Ubotshwa njani amandla eSola kwiiNjongo ezahlukeneyo

Ngokwe-Arhente yaMandla aHlaziywayo yaMazwe ngaMazwe, amandla ahlaziyekayo ngoku akwihlabathi owona mthombo wamandla uphantsi. Iindleko zemithombo ehlaziyekayo efana nelanga nomoya wehlile xa kuthelekiswa namanye amafutha efosili. Itekhnoloji yelanga iyanyuka kwaye ilungelelaniswe neenjongo ezahlukeneyo.

Isiqulatho
Amandla ahlaziyekayo ngoku ngowona mthombo wamandla ungabizi kakhulu ehlabathini
Ukusebenzisa amandla elanga
Amandla elanga anokunyuka

Amandla ahlaziyekayo ngoku ngowona mthombo wamandla ungabizi kakhulu ehlabathini

Shift ukuya kumandla ahlaziyekayo

I-Global Renewables Outlook: i-Energy Transformation 2050 ingxelo epapashwe yi-Arhente yaMandla aHlaziywayo yaMazwe ngaMazwe iqaphela isidingo esikhulu senkqubo yamandla ebhetyebhetye. Ngaphezulu kwe-60% yawo onke amandla okuvelisa anokuvela kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo efana nelanga nomoya njengoko ihlabathi liba nombane ngakumbi.

Kwakukho ithontsi ye ngaphezulu kwe 60% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo kwiindleko zokufaka i-solar, kwaye amandla elanga ngoku lukhetho olusebenzayo. Esona sityalo sikhulu selanga eYurophu imiselwe ukuqalisa ukunika amandla ukusuka ngo-Epreli 2022. Amazwe aseYurophu afana neJamani, iNetherlands, kunye neSpain nawo andise amandla abo elanga le-photovoltaic.

Ukukhanya kwelanga ngumthombo ozinzileyo nonokuhlaziywa

Ehlabathini lonke, imakethi yamandla elanga kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele $ 223.3 billion ngo-2026, kunye nezinga lokukhula ngonyaka elihlanganisiweyo 20.5% ukusuka kwi-2019 ukuya kwi-2026. Inkqubo ye- ixabiso eliphantsi lomndilili wepaneli yelanga inceda kuphela ekubeni negalelo kwimfuno ekhulayo.

Ukusebenzisa amandla elanga

Kunokwenzeka ukuhambisa iinkqubo zamandla elanga kumakhaya nakwiimeko zorhwebo okanye zoshishino. Amandla elanga anokusetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo, ngakumbi ukufudumeza kunye nokuveliswa kombane kwisikali.

Iipaneli zelanga zisebenza ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-photovoltaic. Ukubeka nje, obu bugcisa busebenza ngokuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. I uninzi lweepaneli zelanga kwimarike namhlanje sebenzisa isilicon monocrystalline okanye polycrystalline silicon.

Iipaneli zelanga ze-Monocrystalline kunye ne-polycrystalline

Iiphaneli zelanga ze-Monocrystalline zisikwa kwikristale enye yesilicon ngelixa iiphaneli zesola zepolycrystalline zisikwa kwiikristale ezininzi zesilicon. Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza iipaneli zelanga ze-monocrystalline, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zibiza kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu ekuguquleni ukukhanya kwelanga kumandla, kwi-15% ukuya kwi-24%. Umyinge ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-polycrystalline solar Iphaneli yi-13% ukuya kwi-20%.

Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kubalulekile ukuba umntu ujonge ukwandisa imveliso yamandla. Ukuba kukho imiqobo yendawo, ukufakela iipaneli zelanga ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuya kuba luncedo. Kubathengi abakhetha ukusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo kumakhaya abo, iinkqubo zelanga zasekhaya ziyakwazi ukusebenza. Ukufakela kudla ngokuba lula, kwaye yinkqubo ethe cwaka. Iiphaneli zelanga ze-Monocrystalline ziya kuba luncedo kwabo baneendawo ezinqabileyo zophahla.

Iipaneli zelanga ze-Monocrystalline nazo zisebenza kakuhle ekushiseni okuphezulu kunye neendawo ezisezantsi zokukhanya, ezizenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezifudumele kunye nakwiindawo ezinokukhanya kwelanga. Imarike yendawo yokuhlala yamandla elanga kulindeleke ukuba ibhalise inqanaba lokukhula elihlanganisiweyo lonyaka ngaphezulu kwe 10.5% ukusuka ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2027, kunye nommandla we-Asia Pacific yeyona marike inkulu kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza.

Iinkqubo zamandla elanga nazo zinokudityaniswa kwigridi yamandla. Iinkqubo zelanga kwigridi zinkulu njengoko zinokuthumela amandla angaphezulu kwigridi xa abasebenzisi bengayifuni. Abo base-US banokufaneleka iikhredithi zerhafu ngokufakela iinkqubo zamandla elanga. Amazwe aseMelika anjengeCalifornia hlawula abasebenzisi ngenxa yamandla ongezelelweyo aveliswayo, ngelixa abo bahlala eTexas banokufaneleka ukukhululwa kwirhafu ngokufakela iinkqubo zamandla ahlaziyekayo.

