Yintoni iWarehouse eneBonded e-US?

Ukuphazamiseka kweshishini lezempilo kwihlabathi kunye nomlinganiselo ongqongqo womgama wentlalo ophunyezwe ngoorhulumente behlabathi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo uchaphazele uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, umthamo wezorhwebo wehlabathi jikelele uqikelelwa yiWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) ubonise ukuba phezu kwako nje ulwando oluthe chu ukususela malunga neshumi leminyaka edlulileyo, bekukho I-5.3% yehla ngo-2020 (ixelwe kwangaphambili njenge-9.2%). 

Ngelixa ulindelo lwamva nje lwe-WTO kurhwebo lwentengiso yehlabathi lonke ngo-2021 yayikukuba ibuyele umva ngexabiso. phezulu 10.8%, uqoqosho lwehlabathi lusazama ukubuyisela isantya sangaphambili sohlumo, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nenqanaba elingazange libonwe ngaphambili. Uqikelelo lwezinga eliphezulu lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngowama-2022. 

Ngethamsanqa, nangona imbonakalo yezoqoqosho inokuba mfiliba, kukho imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezibonelelo ezithile ezinokuthi abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle banokuthatha ithuba ukuze bazuze kwaye bafumane inzuzo yokhuphiswano ngaphezu kwemingeni ekhoyo yezoqoqosho. Omnye umzekelo onjalo yindlu yokugcina impahla ebotshiweyo, eqhele ukubizwa ngokuba yindawo yokugcina impahla, eluhlobo lwendawo yokugcina impahla evunyelwe ngurhulumente.

Isiqulatho
Yintoni indawo yokugcina impahla evalelweyo eMelika? 
Iiklasi ezili-11 zeendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelweyo e-US
Iinzuzo kunye neengxaki ze-warehouse edibeneyo
Isebenza njani indawo yokugcina impahla
Iindawo zokugcina impahla ezibondenelweyo ngokuchasene neMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle
Iingcamango zokuqukumbela malunga neendawo zokugcina iimpahla

Yintoni indawo yokugcina impahla evalelweyo eMelika?

Indawo yokugcina impahla ebotshelelwayo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yindlu yokugcina impahla ebotshelelwayo e-US, sisakhiwo okanye indawo yokugcina impahla apho iimpahla ezinomsebenzi ongahlawulwanga zigcinwa khona de zikhutshwe ngokusemthethweni. Impahla ebondiweyo zizinto ezigcinwe kwindawo efana nale. Ngokomthetho waseMelika, iimpahla zinokugcinwa kwindawo yokugcina impahla ebotshelelweyo ukuya kuthi ga iminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokwenza imisebenzi. 

Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibopheleleke kwizithethe eUnited States zinokuqhutywa ngurhulumente okanye licandelo labucala. Kwakhona, ukongeza kwimisebenzi yezitora ezibotshelelwayo ezisebenza njengendawo yokugcina impahla, indawo yokugcina impahla ebophelelekileyo inokusetyenziselwa ukuguqula okanye ukwenza izinto.

Iiklasi ezili-11 zeendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelweyo e-US 

Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibopheleleke kwizithethe e-US zi yahlulwe yaba ziiklasi ezili-11 ngokuhambelana nenxalenye ye-19 yeKhowudi ye-Federal Regulations yemisebenzi yesiko (19 CFR 19.1). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ayizizo zonke ezi klasi zili-11 ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo okanye zifunyanwa, ke ngoko siya kujongana nazo zonke iindidi ezili-11 zogcino oludityanisiweyo ngokugxila ngokukodwa kwiiklasi ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Isitora sikarhulumente okanye esiqeshiweyo

Kuphela kuphantsi komyalelo weCustoms and Border Protection (CBP) (“general order”) apho izinto ezithengiswayo – iimpahla ezithinjiweyo phantsi kovavanyo lwe-CBP naxa zilindele ukulahlwa, ziya kugcinwa kuloo ndawo karhulumente. 

Indawo yokugcina impahla yabucala

Indawo yokugcina impahla yabucala esetyenziselwa kuphela ukugcinwa kwezinto ezizezabo okanye eziphathiswe abanini. Enye yeendidi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zeendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezidibeneyo.

Indawo yokugcina impahla ebolekwa nguwonke-wonke

Oku kukugcina kuphela kwempahla ephuma kumazwe angaphandle.

Iiyadi ezidibeneyo okanye iishedi

Apha kulapho kugcinwa khona ezo mveliso zininzi nezinzima ezivela kumazwe angaphandle. Umzekelo, izinto ezifana nezitali, iintlanti zokuxheshisela, iicorrals, amatanki ezinto ezingamanzi ezivela kumazwe angaphandle, kunye neendawo ezithintelweyo zokugcina izilwanyana ezisuka kwamanye amazwe ziphantsi kolu didi. Olu lolunye udidi olusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo lweendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelweyo.

