Nangona ixabiso lebhetri ye-lithium ion liwa kwakhona, inzala kwi-sodium ion (Na-ion) yokugcina amandla ayizange iphele. Ngokunyuka kwehlabathi jikelele komthamo wokwenziwa kweeseli oqhubekayo, akukacaci ukuba obu buchwephesha buthembisayo bungakwazi kusini na ukwenza isikali kubonelelo kunye nemfuno. UMarija Maisch unika ingxelo.
Iibhetri ze-sodium ion ziphantsi kwexesha elibalulekileyo lokuthengisa njengamashishini ukusuka kwiimoto ukuya kwi-bet yokugcina amandla enkulu kwi-teknoloji. Abavelisi bebhetri abasekiweyo kunye nabasanda kufika bayajijisana ukusuka kwilebhu ukuya kwilabhu kunye nenye indlela esebenzayo ye-lithium ion. Ngomgangatho wokugqibela wokushukumiseka kombane kunye nokugcinwa okumileyo, itekhnoloji entsha kufuneka ibonelele ngezibonelelo eziqinisekisiweyo. I-sodium ion ibonakala ibekwe kakuhle, kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, iindleko zempahla eluhlaza, kunye neziqinisekiso zokusingqongileyo.
Izixhobo ze-sodium ion azidingi izinto ezibalulekileyo, zithembele kwi-sodium eninzi endaweni ye-lithium, kwaye akukho cobalt okanye i-nickel. Njengoko amaxabiso e-lithium ion enyuka ngo-2022, phakathi kweengqikelelo zokunqongophala kwezinto, i-sodium ion yachazwa njengembangi kwaye umdla uhlala uqinile, nanjengoko amaxabiso e-lithium ion sele eqale ukuwa kwakhona.
"Okwangoku silandelela i-335.4 GWh ye-sodium ion cell production capacity ukuya kwi-2030, ebonisa ukuba kusekho ukuzinikela okukhulu kwi-teknoloji," kusho u-Evan Hartley, umhlalutyi ophezulu kwi-Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.
NgoMeyi ka-2023, umcebisi oseLondon wayelandelele i-150 GWh ukuya ku-2030.
eqolo
Iiseli ze-sodium ion, eziveliswe kwisikali, zinokuba yi-20% ukuya kwi-30% yexabiso eliphantsi kune-lithium ferro / i-iron-phosphate (LFP), iteknoloji yebhetri yokugcina isigxina, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ye-sodium eninzi kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokutsalwa kunye nokucoca. Iibhetri ze-sodium ion zingasebenzisa i-aluminium kumqokeleli wangoku we-anode endaweni yobhedu - esetyenziswa kwi-lithium ion - ngakumbi ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nobungozi bokubonelela. Olo londolozo lusenokwenzeka, nangona kunjalo.
"Ngaphambi kokuba iibhetri ze-ion ze-sodium zinokucela umngeni kwi-asidi ekhoyo kunye neebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate, abadlali bezoshishino baya kufuneka banciphise iindleko zobuchwepheshe ngokuphucula ukusebenza kobugcisa, ukuseka amakhonkco okubonelela, kunye nokufezekisa uqoqosho lwesikali," kusho uShazan Siddiqi, umhlalutyi wezobuchwepheshe ophezulu kwi-United Kingdom-based based research company IDTechEx. “Inzuzo yeendleko zeNa-ion ifumaneka kuphela xa isikali semveliso sifikelela kwisikali sokuvelisa esithelekiseka neeseli zebhetri ye-lithium ion. Kwakhona, ukuhla kwexabiso elongezelelweyo le-lithium carbonate kunokunciphisa ixabiso lenzuzo yesodium.
I-sodium ion ayinakwenzeka ukuba ithathe indawo ye-lithium ion kwizicelo ezibeka phambili ukusebenza okuphezulu, kwaye endaweni yoko iya kusetyenziselwa ukugcinwa okumileyo kunye neenqwelo zombane ezincinci. Abahlalutyi be-S & P Global balindele ukuba i-lithium ion ibonelele nge-80% yemarike yebhetri ngo-2030, kunye ne-90% yezo zixhobo ezisekelwe kwi-LFP. I-sodium ion inokwenza i-10% yemarike.
