Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga ne-EC DC yokuTshaja ngokukhawuleza

Utshintsho olusuka kwipetroli ukuya kwizithuthi zombane lwaluhlala lusenzeka, kwaye itekhnoloji ivule indlela yokutshintsha umdlalo. Olu tshintsho luvula amathuba amatsha kumashishini, afana nokunyuka kwemfuno yezixhobo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.

Iitshaja ze-EV, nangona kunjalo, zohluke kakhulu ngokweenguqu ezimbalwa. Fumanisa ukuba bayintoni na ngakumbi Ukutshaja kwe-EV, kunye nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo ngokufunda.

Isiqulatho
Imarike yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwezithuthi zombane
Amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okutshaja kwe-EV
Isebenza njani i-DC yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza?
Ikamva lee-EVs

Imarike yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwezithuthi zombane

Imakethi yezixhobo zombane ezitshaja ngokukhawuleza yayixabisa i-US $3,240.7 yezigidi ngo-2021 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ikhule ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka (CAGR) 21.7% ukufikelela kwi-US $ 18,909.8 yezigidi nge-2030. Isidingo esikhulayo sothutho lwe-zero-emission luya kuqhuba ukuthengiswa kwe-EV ngexesha loqikelelo.

Ukuhlawuliswa kukawonke-wonke kubalele esona sabelo sikhulu semarike kwaye kulindeleke ukuba sandise kwi-CAGR ye 22%. Ukukhula kuqhutywa kukufakelwa ngokubanzi kweetshaja ze-EV kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ukukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwe-EV.

Ngaphaya koko, amazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-United States, i-China, kunye neJamani, atyala imali eninzi kuphando kunye nophuhliso ukuze lusebenze ngakumbi. ukuhlawula izixhobo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-2021 GM ibhengeze izicwangciso zokutshala imali engaphezulu kwe-US $ 30 yezigidigidi kwii-EVs, ngelixa i-Ford ilindele ukunyusa imveliso ye-EV kwiiyunithi ze-600,000 ngonyaka.

Yintoni ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC?

Njengoko abathengi beqwalasela izibonelelo kunye neengxaki zezithuthi zombane (EVs), ukutshaja kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisigqibo sabo sokuthenga. Omnye weyona mibuzo ixhaphakileyo evela kubathengi beemoto kukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuhlawula i-EV kunye nokuba iya kuyichaphazela njani indlela yabo yemihla ngemihla. Okwangoku, zintathu izantya zokutshaja ziyafumaneka kwii-EVs: iNqanaba loku-1, iNqanaba lesi-2, kunye neNqanaba lesi-3, elikwabizwa ngokuba DC ngokukhawuleza ukutshaja (DCFC).

I-DCFC yeyona ikhawulezayo kula manqanaba mathathu kwaye ifanelekile kuhambo lomgama omde kunye neendawo zokumisa ukutshaja okufutshane. I-DC kwitshaja inikeza amandla ombane aphezulu kwimoto kwaye inokuhlawula ibhetri kwi-80% malunga nemizuzu engama-40. Ilungile ekwandiseni ubomi bebhetri yemoto kuba iingcali zincoma ukutshaja iibhetri kumthamo wama-80%.

Amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okutshaja kwe-EV

Amanqanaba amathathu okutshaja abonisa ukuba itshaja iza kuyizalisa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani ibhetri.

Ukutshaja kwinqanaba loku-1

Isixhobo sokutshaja seNqanaba loku-1 sesona sicothayo ngoku kwaye siqhagamshelwe ngqo kwindawo esemgangathweni ye-120-volt AC yokuphuma. Umyinge wonikezelo lwamandla usuka kwi-1 kW ukuya kwi-2.4 kW, ukongeza iimayile ezine ukuya kwezintandathu zokuqhuba ngeyure. Intlawulo yasebusuku inokongeza iimayile ezingama-50–60 zokugubungela, kwaye kunokuthatha phantse iintsuku ezimbini ukutshaja i-EV enoluhlu lweemayile ezingama-250 ngokupheleleyo.

