinjini yomoya, zibamba ukuqukuqela kokuphuma nokuphumayo. Ezi zisebenza kakuhle ukuhamba okuphezulu kakhulu kunye namanzi entloko ephantsi.

Ukujongwa kuluhlu lweejenereyitha zombane wamanzi ezikhoyo

Izikhululo zombane ezikhulu zamanzi kwihlabathi liphela zidla ngokubekwa kwimilambo emikhulu nakwimithombo yamanzi, enejenereyitha ezinkulu ngokuhambelanayo, ezakhiwe ngokukhethekileyo, ezikwazi ukuvelisa umbane ozimegawathi ezingama-500 nangaphezulu. Kwizicelo ezincinci, ezifana nokuveliswa kwamandla emaphandleni, ngaphandle kwegridi yezolimo kunye neenkqubo zoshishino, iijeneretha ezinkulu ziyafumaneka ukuze ziodolwe kwi-intanethi.

Eli candelo lijonga okukhethiweyo kuluhlu olubanzi lweejenereyitha zombane wamanzi ezinokufunyanwa 'ngaphandle kweshelufu' kwaye licebisa ezinye zezicelo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe.

Iijenereyitha ezinkulu

Apho amandla okuvelisa angaphezulu kwe-1 Megawatt (1000 Kilowatts), isixa samandla esiveliswayo singaphezulu kweemfuno eziqhelekileyo zefama encinane okanye ikhaya, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwazo kufaneleke ngakumbi kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso nakuluntu lwasemaphandleni kubonelelo lombane lwegridi okanye oluvaliweyo. Ezo zixhobo zikhulu zokuvelisa umbane wamanzi zinokubekwa kufutshane okanye kumthombo wamanzi okufutshane, njengomlambo, ichibi okanye ichibi elincinane. Amanzi anokubonelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngumxhuzulane, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba ampontshwe okanye akhonjwe ngokutsha ukusuka kumthombo okufutshane.

Iijeneretha ezinobungakanani obuncinci

Ngaphantsi kwe-1 Megawatt umthamo, iijenereyitha zombane ezincinci zamanzi ezinokuvelisa phakathi kwe-5 kunye nama-500 eKilowatts nangaphezulu, zilungele kakhulu iifama ezincinci kunye nezindlu ezinkulu ngaphandle kwegridi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba zibekwe yimilambo emincinci kunye nemisinga emikhulu apho ukuhamba kwamanzi kuhambelanayo ukugcina ukuveliswa kwamandla kuthembekile.

Iijenereyitha zeMicro Hydroelectric

Ngaphantsi kwe-5 Kilowatts umthamo, micro hydroelectric generators zincinci kakhulu, ziphathwa kwaye kulula ukuzifaka kwi-grid yamakhaya kunye needolophana, iifama ezincinci zasemaphandleni kunye nemizi-mveliso ye-cottage. Zinokufakwa kwimijelo, kunye nokuhamba okuhamba ngokulula kwimibhobho enikezelweyo.

Iimodeli zemfundo

Kukho inani leemodeli zemiboniso yeejenereyitha zombane wamanzi ezifumaneka kwi-intanethi. Ezi ziyilelwe ukusetyenziswa kumagumbi okufundela ezenzululwazi ukufundisa abafundi besayensi malunga nendlela umbane osebenza ngamanzi.

Iingcamango zokugqibela

Iijenereyitha zombane wamanzi zisebenzisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokuthe ngcembe ukuvelisa umbane. Zingahluka ngokomlinganiselo ukusuka kumaziko ombane okuvelisa umbane amaninzi anokuvelisa ngaphezu kwe-20,000 Megawatts ukuya kwiikiti ezincinci zasekhaya ezinokuvelisa ngaphezu kweKilowatt enye. Iijenereyitha ezinkulu zibonelela iimfuno zamazwe anokusebenzisa umbane omkhulu. Iijenereyitha ezincinci ziya zithandwa ngakumbi kwiimfuno zamandla angekho kwigridi, ukuveliswa kwamandla amancinci emaphandleni kunye nabo banomdla kumandla ahlaziyekayo.

Ekukhetheni ijenereyitha yombane wamanzi echanekileyo, umthengi uya kuba sele ecacile kwisicelo esinokwenzeka, nokuba yindawo yokugcina amanzi okanye indawo enkulu yamanzi esekelwe, okanye ibekwe kumlambo omncinci wasemaphandleni. I-Siting kunye namandla ajoliswe kuyo yizona ingqwalasela eziphambili, kunye nesigqibo sesibini malunga nohlobo lwe-turbine olufanelekileyo ngokufanelekileyo kuxinzelelo lwamanzi (intloko) kunye nokuhamba.

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