Ngolwazi lwehlabathi jikelele ngempembelelo yokupakishwa kokusingqongileyo ikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, ii-arhente zoluntu nezabucala kwihlabathi jikelele zithathe amanyathelo amaninzi ukunqanda lo mkhwa. Umyalelo osanda kuqiniswa wokuPakisha nokuPakisha uLawulo lweNkunkuma (PPWR) ocetywe yiKomishoni yaseYurophu (EC) ume njengomzekelo obalaseleyo wezi nzame zokuqalisa.
Funda ukuze ufumanise ukuba zeziphi na uhlaziyo lwamva nje nolubalulekileyo lwe-PPWR, kwaye ufumanise iimpembelelo zayo ezintathu eziphezulu ezinokubakho kwishishini lokupakisha.
Isiqulatho
Isishwankathelo sohlaziyo lwamva nje lwePPWR
Impembelelo enokubakho yolawulo lwamva nje lwePPWR
Ukungena kwixesha elitsha lokupakisha
Isishwankathelo sohlaziyo lwamva nje lwePPWR
1994 kuphawulwe ukuzalwa kwe-PPWR kwi-European Union (EU), njengomyalelo ojoliswe ekulawuleni nasekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokupakishwa kunye nenkunkuma kwi-EU yonke. NgoNovemba ka-2022, iye yahlaziywa kakhulu ukujongana nemfuno engxamisekileyo yokulungelelanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo kumazwe angamalungu e-EU. Olu hlaziyo lufuna ukukhuthaza ukujikeleza kunye nokupakishwa kwe-eco-friendly, kugxininise kumjikelo wobomi bonke wokupakisha ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokuphucula ukusebenziseka kwakhona.
Ummiselo uqhubekile nokuvela kulo lonke i-2023 kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu isanda kwamkela isikhundla sayo kwi-PPWR ngoDisemba 2023, inyathelo elibalulekileyo elifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwePalamente yaseYurophu, iBhunga, kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu ngaphambi kokugqitywa kunye nokwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni. I-PPWR yamva nje ibone uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo olujolise ekunciphiseni inkunkuma yokupakisha kunye nokuqinisa amanyathelo okhuseleko, kubandakanya nokumisela iithagethi ezinqwenelekayo zokunciphisa ukupakishwa kweplastiki (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20% ngo-2040) kunye nenkunkuma yokupakisha ngokubanzi.
Okudityanisiweyo kolu hlaziyo lwamva nje lubophelela iinjongo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nezithintelo kwiifomathi zokupakisha ezisetyenziswa kanye, ukuze kukhuthazwe imigangatho ephezulu ekuqokeleleni, ekuhleleni nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha. Ukongeza, intsimi yokupakishwa kokutya ijongene nokujongwa ngokungqongqo ngakumbi ngesithintelo esicetywayo 'kwimichiza yanaphakade' njengePFAs kunye neBisphenol A (BPA) ekupakishweni kokutya.
Phambi kokupakishwa okunokurisayiklishwa nokunokuphinda kusetyenziswe, izigunyaziso ezintsha nezinto ekujoliswe kuzo ziye zaziswa, ezijolise kugutyulo olubanzi kuzo zonke izinto zokupakisha kunye nenkunkuma. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukumisela i-90% ejoliswe ekuqokeleleni okwahlukileyo kuzo zonke izinto zokupakisha ngo-2029 kunye nokwazisa umthetho wesibini onyanzelisa iindlela ezingqongqo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kuzo zonke iipakethe.
Ngohlaziyo lwayo olubalulekileyo kunye neendlela ezinobundlobongela ngakumbi, i-PPWR yamva nje iye yavusa iingxoxo kunye neengxoxo kushishino lokupakisha kunye naphakathi kwabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Ezi ngxoxo ziqaqambisa imingeni kunye namathuba avezwa linyathelo elisingise kuqoqosho oluzinzileyo nolujikelezayo ekupakisheni.
Impembelelo enokubakho yolawulo lwamva nje lwePPWR
Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto zokupakisha zeplastiki
Ngolungiselelo lwamva nje lommiselo lwePPWR iithagethi zokunciphisa kakhulu ukupakishwa kweplastiki — kujongwe ukucutha nge-10% ngo-2030, nge-15% ngo-2035, kunye ne-20% ngo-2040 - kucacile ukuba ezinye iindlela zokupakishwa zeplastiki ziya kubaluleka kakhulu kwiminyaka ezayo ukuze zihlale zihambelana nalo mmiselo.
