Ngaba iHydrogen Ngamandla acocekileyo ekamva?

IHydrogen yenye indlela ecocekileyo kumafutha efosili kuba ayikhuphi zigesi zegreenhouse okanye izinto ezingcolisa umzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvelisa i-hydrogen ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kunye nokuyisebenzisa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ngumsebenzi omde kunye nocelomngeni. Skrolela ezantsi ukuze ufunde malunga nentengiso yamandla e-hydrogen, usetyenziso lwayo olwahlukeneyo, kunye noqikelelo lwexesha elizayo.

Isiqulatho
Imarike yokuvelisa i-hydrogen yehlabathi
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen
Ikamva le-hydrogen

Imarike yokuvelisa i-hydrogen yehlabathi

Yehlabathi hydrogen Imarike yokuvelisa kulindeleke ukuba ikhule kwi-CAGR ye 10.5% ukuya kwi-USD 263.5 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2027. Ukwanda kwemfuno ye-hydrogen yeeseli zamafutha kwizithuthi zombane kunye neerokethi kwishishini le-aerospace liqhubela phambili imarike.

Ngaphaya koko, imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho apho amazwe athembisa ukuphumeza i-decarbonization yehlabathi ngo-2050 ikhulise ukukhula kwemarike. Ngo-2020, i-European Union yaseka into eyodwa hydrogen umgaqo-nkqubo oxhasa amanyathelo okuvelisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza.

IAsia Pacific iqikelelwa ukuba yeyona ntengiso inkulu hydrogen isizukulwana ngo-2022, kunye ne-China ebalelwa esona sabelo sikhulu. I-Siemens Energy (eJamani), i-ENGIE (eFransi), kunye ne-Linde plc (e-Ireland) ngabona badlali baphambili behlabathi kwesi sithuba.

Eli nqaku libandakanya yonke into abatyali-mali ekufuneka bayazi malunga ne-hydrogen njengomthombo wamandla, usetyenziso, kunye nekamva layo.

Yintoni ihydrogen?

I-Hydrogen yigesi evela ngokwendalo kwaye yenye yezona zinto zininzi zekhemikhali, ezibalelwa kuma-75% obunzima bendalo iphela. Yenye indlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo kwimethane. Amanzi, izilwanyana, izityalo, nabantu zonke ziqulathe hydrogen iiathom. Nangona ifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, i-hydrogen njengegesi inqongophele kakhulu.

Hydrogen inokuveliswa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa amandla enyukliya, igesi yendalo, igesi yendalo, kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo afana nelanga nomoya. Kodwa owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengerhasi ngomyinge omkhulu ukutshisa amashishini.

Kutheni ihydrogen igqalwa njengeyimfuneko kwikamva?

Kangangeminyaka emininzi, irhasi yendalo yayisetyenziselwa ukutshisa ubushushu nombane ezindlwini nakumashishini. E-US, 47% zezindlu zixhomekeke kwigesi yendalo kunye ne-36% kumbane, ngelixa i-85% yamakhaya e-UK ixhomekeke kwigesi.

I-Methane yeyona nto iphambili kwirhasi yendalo evela kwiindawo zeoyile nerhasi. Imizi-mveliso iqhubekile nokusebenzisa irhasi yendalo kuba ifumaneka lula, iyonga imali, kwaye yenye enye indawo ecocekileyo endaweni yamalahle, awona mafutha efosili amdaka amazwe amaninzi ebethembele kuwo ngokwembali ekufudumezeni nasekuveliseni umbane.

Xa igesi yendalo itshiswa, ivelisa amandla axabisekileyo; nangona kunjalo, ikhuphela ikharbon diokside kwiatmosfera, ibe negalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-hydrogen ikhupha kuphela umphunga wamanzi njengemveliso ephumayo.

I-hydrogen eluhlaza yahluke njani kwi-hydrogen engwevu nebhlowu?

I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iveliswa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezingahlaziyekiyo ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo luhlaziyo lwe-steam methane, evelisa isambuku se-hydrogen kunye ne-akhawunti yemveliso emininzi yehlabathi. I-reformer isetyenziswe kule ndlela ukuphendula umphunga kumaqondo aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo kunye ne-methane kunye ne-nickel catalyst.

Indlela yesibini kukutshintsha kwe-auto-thermal, apho ioksijini, ikharbon diokside, okanye umphunga udibana nemethane ukuvelisa ihydrogen. Ukungalungi kwezi ndlela zimbini kukuba zinekhabhoni njenge-byproduct, zidinga ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa komgibe kunye nokugcina le carbon.

