Yintoni uMmandla woRhwebo lwaNgaphandle

IUnited States liziko lorhwebelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye iinkampani ezininzi zasekhaya zixhomekeke ekuthengisweni kumazwe angaphandle nakwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ukuze ziqhube ishishini. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi evavanyiweyo ekuthengisweni kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ziindleko eziphambili kumashishini. Ngapha koko, ngo-2021, ingeniso evela kwiirhafu zokungenisa e-United States iyonke $ 80 billion, ekuqikelelwa ukuba iza kwanda ukuya kutsho kwi-110 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngowama-2032. Lo mthwalo wemali wenza kube nzima kumashishini asekuhlaleni ukuba akhuphisane kwiimarike zangaphandle.

Ukutshintsha kweparadigm kuphuhliso loqoqosho kwenze ukuba kube yimfuneko ukwamkela indlela entsha yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho. Amazwe amaninzi kudala eseka imimandla yoqoqosho ekhethekileyo (i-SEZs) njengendlela yokutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yasekhaya, nokukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho. Eli nqaku liphonononga udidi olukhethekileyo lwee-SEZ ezaziwa ngokuba IiNdawo zoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle eUnited States. Ekupheleni kwesi sithuba sebhlog, amashishini aya kukwazi ukuba zeziphi iindawo zorhwebo zangaphandle, zeziphi izibonelelo ababonelela ngazo, kwaye zahluke njani kwiindawo zorhwebo zasimahla. Ngoko ke masikhe siphuze ikofu kwaye singene ngaphakathi!

Isiqulatho
Yintoni indawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle?
Ziziphi iingenelo zommandla worhwebo lwangaphandle?
Indawo yorhwebo yasimahla vs indawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle
I-FTZ yolungiselelo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nokuphuma kwemali okuphuculweyo

Yintoni indawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle?

IBhodi yeMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle (FTZB), phantsi koMthetho weMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle we-1934, waseka imimandla yorhwebo lwangaphandle njengendlela yokunyusa umsebenzi wemveliso yasekhaya ngokunikezela ngeenkampani ezifanelekileyo inkuthazo yerhafu yokugcina, ukudibanisa, kunye nokusetyenzwa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle kwiindawo ezichongiweyo zase-United States. I-US Customs kunye noKhuseleko lweMida (CBP) yongamela le mimandla, ebekwe kulo lonke ilizwe elinamalungu angaphezu kwama-200 iiFTZs ezivunyiweyo isebenza namhlanje.

Iimpahla ezingaphakathi kwendawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle zijongwa ngaphandle kolawulo lwase-United States ngeenjongo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi. Kodwa oku kuthetha ntoni kumashishini? Kuthetha ukuba urhwebo lwangaphandle kwi-FTZ lunokubanjwa, lusetyenzwe, okanye lwenziwe ngaphandle kokwenza nayiphi na imisebenzi yase-US okanye iirhafu de bashiye ummandla worhwebo wangaphandle. Oku kuvumela abavelisi ukuba banciphise okanye babambezele ukuhlawulwa kwemisebenzi esebenzayo kunye neerhafu kwiimpahla ezivela kumazwe angaphandle.

Ziziphi iingenelo zommandla worhwebo lwangaphandle?

Imimandla yorhwebo lwangaphandle inokunceda iinkampani ezizinze e-US zikhuphisane nabakhuphisana bamazwe angaphandle abaxhamla kubasebenzi abaphantsi kunye nezibonelelo zemveliso ezinexabiso eliphantsi. Izibonelelo zokusebenza kwi-FTZ ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni inkampani ingenisa okanye ithumela kumazwe angaphandle, luhlobo luni lomsebenzi enalo, kwaye loluphi na uhlobo lwegunya elinikwa yiBhodi ye-FTZ okanye i-CBP.

Ukukhululwa kwimisebenzi

Xa esebenza ngaphakathi kwe-FTZ, amashishini anokuphepha ukuhlawula imisebenzi kunye neentlawulo zekota kwizinto ezithunyelwe kwakhona. Oku kuthetha ukuba banokungenisa iimpahla ngaphandle, bazisebenzise, ​​baze bazithumele kumazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kokuhlawula amasiko ase-US. Abavelisi bakwanelungelo lokufumana inkuthazo engahlawulisi rhafu ukuba bavelisa izixa ezikhulu zezinto ezilahlwayo. I-FTZ ivumela iinkampani ukuba zitshabalalise okanye zitye iimpahla zazo ukuze zisetyenziswe ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlawula irhafu kunye nemisebenzi ehambelanayo. Oku kunokunceda amashishini anciphise iindleko eziphezulu kwaye akhulise umgca wabo ophantsi.

Ukurhoxiswa kwemisebenzi

Imisebenzi esebenzayo ilindeleke kuphela xa iimveliso zishiya indawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle kwaye zingena kumhlaba we-US. Ngamanye amazwi, amashishini anokulibazisa izibophelelo zentlawulo yerhafu kwiimpahla ezithengwe kumazwe angaphandle zide zirhoxiselwe urhwebo kwimarike yase-US. Abarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle banokusebenzisa imisebenzi erhoxisiweyo ukunceda amashishini abo alawule ukuhamba KWEMALI uxinzelelo kunye nokunciphisa ii-overheads zabo.