Iindidi ezithile zezinye iindlela, ngokwemvelo, zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiintlobo ezidumileyo zokupakishwa kweplastiki ezifuna ukutshintshwa. Iingxowa zeplastiki kunye neebhotile, umzekelo, zixhaphake kakhulu kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kangangokuba izibalo zabo zokusetyenziswa ezimangalisayo zigxininisa ukungxamiseka kwezinto ezithatha indawo ezizinzileyo. Ngo-2024, umhlaba uqikelelwa ukuba uza kusebenzisa iyonke 5 yeetriliyoni zeengxowa zeplastiki, ilingana neengxowa ezimalunga ne-9.5 yezigidi ngomzuzu ngamnye!
La manani abalaselisa imfuneko ebalulekileyo yenyathelo elikhawulezileyo ekutshintsheni iingxowa zeplastiki ngeendlela ezinokuthi zivumelane nokusingqongileyo njenge Iingxowa zephepha zeKraft, ezingaziwa nje kuphela ngokomelela kwazo kodwa zibonelela ngobuhle bendalo obunomtsalane. Ukongeza, iingxowa zephepha lewax zixatyiswe kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zazo zokunganyangeki kwamanzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekulawuleni izinto ezinamafutha okanye ezifumileyo, nto leyo ezenza zibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ezinxulumene nokutya.
Ngapha koko, umkhwa wokusebenzisa iingxowa zephepha njengenye indlela kwiingxowa zeplastiki ufumene amandla kule minyaka yamva nje, ngakumbi kuyilo oluphezulu kunye namacandelo okuthengisa obutofotofo. Iingxowa zephepha ezigqunywe ehlala ebonisa ukugqitywa kwe-glossy okanye matte, umzekelo, ibe yinto esisiseko kwiindawo zokuthengisa eziphezulu. Iingxowa zephepha ze-Euro, njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, lolunye ukhetho olukhethwayo uninzi lweemveliso ezitofotofo kunye nezidumileyo. Ezi ngxowa zidla ngokuza nezibambo ezintle ezenziwe ngentambo okanye iribhoni kwaye zenzelwe iprimiyamu, umfanekiso owomeleleyo, osebenza njengesisombululo esintsonkothileyo sokupakishwa kweempawu eziphezulu.
Ukongeza kwiingxowa zephepha, ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo kwiingxowa zeplastiki ziquka iingxowa zomqhaphu, iingxowa ngelaphu, yaye iingxowa zejuti, ebandakanya iintlobo ezilukiweyo nezingalukwanga. Ngelixa ezi zixhobo zihlala zineendleko eziphezulu zokuqala, zibonelela ngexabiso lexesha elide ngenxa yokuqina kwazo okuphuculweyo kunye noyilo lokusetyenziswa ixesha elide. Lilonke, olu khetho lwe-eco-conscious alunikezeli kuphela isisombululo esizinzileyo kodwa lubonelela kuluhlu lwezicelo.
Ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo ekupakishweni kokutya
Uhlaziyo lwe-PPWR oluvala ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-per- kunye ne-polyfluorinated alkyl substances. (PFAS) kunye neBisphenol A (BPA) ukusuka kwipakethe yokunxibelelana nokutya zihambelana neenkxalabo ezikhoyo malunga nokupakishwa komgangatho wokutya. Ngokwenyani, iPFAS, eyaziwa ngokuba 'ziikhemikhali zanaphakade' ngenxa yokuzingisa kwazo ixesha elide kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuchasana nokonakala kwendalo, kudala zibonwa njengeyingozi kakhulu ziinkampani ezininzi ezipakisha ukutya.
Kwangaxeshanye, i-BPA, edume ngokuba nethuba eliphezulu lokufuduka isuka kwipakethe iye kukutya nakwiziselo, iphantsi kothintelo olubanzi kwizicelo ezithile, ezinje ngeebhotile zeentsana, kwaye ithintelwe ngokupheleleyo kumazwe anje ngeFransi kuko konke ukupakishwa kokutya.
I-PPWR ekugxilwe kuyo ekupheliseni ezi zinto ziyingozi kwipakethe yebakala lokutya, ngelixa ilindelweyo, isakulungele ukuchaphazela kakhulu ukhuseleko lokutya. Oku kuvalwa kweYurophu ngokubanzi komeleza indlela ekhulayo eya Ukupakishwa kwasimahla kwe-BPA yokutya, esele ixhaphakile kwimarike.
Nangona kubalulekile kwizenzo ezinempilo, inguqu eya kwi-BPA-free kunye Ukupakishwa kwasimahla kwePFAS kokutya kunokukhokelela kwiindleko ezongezelelekileyo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezinto zendalo ezifana ne-bamboo okanye i-pulp yommoba, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso ongezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ixesha liqhubela phambili, iindleko zokuqala eziphakamileyo zeendlela ezilungele i-eco-friendly zinokuthi zehle ngenxa yokunyuka kwemfuno kunye nokuqhubela phambili kubuchule bokuvelisa obuhlisa iindleko.