Kungenjalo, i-hydrogen eluhlaza inokuveliswa ngokusebenzisa umbane ukunika amandla i-electrolyzer, eyahlula i-hydrogen kwiimolekyuli zamanzi. Oku kubangela i-hydrogen ecocekileyo kwaye ayikhuphi nayiphi na imveliso. Inzuzo eyongezelelweyo yokusebenzisa umbane kukuba ivumela ukuphambukisa umbane ogqithisileyo kwi-electrolysis, ngoko isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen enokugcinwa kwiimfuno zamandla ezizayo.

Okokugqibela, i-hydrogen engwevu iveliswa kumafutha efosili, inexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukwenza izichumisi. Ngelishwa, kwi-1 kg ye-hydrogen engwevu eveliswayo, i-10kg ye-carbon dioxide ikhutshelwa emoyeni. Ngenxa yoko, ithathwa njengeyona ndlela incinci yokuhlaziya i-hydrogen.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen

Hydrogen inezicelo ezahlukeneyo kwaye isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino. EUnited States, phantse yonke ihydrogen isetyenziselwa ukucokisa i-petroleum, ukulungisa ukutya, ukuvelisa isichumiso, kunye nokunyanga isinyithi. Iindawo zokuhluza i-petroleum kweli lizwe zisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukunciphisa umthamo wesulfure kumafutha.

Isetyenziselwa ukuhlola indawo ngaphandle

I-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) isebenzisa i-hydrogen njenge-rocket fuel ukususela ngo-1950. I-NASA yaba yeyokuqala ukunika amandla kwiinkqubo zombane kwiziphekepheke ngeeseli ze-hydrogen.

Iiseli ze-hydrogen fuel zivelisa umbane

Ngokudibanisa ioksijini kunye neeathom zehydrogen, hydrogen iiseli zamafutha zivelisa umbane. Njengebhetri, ihydrogen idibana neoksijini kwiseli ye-electrochemical ukuvelisa umbane. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeseli zamafutha ezifumanekayo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

Iiseli zepetroli ezincinci zinokusebenzisa iiselfowuni kunye neekhompyuter. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiseli ezinkulu zepetroli ziyakwazi ukunika amandla iigridi zombane, zinike amandla kaxakeka kwizakhiwo, kwaye zibonelele ngombane kwiindawo ezingaqhagamshelwanga kwiigridi zamandla.

Ukusukela ngo-2021, bekukho malunga ne-166 esebenzayo yeeseli zamandla okuvelisa amandla ombane kwiindawo ezili-113 eMelika, ezinomthamo omalunga nama-260 eemegawathi (MW). Ngokumalunga ne-16 MW yomthamo wokuvelisa, iBridgeport (Connecticut) Fuel Cell yeyona ndawo inkulu yokuvelisa iseli enye.

Elona ziko lilandelayo likhulu, i-Red Lion Energy Centre eDelaware, linomthamo wokuvelisa umbane oyi-6 MW. Phantse zonke ezi seli zisebenza ngamafutha zisebenzisa imibhobho yerhasi yendalo njengomthombo wehydrogen, ngelixa ezinye zisebenzisa irhasi yokulahla inkunkuma kunye negesi yendalo.

Isetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla

Kukho umdla okhulayo ekusebenziseni hydrogen kumaziko ombane eMelika. Imizi-mveliso emininzi yamandla ibhengeze umnqweno wabo wokusebenza kumxube werhasi yendalo ye-hydrogen kwiiinjini zokutsha zegesi. Umzekelo, indawo ye-485 MW Long Ridge Energy Generation e-Ohio, ene-gas-fire combustion turbine ehamba kwi-95% yegesi yendalo / i-5% ye-hydrogen fuel blend, iceba ukusebenzisa i-100% ye-hydrogen eluhlaza eveliswa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezivuselelekayo.

Omnye umzekelo yi-Arhente ye-Intermountain Power Agency e-Utah, eceba ukuguqula indawo yombane ekhoyo ngamalahle ibe yindawo edibeneyo yokusetyenziswa kwegesi eya kuqala kusebenzisa i-30% ye-hydrogen kwaye ekugqibeleni isebenzise i-100% ye-hydrogen eluhlaza.

Isetyenziswa kwizithuthi

Phantsi koMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo wezaMandla ka-1992, hydrogen ithathwa njengenye indawo kumafutha ezithuthi. Kukho umdla okhulayo kwi-hydrogen kuba iyakwazi ukunika amandla iiseli ze-fuel kwizithuthi ezikhupha i-zero-emission, inamandla okusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iqhayisa amandla athembisayo kwimveliso yasekhaya.