Ukhetho oluchanekileyo
Abaphandi baye baqwalasela i-sodium ion ukususela kwi-20th inkulungwane kunye nophuhliso lwakutsha nje lubandakanya ukuphuculwa kwamandla okugcina kunye nomjikelezo wobomi besixhobo, kunye ne-anode entsha kunye nezixhobo ze-cathode. I-sodium ion zinkulu kunezinye i-lithium, ngoko iiseli ze-sodium ion zine-voltage ephantsi kunye ne-gravimetric ephantsi kunye ne-volumetric energy density.
Uxinano lwamandla e-sodium ion gravimetric okwangoku lumalunga ne-130 Wh/kg ukuya kwi-160 Wh/kg, kodwa kulindeleke ukuba lube ngaphezulu kwama-200 Wh/kg kwixesha elizayo, ngaphezu komda wethiyori wezixhobo ze-LFP. Ngoxinzelelo lwamandla, nangona kunjalo, iibhetri ze-ion zesodium zinokuba ne-1 kW/kg, ngaphezulu kune-nickel-manganese-cobalt's (NMC) 340W/kg ukuya kuma-420 W/kg kunye ne-LFP's 175 W/kg ukuya kuma-425 W/kg.
Nangona i-sodium ion device ubomi be-100 ukuya kwi-1,000 imijikelezo iphantsi kune-LFP, umphuhlisi waseNdiya u-KPIT uye wabika ixesha lokuphila kunye ne-80% yokugcinwa kwamandla kwimijikelezo ye-6,000 - exhomekeke kwi-cell chemistry - efaniswa nezixhobo ze-lithium ion.
“Akukabikho khemistri iphumeleleyo ngaphakathi kweebhetri zesodium ion,” utshilo uSiddiqi weIDTechEx. "Iinzame ezininzi ze-R&D ziyenziwa ukufumana eyona nto isebenzayo ye-anode / cathode evumela ukuqina ngaphaya kwenqanaba lelebhu."
Ebhekisa kumbutho wesayensi yokhuseleko esekwe eUnited States, i-Underwriter Laboratories, uSiddiqi wongeze ukuba "umgangatho we-UL kwiiseli ze-sodium ion, ke ngoko, kusekude kwaye oku kwenza ii-OEMs [abavelisi bezixhobo zokuqala] babe mathidala ukuzibophelela kubuchwephesha obunjalo."
I-Prussian emhlophe, i-polyanion, kunye ne-layed oxide ngabaviwa be-cathode abanemathiriyeli engabizi kakhulu kune-lithium ion counterparts. Eyangaphambili, esetyenziswa yiNorthvolt kunye neCATL, ifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi kodwa inomthamo ophantsi womthamo wamandla. Inkampani yaseUnited Kingdom iFaradion isebenzisa i-layed oxide, ethembisa ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kodwa ikhathazwa kukuphelelwa amandla ngokuhamba kwexesha. I-Tiamat yaseFransi isebenzisa i-polyanion, ezinzileyo kodwa ene-vanadium eyityhefu.
"Uninzi lwabavelisi beeseli abacwangcisa umthamo webhetri ye-ion yesodium baya kusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-oxide cathode," utshilo u-Benchmark's Hartly. “Enyanisweni, i-71% yombhobho [weseli] unomaleko weoxide. Ngokufanayo, i-90.8% ye-sodium ion cathode pipeline ifakwe i-oxide.
Nangona i-cathodes ingumqhubi weendleko eziphambili ze-lithium ion, i-anode yeyona nto ibiza kakhulu kwiibhetri ze-ion ion. Ikhabhoni enzima lukhetho oluqhelekileyo lwesodium ion anode kodwa amandla okuvelisa ashiyeka emva koko kweeseli zesodium ion, ukonyusa amaxabiso. Izixhobo zekhabhoni ezilukhuni zisanda kuthathwa kwizinto ezingaphambili ezahlukeneyo ezifana nenkunkuma yezilwanyana, i-sewage sludge, i-glucose, i-cellulose, i-wood, amalahle kunye ne-petroleum derivatives. I-Synthetic graphite, i-lithium ion anode imathiriyeli eqhelekileyo, ixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwizandulela ezimbini zokugqibela. Ngophuhliso lwayo lokubonelela ngokubonelela, i-carbon enzima ixabisa kakhulu kunegraphite kwaye imele enye yeengxaki eziphambili kwimveliso ye-sodium ion cell.