Amashishini anokuthumela iimpahla ukusuka kwenye iFTZ ukuya kwenye ngaphandle kokuhlawula iintlawulo zerhafu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba "ugqithiselo lwezowuni ukuya kwindawo"Okanye"ukuwela-docking”, kwaye iluncedo ngakumbi kwiinkampani ezinezibonelelo ezininzi, okanye ezinabathengi abasezantsi nabo babekwe kwiFTZ.

Ukucuthwa kwamaxabiso

Imimandla yorhwebo lwangaphandle inokunceda iinkampani ukunciphisa iindleko zemisebenzi yazo ngokusebenzisa indlela “yokuguqulwa kweerhafu”. Le yinto eyenzekayo xa imveliso yokugqibela evela kwimisebenzi yokuvelisa kwi-FTZ inomlinganiselo osezantsi weRhafu we-US eHarmonized yaseMelika kuneenxalenye zayo zegalelo okanye iikhomponenti xa ifakwe kwindawo. Isiphumo sesokuba iinkampani ziyakhuthazwa ukuba zingenise amacandelo asuka phesheya kolwandle kwaye adityaniswe abe yinto entle egqityiweyo kumhlaba wase-US.

Makhe sithathe umzekelo womenzi weemoto ongenisa amatayara neepleyiti zentsimbi kwamanye amazwe ukuze adibanise iimoto. Ngoku, cinga ukuba i-US iHarmonized (Hts) iintlawulo zeepleyiti zensimbi kunye namathayi ngokulandelanayo kwi-2.5% kunye ne-3.5%, ngelixa iimoto ezigqityiweyo zinexabiso le-2.0% kuphela. Endaweni yokuhlawula umndilili wentlawulo ye-3.0% [(2.5%+3.5%)/2], umenzi wemoto uya kungenisa ezi zixhobo ngaphandle kokuhlawula imisebenzi kunye nokuhlanganisa iimoto kwindawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle. 

Iimoto ezigqityiweyo ziya kuxhomekeka kuphela kwi-2.0% yerhafu ekungeneni kwabo kwintsimi ye-customs yase-US. Oku kungasindisa inkampani malunga ne-1% kwiyunithi nganye. Oko kusenokubonakala kulinani elincinane, kodwa xa sithetha ngamakhulu ezigidi zengeniso nyaka ngamnye, iba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi—inzuzo enkulu yemali kushishino lweemoto!

Ngelixa ii-FTZ zinokuba luncedo kakhulu, ingayimpazamo ukucinga ukuba zingawanceda amashishini ukuba aphephe imirhumo yokohlwaya. Umzekelo, abavelisi abasebenzisa ii-FTZs ukungenisa iimpahla ezivela e-China baseza kuxhomekeka kwiCandelo lama-301 kwiirhafu (iiRhafu zaseTshayina) ukuba abathanga emva koko bakhuphele ngaphandle ezo mpahla kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuphepha umlinganiselo

Abavelisi banokusebenzisa iizowuni zorhwebo zangaphandle ukuqokelela amagalelo angaphandle kunye nempahla engaphezulu kwesabelo sabo sokuthenga ngaphandle, okunokubavumela ukuba basebenzise inzuzo yamaxabiso aphantsi kwaye babe nofikelelo kwimathiriyeli emitsha nje ukuba kumiselwe isabelo esitsha. Ngaphezu koko, iimpahla ezithile eziphantsi kwemida yekowuta zisenokusetyenziswa ngelixa zikummandla worhwebo lwangaphandle ukuze zivelise izinto ezintsha, ezohlukileyo ezingekho phantsi kwesabelo.

Indawo yorhwebo yasimahla vs indawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle

Iindawo zorhwebo zasimahla, njengoko zisekwe kwamanye amazwe amaninzi ngaphandle kwe-US, kunye nemimandla yorhwebo lwangaphandle ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zezowuni zoqoqosho ezikhethekileyo, ezibonelela ngokucutha uxanduva okanye ukhululo kwiinkampani ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo echongiweyo. Indawo yorhwebo yasimahla idla ngokuba yindawo echongiweyo ngokwejografi phakathi kwemida yelizwe, kwaye iinkampani ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka zihambise ngokwazo imisebenzi yazo kummandla ukuze zithathe ithuba lokukhululelwa kwirhafu eyodwa kunye nolawulo.

Imimandla yorhwebo lwangaphandle, kwelinye icala, ngamawonga asemthethweni anikwe yiBhodi ye-FTZ yase-US. Kwaye ngelixa uninzi lwe-FTZ lubekwe okanye kufutshane namazibuko e-CBP ekungeneni, ukufuduswa komzimba akusoloko kuyimfuneko ukuze inkampani ifumane iwonga le-FTZ. Inkampani inokukhetha indawo esele ikho okanye inxalenye yesiza sayo ukuze ifake isicelo sendawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle. 

I-FTZ yolungiselelo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nokuphuma kwemali okuphuculweyo

Ngokusebenzisa ummandla worhwebo lwangaphandle (FTZ), amashishini ase-US kunye nabavelisi banokugcina iindleko zabo ziphantsi, basebenze ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo, kwaye balungelelanise iinkqubo zabo zokungena ngokusesikweni. Iinkampani zinokufaka isicelo sendawo yorhwebo lwangaphandle ngokundwendwela iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye Ulawulo loRhwebo lwaManye amazwe, kodwa bafanele bafunde kuqala njani US Customs ivavanya imisebenzi kunye neerhafu kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.

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