Ifilimu encinci kunye neepaneli zelanga eziguquguqukayo

Imakethi yesolar yelanga ecekethekileyo yehlabathi kuqikelelwa ukuba iya kukhula ngesantya esihlanganisiweyo sonyaka sokukhula kwe-19.4% ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2023, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-39,512 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2023. iiphaneli zesola ezinefilim ezincinci.

Endaweni yeekristale ezisicaba, iiseli zelanga ezicekethekileyo zenziwa ngokugquma umaleko obhityileyo wesixhobo sesemiconductor kwiphepha leglasi, iplastiki okanye ifoyile yentsimbi. Nangona zitshiphu kwaye kulula ukuzifaka njengoko zifuna izixhobo ezincinci, iireyithingi zokusebenza kwazo zimalunga 10% ukuya 13%, ngokuqhelekileyo iphantsi kuneephaneli ze-monocrystalline.

Iiphaneli zelanga eziguquguqukayo Ziiphaneli zefilim ezincinci ezigcina ukusebenza xa ziguquguquka. Iiphaneli zelanga ezithambileyo zikhaphukhaphu kwaye zihlala ziphathwa. Ezi paneli zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinkulu, ezingalinganiyo, okanye ezigobileyo. Ziyakwazi ukufakwa kwiitanki zamanzi ukunika amandla okupompa amanzi okanye kwizithuthi ezinjengeeveni okanye iibhasi ukunika amandla naziphi na izixhobo ezincinci ezisetyenzisiweyo, umzekelo, abalandeli.

Ifilim-filimi kunye neepaneli zelanga eziguquguqukayo nazo zingasetyenziselwa ukunika amandla kwiiofisi kunye nezakhiwo zorhwebo ezineefacade ezinkulu. Ezi zinokuba yinxalenye ye inkqubo ye-photovoltaics (BIPV) edibeneyo yokwakha, apho iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic ziyingxenye yesakhiwo. Umzekelo wenkqubo ye-BIPV yi-Copenhagen International School - Nordhavn. Ezi nkqubo zifanelekile kuye nabani na okhetha ukusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo ukonga iindleko.

Ukufakela iinkqubo ze-BIPV kwi ukwakha iifacade yenza upapasho oluhle kwimibutho. Bubungqina obubonakalayo bokuzibophelela ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse.

Ezinye iintlobo zeepaneli zelanga

Ngaphandle kwe iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeepaneli zelanga, kukho ezinye iindidi zeepaneli ezenziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zelanga. Umzekelo ngu Iphaneli yelanga yePERC, esebenzisa i-PERC¹ iteknoloji. Iiseli ze-PERC zinokufikelela kwimpumelelo ephezulu kuneeseli eziqhelekileyo zelanga njengoko zinokuvelisa 6% ukuya 12% amandla amaninzi kuneephaneli zelanga eziqhelekileyo. Isiphumo esifanayo sinokufumaneka ngeepaneli ezimbalwa. Oku kuya kusebenza kakuhle kwabo banemiqobo yendawo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo, umntu unokuqwalasela i-heterojunction (HJT) iiseli zelanga njengendlela efanelekileyo. Omabini amacala eseli ye-HJT inokuvelisa amandla njengoko i-bifacial, ekhokelela kwimveliso ephezulu. Umthengisi wezisombululo ze-photovoltaic usandul 'ukuphumelela irekhodi-i-cell-breaking performance ye-26.3% kwiiseli zabo ze-HJT, ezibonisa amandla amakhulu ekusebenziseni iiseli ezinjalo. Iiphaneli zeHJT sebenza kakuhle apho ukukhanya kunokubonakaliswa ngasemva. Indlela esebenzayo yokwenza oku kukuzilungisa kwiipali.

Omnye unokunqwenela ukuqwalasela i-off-grid iinkqubo zamandla elanga kwizicelo zorhwebo. Ezi zifanelekile kwiinkampani ezifuna amandla aphantsi kwinqanaba elikhulu. Iluncedo ngakumbi ekuveliseni umbane kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okukhulu kwelanga.

Xa kuziwa ekuboneleleni amandla ngeenjongo zoshishino, iinkqubo zamandla elanga ezigxininisiweyo zinokuba lukhetho olungcono. Izibonelelo ezifana nezikhululo zombane zinokufuna izixhobo ezinje ezigxininisiweyo isitya amandla elanga stirlings.

Amandla elanga anokunyuka

Iindawo ezininzi zehlabathi zibonile iindleko zeeprojekthi zamandla elanga ziwa ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza utyalo-mali kumandla ahlaziyekayo. Eminye inkuthazo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyiweyo iza ngohlobo lwamanyathelo afana namaxabiso e-fid-in, athe axhaphake kakhulu iYurophu kwaye i US.

Amandla eSola aba yindlela enokusebenziseka yokuvelisa umbane kumakhaya omabini nakwizicelo zorhwebo. Imarike yamandla elanga eTshayina, e-US, eIndiya, eJapan, naseVietnam zinamandla amakhulu njengoko zinjalo amazwe ambalwa aphezulu ukukhokela imveliso yamandla elanga. Jonga kuluhlu lwe iiphaneli zesola kwaye iinkqubo zamandla elanga iyafumaneka kwi Chovm.com.

amanqaku:

1. I-PERC sisishunqulelo se-"Pasivated Emitter kunye neSeli yangasemva" okanye "I-Emitter ePassivated kunye noQhagamshelwano lwangemva."