Ukunciphisa ngokuyinxenye iindleko eziphezulu, iibhetri ze-sodium ion zibonisa ukunyamezelana kobushushu obungcono, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezingaphantsi kwe-zero. Zikhuselekile kune-lithium ion, njengoko zinokukhutshwa kwi-volts zero, ukunciphisa umngcipheko ngexesha lokuthutha kunye nokulahlwa. Iibhetri ze-ion ze-lithium zihlala zigcinwa malunga ne-30% yentlawulo. I-sodium ion inomngcipheko omncinci womlilo, njengoko i-electrolyte yayo ine-flashpoint ephezulu - elona qondo lobushushu lincinci apho ikhemikhali inokunyuka ibe ngumphunga ukuze yenze umxube ovuthayo kunye nomoya. Ngama-chemistries omabini anesakhiwo esifanayo kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza, i-ion ye-sodium ingahlala iphonswe kwimigca yokuvelisa i-lithium ion kunye nezixhobo.
Enyanisweni, umenzi webhetri ohamba phambili we-CATL udibanisa i-sodium ion kwi-lithium ion iziseko kunye neemveliso. Ibhetri yayo yokuqala ye-sodium ion, ekhutshwe kwi-2021, yayinobuninzi bamandla we-160 Wh / kg, kunye ne-200 Wh / kg ethenjisiweyo kwixesha elizayo. Ngo-2023, i-CATL yathi i-automaker yase-China i-Chery iya kuba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa iibhetri zayo ze-sodium ion. U-CATL uxelele pv imagazini ngasekupheleni kuka-2023 ukuba iphuhlise ikhonkco loshishino olusisiseko kwiibhetri ze-ion zesodium kunye nokuseka imveliso yobuninzi. Isikali sokuvelisa kunye nokuthunyelwa kuya kuxhomekeka ekuphunyezweni kweprojekthi yabathengi, utshilo i-CATL, yongeza ukuba kufuneka kwenziwe ngakumbi ukukhutshwa kwezorhwebo kwi-ion ye-sodium. "Siyathemba ukuba yonke imboni iya kusebenza kunye ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweebhetri ze-sodium ion," watsho umenzi webhetri.
Intlawulo kwi-sodium
NgoJanuwari 2024, umthengisi omkhulu wemoto waseTshayina kunye nomthengisi wesibini omkhulu webhetri, i-BYD, yathi iqalile ukwakhiwa kwe-CNY 10 yebhiliyoni (i-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola), i-30 GWh ngonyaka umzi-mveliso we-sodium ion battery. Isiphumo siya kunika amandla izixhobo "ze-micromobility". I-HiNa, ephuma kwi-Academy yaseTshayina yeSayensi, ngoDisemba ka-2022 yayigunyazise umgca wokuvelisa ibhetri ye-sodium ion yeyure yegigawatt kwaye yabhengeza uluhlu lwemveliso yebhetri ye-Na-ion kunye neprototype yemoto yombane.
Umenzi webhetri waseYurophu i-Northvolt ityhile i-160 Wh / kg-eqinisekisiweyo yeeseli ze-sodium ion ibhetri ngoNovemba 2023. Iphuhliswe nge-Altris - iphuhliswe kwiYunivesithi yase-Uppsala, eSweden - iteknoloji iya kusetyenziswa kwisixhobo sokugcina amandla enkampani kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Umnikelo wangoku weNorthvolt usekwe kwikhemistri ye-NMC. Ekuqalisweni, uWilhelm Löwenhielm, umlawuli ophezulu waseNorthvolt wophuhliso lweshishini kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla, uthe inkampani ifuna ibhetri ekhuphisana ne-LFP kwinqanaba. "Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iteknoloji ilindeleke ukuba idlule i-LFP ngokuphawulekayo malunga nokukhuphisana kweendleko," watsho.
I-Northvolt ifuna ibhetri ye "plug-and-play" yokungena kwimarike ngokukhawuleza kunye nokunyuka. "Imisebenzi ephambili yokuzisa obu buchwephesha kwintengiso kukwandisa unikezelo lwezixhobo zomgangatho webhetri, into eyenziwa nguNorthvolt ngoku, kunye namaqabane," utshilo uLöwenhielm.