Imigqomo ebondweyo okanye izinyusi okanye iinxalenye zezakhiwo

Oku kukugcina ukutya okuziinkozo.

Indawo yokugcina impahla edibeneyo njengeziko lokuvelisa

Ezi zindlu zokugcina iimpahla zenza izinto ezenziwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ezidityaniswe kwiindawo ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle kuphela ngeenjongo zokuthumela ngaphandle. Amalungu athile angeniswa kule ndawo akuyo irhafu. Oku mhlawumbi kutheni le klasi ikwayenye yezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zendlu yokugcina impahla e-US.

Isitora esidityanisiweyo njengendawo yokunyibilikisa nokusulungekisa

Oku kuyilelwe injongo yokunyibilikisa kunye nokucokisa izinto ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ukuze zisetyenziswe kumazwe angaphandle okanye kwingingqi.

Indawo yokugcina impahla edityanisiweyo yokucoca, ukuhlela, kunye nendawo yokupakisha kwakhona

Phantsi kokuhlolwa kwe-CBP nangeendleko zomnini, ukucocwa, ukuhlela, kunye nokupakishwa kwakhona kweemveliso ezivela kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokubandakanya naziphi na iinkqubo zokuvelisa.

Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezinebhondi "njengeevenkile ezingenamsebenzi"

Vumela ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezingahlawulelwa rhafu ngokwemeko ezithile ukuze zisetyenziswe ngaphandle kommandla werhafu. Iimpahla ezikolu didi kufuneka zibe zezabanikazi okanye zithengiswe ngabanini bendawo yokugcina iimpahla kwaye kufuneka zisuswe kwindawo yokugcina impahla zisiwe kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya okanye kwenye indawo yokuphuma ukuze zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle (okanye egameni) ngabantu abaphuma kumhlaba wempahla okanye iindawo zangaphandle. Ezi venkile zinokubonelela nangempahla engahlawulelwayo.

Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezidityanisiweyo njengamaziko orhwebo ohambo lwamazwe ngamazwe

Ukuthengisa ngaphandle kokuhlawuliswa kwiinqwelomoya kuneevenkile ezingahlawulisi uxanduva.

Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibondlekileyo njengamaziko athathiweyo

Ezi zixhobo ziyilelwe ukuba zigcine iimpahla ezigcinwe yi-CBP ngokomyalelo Jikelele (GO) kwaye azikwazi ukususa izinto ezingenayo impahla ngaphandle kweentsuku ezili-15.

Iipros and cons of warehouses ezibotshelelwe e-US

Izinto eziluncedo kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibophelelekileyo eMelika

Zininzi izibonelelo zendlu yokugcina impahla ebotshelelwe ngokwesithethe enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo. Nazi izizathu ezimbalwa zokuba kutheni iinkampani zisebenzisa indawo yokugcina impahla ebotshelelweyo, iqaqambisa ukubaluleka kweendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelweyo.

1) Ukufumana umda wemali emsebenzini kunye neentlawulo zerhafu

Imirhumo yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye nezinye iirhafu ezinxulumene nokungeniswa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle zinokurhoxiswa ngelixa zigcinwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla edityanisiweyo de iimpahla zithunyelwe ngenqanawa, kubandakanywa naziphi na imathiriyeli ekrwada esenokuqhubeka ngenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ke ngoko, abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle banokwenza izicwangciso ezingcono zezemali zeminye imisebenzi yoshishino ukuqhubela phambili ifemu endaweni yokuba bazixakekise ngokucinga kunye nokuqikelela isixa esinokubakho semali eqokelelweyo kunye neerhafu.

I-2) Ukuguquguquka okukhulu phakathi kweenketho zokungenisa / ukuthumela ngaphandle 

Ngeenketho ezibonelelwa ngoovimba ababotshelelwe kubathengi, abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle kunye nabathumeli bangaphandle bayaququzelelwa kwaye baxhaswe ngokufumana ukuguquguquka phakathi kokhetho lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Oku kungenxa yokuba kungekuphela nje ukuba umsebenzi kunye nerhafu zihlawulwa kuphela xa iimpahla zirhoxiswa ukusetyenziswa ekhaya ngaphakathi eUnited States, kwaye uxanduva lokuhlawula umsebenzi kunye neerhafu zirhoxiswa ukuba abarhwebi balawula ukuthumela impahla ngaphandle koko.