I-fuel cell inokusebenza ngokuphindwe kabini ukuya kwe-2 kuneenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi eziqhutywa ngamafutha efosili. IHydrojeni isenokusetyenziselwa ukwenza amafutha kwiinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, kodwa ikhupha initrogen oxide.

Iinqwelo ze-Hydrogen-fueled zincinci namhlanje ngenxa iiseli zamafutha ziyabiza, kwaye kukho inani eliqingqiweyo lezikhululo zamafutha e-hydrogen. Zimalunga nama-48 izikhululo zehydrogen ezifumanekayo eUnited States, kwaye phantse zonke ziseKhalifoniya.

Amazwe atshintshela kuqoqosho lwe-hydrogen eluhlaza

Ostreliya: Ngaphandle kobukho obungahoywanga kwiimarike ze-hydrogen eziluhlaza, i-Australia isebenzisana nemibutho eyahlukeneyo ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zelanga kunye nomoya okhuthaza ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen ehlaziyiweyo.

Khanada: I-Canada ine-hydrogen kunye ne-fuel-cell segment ekhulayo ngenxa yentsebenziswano kunye notyalo-mali oluvela kumacandelo abucala kunye noluntu. Abadlali behlabathi kweli candelo, njengeBallard Power Systems kunye neHydrogenics, nabo baseCanada.

iTshayina: Izithuthi ze-Hydrogen azihlawuliswa rhafu kweli lizwe, kwaye i-hydrogen ijongwa njengendlela yokuthutha i-decarbonizing. Ngaphaya koko, i-Wuhan ithathwa njengesixeko se-hydrogen njengoko iceba ukuvula ubuncinci i-100 ye-fuel. izikhululo zezithuthi ze-fuel-cell yi 2025.

Japhan: IJapan yinkokeli yehlabathi ekwenziweni kweeseli zamafutha e-hydrogen enkosi kubavelisi beemoto iToyota kunye neHonda. Isizwe sikwanqwenela ukutshintsha ukusuka kwirhasi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo iye kwihydrogen eluhlaza.

Ikamva le-hydrogen

Imfuno yeHydrojeni

Ngexesha elifutshane, hydrogen iya kusetyenziswa kumacandelo anoxinzelelo loluntu lokukhupha ikhabhoni. Iinkampani zempahla yabathengi kwi-EU zinomdla ngakumbi kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

I-Hydrogen kulindeleke ukuba ikhuphe ukutya kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokuveliswa kombane kungekudala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuveliswa kwe-ammonia kunye ne-synthetic hydrocarbon fuels ephuma kwi-hydrogen iya kuvumela ukuchithwa kwe-decarbonization yamacandelo anzima kakhulu, njenge-aviation.

Ukubonelela ngeHydrojeni

Ukusetyenziswa hydrogen iya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi ukuba ixabiso le-hydrogen eluhlaza liwa kakhulu. I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iya kusetyenziselwa ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ukuba amaxabiso aphezulu kwixesha elifutshane.

Ukuhanjiswa kweHydrojeni

Inkqubo yokusabalalisa esebenzayo iya kubakho ukubonelela nge-hydrogen, kubandakanywa umbhobho odibeneyo kunye neenqanawa kunye neelori. Kuba ozinikeleyo hydrogen uthungelwano aluyi kusasazwa ngokubanzi njengothungelwano lwegesi yendalo yangoku, ukuhanjiswa kwe-hydrogen ngeelori kuya kuba yimfuneko. Ukungenisa impahla kumazwe angaphandle ngemibhobho kunye neenqanawa kuya kubaluleka ekuhlangabezaneni nemfuno yangaphakathi.

Ukunikezelwa kweendleko zothutho eziphezulu, i-hydrogen yasekhaya eveliswa kumbane ohlaziyekayo ngexabiso eliphantsi iya kuhlala ikhuphisana ne-hydrogen ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Njengoko imfuno yehydrogen ikhula, imveliso esembindini ngesakhiwo sombhobho ukuya kwindawo yokugcina enkulu iya kuba nomtsalane ngakumbi.

Imbono yomgaqo-nkqubo

IYurophu kusenokwenzeka ukuba iqhube ishishini le-hydrogen, ivula amathuba amatsha kweminye imimandla, njengokuvelisa ii-electrolyzers kunye neeseli zepetroli e-Asiya kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle izixhobo ezivuselelekayo ukusuka kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Merika.

Iindleko ze-electrolyzers kunye neeseli ze-fuel kufuneka zincitshiswe kwi-short-term hydrogen supply. Nangona kunjalo, i-hydrogen iya kuhlala ibiza kakhulu kunamafutha e-fossil, ifuna inkuthazo yomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba ikhuphisane.