Abadlali abancinci nabo benza into yabo ukuzisa itekhnoloji ye-sodium ion kwintengiso. IFaradion, eyafunyanwa yi-Indian conglomerate Reliance Industries ngo-2021, ithi ngoku idlulisela uyilo lwayo lweeseli zesizukulwana kwimveliso. "Siye saqulunqa iteknoloji entsha yeeseli kunye neenyawo kunye ne-20% ephezulu yoxinano lwamandla, kunye nokwandisa umjikelezo-ubomi ngeyesithathu xa kuthelekiswa noyilo lwethu lwangaphambili lwamaseli," kusho i-Faradion Chief Executive Officer (CEO) uJames Quinn.
Iiseli zesizukulwana sokuqala zenkampani zibonise ubuninzi bamandla obuyi-160 Wh/kg. Ngo-2022, uQuinn wathi isicwangciso seReliance yayikukwakha umzi-mveliso we-ion we-sodium ophindwe kabini-gigawatt eIndiya. Okwangoku, kubonakala ngathi ezo zicwangciso zisasebenza. Ngo-Agasti ka-2023, uSihlalo weReliance u-Mukesh Ambani uxelele intlanganiso yabaninizabelo yonyaka ukuba ishishini "ligxile ekurhwebeni ngokukhawuleza kwetekhnoloji yebhetri ye-sodium ion ... Siza kwakhela kubunkokeli bethu betekhnoloji ngokuvelisa imveliso ye-sodium ion cell kwinqanaba le-megawatt ngo-2025 kwaye sakha ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwi-gigascale emva koko," utshilo.
imveliso
Ukuqalisa i-Tiamat iye yaqhubela phambili kwizicwangciso zayo zokuqalisa ukwakhiwa kweplanti yemveliso ye-5 GWh kwingingqi yase-Hauts-de-France yaseFransi. NgoJanuwari ka-2024, inyuse i-30 yezigidi zeerandi (i-32.4 yezigidi zeedola) kwi-equity kunye nenkxaso-mali yamatyala kwaye yathi ilindele ukugqibezela ukuxhasa ngemali iprojekthi yayo yoshishino kwiinyanga ezizayo, izise imali iyonke ukuya kwi-150 yezigidi zee-euro. Inkampani, i-spinoff evela kwiZiko leSizwe laseFransi loPhando lwezeNzululwazi, iya kuqala ivelise iiseli ze-ion ion ze-sodium zezixhobo zamandla kunye nezicelo zokugcina ezimileyo kumzi-mveliso wayo, "ukuzalisekisa imiyalelo yokuqala esele ifunyenwe." Iza kujolisa kamva imveliso eyonyusiweyo yeemveliso zesizukulwana sesibini ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwesithuthi sombane ebhetri.
EUnited States, abadlali beshishini nabo bayayinyusa imizamo yabo yokuthengisa. NgoJanuwari ka-2024, i-Acculon Energy yabhengeza uthotho lwemveliso yeemodyuli ze-sodium ion ibhetri kunye neepakethi zokuhamba kunye nezicelo zokugcina amandla kunye nezicwangciso ezityhiliweyo zokukala imveliso yayo ukuya kwi-2 GWh phakathi kwe-2024. Ngeli xesha, i-Natron Energy, i-spinoff ephuma kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford, ihlose ukuqalisa ukuvelisa iibhetri zayo ze-sodium ion ngo-2023. Injongo yayo yayikukuba i-600 MW yeeseli ze-ion ion kwi-battery umvelisi we-Clarios International ephumayo kwiziko le-lithium ion Meadowbrook, eMichigan. Uhlaziyo lwenkqubela phambili lunqongophele, nangona kunjalo.
Inkxaso
Ngo-Okthobha i-2023, i-Peak Energy yavela kunye ne-10 yezigidi zeedola kwinkxaso-mali kunye neqela lolawulo elibandakanya abaphathi be-Northvolt, i-Enovix, i-Tesla kunye ne-SunPower. Inkampani yathi iya kungenisa kuqala iiseli zebhetri kwaye oko kwakungalindelekanga ukuba kutshintshe kude kube sekuqaleni kwe-2028. "Udinga malunga neebhiliyoni zeedola kwifektri encinci ye-gigawatt - cinga ngaphantsi kwe-10 GW," i-CEO ye-Peak Energy uLandon Mossburg uthe ekuqalisweni. "Ke eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokufika emarikeni kukwakha inkqubo eneseli ezifumaneka kumntu wesithathu, kwaye iTshayina kuphela kwendawo yokwakha amandla okuthumela iiseli ezaneleyo." Ekugqibeleni, inkampani inethemba lokufumana iikhredithi zomxholo wasekhaya phantsi koMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lentengo wase-US.