Oku kuncitshiswa kweendleko kunokwenza ukuba olu khetho lugcinekayo lufikeleleke ngokubanzi, lunokuba nokulinganisa ukonyuka kokuqala kokupakishwa kokutya kunye neendleko zokuhanjiswa.
Utshintsho oluguquguqukayo kwipakethe yokusetyenziswa kunye kunye nokulahla ukupakisha
Isindululo samva nje se-PPWR sibeke iithagethi ezinqwenelekayo zokunciphisa ukupakishwa kokusetyenziswa kanye, ecaleni kweenjongo zokuphinda zisebenzise. Eso sindululo siphinda siqaqambise indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yiPPWR ekuguquleleni kwiindlela zokupakisha ezizinzileyo kunye nokubeka impembelelo enkulu ekupakisheni ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma.
Ukugxininisa ukuqokelelwa komgangatho ophezulu, ukuhlenga, kunye neenkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe, i-PPWR ecetywayo ijolise ekufezekiseni i-90% ejoliswe ekuqokeleleni okwahlukileyo kuzo zonke izinto zokupakisha ngo-2029, ngaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ukususela ngoku. Oku kuguqulela ngokwesiseko inqobo engqongqo yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kuzo zonke iindlela zokupakisha, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba yonke into icutshungulwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe okanye isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Ngokuphathelele ukupakishwa kokusetyenziswa kanye, iibhotile zeplastiki ziyinkxalabo ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kweengxowa zeplastiki ngokujonga amazinga aphezulu okusebenzisa. Iingxelo ezininzi zamva nje zibonisa ukuba phezu 1 million iibhotile zeplastiki idliwe ngomzuzu ngamnye kwihlabathi jikelele, igxininisa imfuneko ebalulekileyo yezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe iingxowa ezisetyenzisiweyo, iibhotile ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, yaye biodegradable imathiriyeli ibalulekile ukuba ihambelane neenjongo zesindululo sePPWR.
Ngokubanzi, njengoko kubonisiwe yimifanekiso engentla kunye nale ilandelayo ingezantsi, iibhotile ezenziwe nge-100% compostable, iingxowa biodegradable okanye nayiphi na ukupakishwa kwe-biodegradable zisebenza njengezinye iindlela ezilungelelaniswe nokujoliswe kuko kokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-PPWR kwaye zikwanegalelo kumzamo obanzi wokunciphisa impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kopakisho olunye kwiplanethi yethu.
Ukungena kwixesha elitsha lokupakisha
Uhlaziyo lwe-PPWR luka-2023 luphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimigangatho yokupakisha kunye nezenzo, hayi kumazwe aseYurophu kuphela kodwa nakubani na othumela iimpahla ngokupakishwa kwindawo ye-EU. Olu hlaziyo lwamva nje lumisela iithagethi ezingqongqo zokunciphisa ukupakishwa kweplastiki, kunyanzeliswa iindlela ezingqongqo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe. ukupakisha, kwaye igxininisa ukupheliswa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi ekupakisheni kokutya. Ijonge i-90% ekujoliswe kuyo ekuqokeleleni okwahlukileyo kuzo zonke izixhobo ngo-2029, olu hlaziyo luzisa ixesha loguqulo ekupakisheni.
Olu tshintsho kumthetho lukulungele ukuba nefuthe elimandla kwishishini lokupakisha, liqhubela kude kwipakethe yeplastiki ngakumbi iingxowa zeplastiki, kukhethwe ezinye izinto ezifana nephepha kunye neengxowa zomqhaphu. Ukwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo kwe-BPA-free kunye ne-PFAS-simahla yokupakishwa kokutya, nangona kunokuba neendleko ezingaphezulu, ihambelana nendlela yokuqonda impilo ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ummiselo ukhuthaza ukupakishwa kokucuthwa kwenkunkuma, ngakumbi ezo zisekwipakethe yokusetyenziswa kanye, kugxininiswa ngakumbi ekuhlaziyweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwemathiriyeli. Utshintsho olunjalo olusingise kuzinzo ngokwenene luzisa ixesha elitsha lokupakisha apho amashishini kunye nabathengisi bevenkile kufuneka bafunde ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokwamkela.
Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela olu phuhliso luyilungisa ngayo ishishini lokupakisha, ndwendwela UChovm uyafunda ukuhlala unolwazi ngezimvo zamva nje, iintsingiselo zeshishini, kunye nohlaziyo lweshishini kweli candelo livela ngokukhawuleza.