3) Ukugcinwa kwempahla ethintelweyo 

Ukungeniswa kwempahla ngaphandle kwemiqathango kuxhomekeke kumda wexesha elingqongqo kunye neemfuneko zamaxwebhu afunekayo ukuze zamkelwe. Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelwe kwi-Customs bonded, nangona kunjalo, azibandakanywanga kweli xesha kunye nezithintelo zamaxwebhu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukugcinwa kwezinto ezithintelweyo kunye neempahla eziqhelekileyo zifana nabathumeli bangaphandle, xa ubeka izinto ezithintelweyo kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibophelelwe ngamasiko. Ngaloo ndlela, iimpahla ezithintelweyo ezifana notywala kunye nezinto ezithile zokutya zinokugcinwa kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibophelelwe ngamasiko ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nemiqobo enzima yamaxwebhu kunye nezinye iinkqubo zomthetho ezinzima.

4) Ukugcinwa kwexesha elide

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi izinto ezigcinwayo, amasiko adibanisa iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zibonelela ngogcino lwexesha elide ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlawula amasiko okanye iirhafu. Abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle banokuthenga ixesha lokulungisa amaxwebhu ayimfuneko, ukuthunyelwa kwamalungu alindileyo ukuze kwenziwe, kunye nokhetho lokuvelisa ngokucokisekileyo ngelixa besonwabela zonke ezi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nokuchaphazeleka kwerhafu.

5) Ukugcinwa okukhuselekileyo nokukhuselekileyo

Ukusekwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla ebotshelelwayo kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo oluneenkcukacha nolungqongqo oluqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zigcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo nangokukhuselekileyo. Inkqubo inokubandakanya, umzekelo, iifomu zezicelo ezinde, iinkcukacha zabacimi bomlilo, iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zoqhagamshelwano, kunye neminwe yakhe nabani na onokufikelela kwindawo yokugcina impahla. Indawo yokugcina impahla ixhomekeke kuphononongo olurekhodiweyo oluqhubekayo nayo yonke imilinganiselo yokhuseleko efunekayo. Rhoqo ngokunjalo iitshekhi zokuthotyelwa kwe-impromptu inokuqhutywa ngamagosa e-CBP amaxesha ngamaxesha qinisekisa ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kweendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelweyo ngokunjalo. Konke oku kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lweempahla ezigcinwe kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibophelelwe ngamasiko.

Ukungalungi kwendawo yokugcina impahla ebotshelelwe ngamasiko eMelika

Ngoku sele sixoxe ngeenzuzo zendawo yokugcina impahla ebotshiweyo, kucacile ukuba kutheni iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshiweyo zinokuba lukhetho olunomtsalane. Kodwa zeziphi izinto ezingeloncedo kwindawo yokugcina impahla ebotshelelweyo? Sizigubungele izinto ezingeloncedo ngogcino oludityanisiweyo ngezantsi.

1) Ulawulo olulinganiselwe

Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibophelelekileyo ziphantsi kweliso elingqongqo likarhulumente, kungoko nabani na okhetha ukugcina iimpahla apho uxhomekeke kwimithetho ethile kunye nemimiselo ethintela indlela iimpahla eziphathwa ngayo xa zigcinwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina impahla. Nokuba iimpahla zisenokufuna ukhathalelo oluthile okanye ulawulo, ulawulo lwabarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle lunyiniwe ngendlela efanayo.

2) Iimpembelelo zokungahlawuli 

Ngokufana nazo zonke ezinye iipropathi zolawulo lukarhulumente, iintlawulo ezidlulelwe lixesha okanye iimpahla ezilibaziseke ixesha elide kwindawo yokugcina impahla ebophelelekileyo isenokungaxhomekeki kwimirhumo eyongezelelweyo kuphela kodwa nomngcipheko wokuhluthwa okanye ukuthengiswa ngokuthe ngqo. Kungoko kubalulekile ukuba abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle bazi ngokuzeleyo iziphumo ezilolo hlobo kwaye babeke iliso kumhla omiselweyo weentlawulo kunye nokugcinwa kokugcina ngononophelo. 

Isebenza njani indawo yokugcina impahla

Ngokubanzi, i inkqubo yokusebenza yogcino oludityanisiweyo inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo ambalwa. Nalu uluhlu olufutshane lweenkqubo zesitora esibotshelelwe ngokwesithethe:

Ukufumana iimpahla ezivela kumazwe angaphandle

Bobabini umnini-ndawo ongenisa impahla evela kumazwe angaphandle kunye nomnini wendlu yesitora obotshelelwe ngokwesithethe bathweswe uxanduva ngebhondi yesitora xa iimpahla zifunyenwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla. Yonke imisebenzi, iirhafu, kunye neentlawulo zempahla ngoku zimisiwe de iimpahla zimke kwindawo yokugcina impahla.