Abanye ababoneleli, njenge-KPIT yaseIndiya, bangene kwindawo ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zemveliso. Isoftware yeemoto kunye nezisombululo zobunjineli ishishini latyhila itekhnoloji yebhetri ye-sodium ion ngoDisemba 2023 kwaye yaqalisa ukukhangela amaqabane emveliso. URavi Pandit, usihlalo we-KPIT, uthe inkampani iphuhlise ukwahluka okuninzi kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla ukusuka kwi-100 Wh / kg ukuya kwi-170 Wh / kg, kwaye inokufikelela kwi-220 Wh / kg.
"Xa saqala ukusebenza kwiibhetri ze-sodium ion, ulindelo lokuqala loxinzelelo lwamandla lwaluphantsi kakhulu," watsho. "Kodwa kule minyaka isibhozo idlulileyo umthamo wamandla ubunyuka ngenxa yophuhliso ebesiluqhuba thina nezinye iinkampani." Abanye bajonge ubuhlakani bokubonelela. Kunyaka ophelileyo, iqela letekhnoloji yaseFinland iWärtsilä - enye yezona zinto zikhokelayo kwihlabathi zokugcina amandla okugcina amandla ebhetri - yathi ifuna ubuhlakani obunokubakho okanye ukufunyanwa ebaleni. Ngelo xesha, yayisiya ekuvavanyeni itekhnoloji kwiindawo zayo zophando. "Iqela lethu lihleli lizibophelele ekulandeleni amathuba amatsha ngokwetekhnoloji eyohlukeneyo yokugcina amandla, njengokubandakanya iibhetri ze-sodium ion kwizisombululo zethu zokugcina amandla," utshilo u-Amy Liu, umlawuli wophuhliso lwezisombululo ezicwangcisiweyo eWärtsilä Energy Storage and Optimization, ngoFebruwari ka-2024.
Ithuba lokusondela
Ukulandela izibhengezo ezininzi zokuveliswa kobuninzi, iibhetri ze-sodium ion ngoku zikwindawo yokwenza okanye yokuphumla kwaye umdla womtyali-mali uya kugqiba ikamva letekhnoloji. Uhlalutyo lwemakethi ye-IDTechEx, oluqhutywe ngoNovemba ka-2023, lucebisa ukukhula okulindelweyo malunga ne-40 GWh ngo-2030, kunye ne-100 GWh eyongezelelweyo yokuvelisa amandla okuxhomekeke kwimpumelelo yemarike ngo-2025.
“Olu qikelelo lulindele ukukhula kushishino [lwebhetri ye-sodium ion], oluxhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni kwezorhwebo kule minyaka imbalwa izayo,” utshilo uSiddiqi.
I-sodium ion inokunika elinye ithuba kumakhonkco onikezelo lwamandla acocekileyo kufutshane nonxweme, kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ezifumaneka lula kwihlabathi liphela. Kubonakala ngathi uloliwe sele esishiyile isitishi, nangona kunjalo.
“Njengakwinqanaba lokuqala lemakethi yebhetri ye-lithium ion, eyona nto iphambili kushishino lwehlabathi iya kuba lulawulo lwaseTshayina,” utshilo u-Hartley weBenchmark. "Ukusukela ngo-2023, i-99.4% ye-sodium ion umthamo weseli yayisekelwe e-China kwaye eli nani liqikelelwa kuphela ukuwela kwi-90.6% ngo-2030. Njengoko umgaqo-nkqubo eYurophu naseMntla Melika ufuna ukutshintsha i-lithium ion yokubonelela ngebhetri ye-lithium kude ne-China, ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwimveliso yayo yasekhaya, ngokunjalo kuya kufuneka utshintsho kwimarike yokubonelela ngesodium. "
Iimbono kunye nezimvo ezichazwe kweli nqaku zezababhali ngokwakhe, kwaye azibonakalisi ezo zigcinwe ngu pv imagazini.
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