Ukulungiswa kwempahla egciniweyo 

Iimpahla zilungiswa ngeli nqanaba, ngokuxhomekeke kwiiklasi ze-warehouse edibeneyo, ingaba phantsi kokucoca, ukuhlenga, okanye ukupakishwa kwakhona ngokomzekelo. Isenokulawulwa ngokobume bempahla, njengokukhenkceza okunzulu okanye iinkqubo zokuphatha iimpahla ezinkulu. Kwimathiriyeli ekrwada okanye ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngokungaphelelanga, ukwenziwa okanye ukusebenza kwendibano nako kunokwenziwa.

Iintengiselwano ezigqityiweyo

Eli linqanaba xa abarhwebi bemveliso kumazwe angaphandle bephumelela ukwenza izivumelwano nabaxumi kwaye bahambise iimpahla kwenye indawo. Ezinye iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelweyo zikwasebenza njengamaziko ozalisekiso ngaloo ndlela evumela ukwenziwa komthungo kunye nenkqubo yokuhanjiswa okukhokelela ekuhanjisweni ngokukhawuleza. 

Intlawulo ekukhululweni

Zonke iimali ezifunekayo zokungenisa kunye neerhafu kufuneka zihlawulwe ngexesha lokukhululwa ukuze kurhoxiswe iimpahla ezibophelelwe kubathengi baseUnited States. 

Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibopheleleke kwizithethe ngokuchasene neMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle 

Xa sithetha ngeewarehouses ezibotshelelwe ngamasiko IMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle (FTZs) zikholisa ukuqwalaselwa ngabarhwebi, njengoko zombini ziyindlela eqhelekileyo yokugcina iimpahla ezithengiweyo ngelixa besonwabela intlawulo erhoxisiweyo yerhafu yempahla eMelika.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iiyantlukwano ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo phakathi kweendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelwa ngamasiko kunye neMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle (FTZs). Owona ucacileyo ngowomda wexesha logcino – ukusukela kwiizowuni zorhwebo zangaphandle. nikeza amaxesha okugcina angenamkhawulo – ngexa iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelwa ngabathengi zinemida yexesha elimiselweyo ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emihlanu. Ngeli xesha, ukusuka kwindawo yogcino oluvumelekileyo, iindawo zorhwebo zangaphandle zibonelela ngendawo yokugcina iimpahla zangaphandle nezasekhaya ngelixa iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelwa ngamasiko zikhethelwe ugcino lwempahla yangaphandle endaweni yoko.

Njengoko imimandla yorhwebo lwangaphandle ibekwe ngokukodwa imimandla yoqoqosho echongiweyo echazwe njengaphandle kommandla wamasiko e-United States, iimpahla ezigcinwe kwii-FTZs azikho phantsi kwenkqubo yokungeniswa kwempahla, ngokungafaniyo nezo zigcinwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla ebophelelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iibhondi zeCustoms azisebenzi kwimpahla ekwii-FTZ xa kuthelekiswa neempahla ezigcinwe kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelwa ngokwesithethe.

Nangona kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi phakathi kweendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshelelwe ngokwesithethe kunye neeFTZ, ukhetho phakathi kwezi zimbini lunokuxhomekeka kakhulu kukhetho lwejografi kunye neendidi zeempahla ezigcinwayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uqwalaselo lugxile kolona khetho lukufutshane kwimisebenzi yeshishini kunye nendlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempahla eziphathwa ngayo kakuhle phantsi kwezi nkqubo zimbini.

Iingcamango zokuqukumbela malunga neendawo zokugcina iimpahla

Icandelo lehlabathi le urhwebo lwehlabathi kunye nolungiselelo ukhathazwa kukunyuka kweendleko zoshishino kunye nembono yezoqoqosho emfiliba. Ke ngoko, iya isibaluleka ngakumbi kubahambisi beenqanawa ukuba bajonge ukuyila ngakumbi iindlela zokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Kubaluleke kakhulu kunakuqala ukwazi ukuba yintoni indawo yokugcina impahla e-US kwaye ube nokuqonda kakuhle ukuba iindlela zokugcina iintlawulo zokuhlehlisa irhafu kunye neentlawulo zemisebenzi zisebenza njani ekwandiseni ukuguquguquka kokuhamba kwemali.

Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo malunga neendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezizinze e-US, abafundi banokuba nomdla wokufunda malunga ubuchule benkqubo yolungiselelo, iintlobo zeenkqubo zolawulo lwendawo yokugcina impahla (WMS) kunye neendlela zokuyila zoku ukunciphisa iindleko zothutho on UChovm uyafunda.

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