Iitshaja zeNqanaba loku-1 azikho lula, ngakumbi ukuba umsebenzisi uzimisele ukusebenzisa imoto yonke imihla. Ukutshaja kweNqanaba loku-1 akusayi kufumaneka kwiindawo ezithile zaseKhanada naseYurophu apho amandla ombane aqhelekileyo asekhaya adlula ama-230.

Ukutshaja kwinqanaba loku-2

Iitshaja zeNqanaba lesi-2 lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwe Itshaja ye-EV kwaye inokufumaneka kwiindawo zokusebenza, emakhayeni, nakwezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ziyenyuka ukusuka kwiNqanaba loku-1 lokutshaja kwaye zisebenzisa i-208-volt ukuya kwi-240-volt yokuphuma ukuvelisa amandla ukusuka kwi-4 kW ukuya kwi-18 kW. Esi siphumo silingana noluhlu lokuqhuba lwe-12 ukuya kwi-54 yeekhilomitha ngeyure.

Ngesantya esikhawulezayo, kuya kuthatha ngaphantsi kweeyure ezintlanu ukuhlawula i-EV kunye noluhlu lweekhilomitha ezingama-250 ngokupheleleyo. Ngelona zinga liphantsi, kuya kuthatha malunga neeyure ezingama-21. Iintlawulo zeNqanaba lesi-2 zezona tshaja ze-EV zidumileyo kwiindawo zokusebenza, emakhaya, nakwezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba iibhetri ze-EV zinokuphatha kuphela i-DC yangoku, amandla e-AC kufuneka aguqulelwe kwi-DC, okwenza iNqanaba 1 kunye ne-2 yokutshaja idle ixesha.

Inqanaba 3 DC ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza

Inqanaba lesi-3 le-DC okwangoku sesona sixhobo sokutshaja se-EV esikhawulezayo nesinamandla. Zenzelwe ukuhambisa amandla ngokukhawuleza kuneetshaja zeNqanaba 2, ezinemveliso eqala kwi-15 kW ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-350 kW.

Oku kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlawule i-EV kwi-15 kwimizuzu ye-60, kuxhomekeke kumthamo wombane wesithuthi. Ngokungafaniyo neNqanaba loku-1 kunye neNqanaba lesi-2, iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC zisebenzisa udibaniso lwesigaba sesithathu sorhwebo ukuhambisa amandla ngokuthe ngqo kwibhetri ye-EV.

Isebenza njani i-DC yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza?

Okwangoku, zine iindidi zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC ziyafumaneka: Inkqubo yokutshaja eDityanisiweyo (I-CCS), GB/T, Tesla Supercharger, kunye ne-CHAdeMO (CHArge de MOve). Nganye inesidibaniso sezibuko esihlawulelwayo esisodwa. I-CCS lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo, ngelixa izikhululo zokutshaja ze-DC zinokuhlawulisa nge-CHAdeMO okanye i-CCS izixhumi.

I-Tesla Supercharger isebenza kuphela kunye neenqwelo zeTesla, kodwa ezi moto zinokusebenzisa i-CHAdeMO okanye i-CSS yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza nge-adapter. Iziqhagamshelo ze-GB/T zezentengiso yaseTshayina.

Ubungakanani bamandla ibhetri ye-EV enokubamba, elinganiswe nge-kW, iyahluka phakathi kwezithuthi. Iimoto ezininzi emarikeni zamkela i-50 kW, ngelixa iimodeli ezintsha zinokwamkela ukuya kuma-270 kW. Ngenxa yokuba umlinganiselo wamandla wetshaja kunye ne-EV zahluke kakhulu, ukuhambelana phakathi kwezi zimbini kunokudida.

Ngethamsanqa, imida yamandla akufunekanga ihambelane kuba itshaja iya kuzisa kuphela amandla emoto anokuwaphatha. Inkqubo yokubeka iliso emotweni ibhetri iqinisekisa ukuba yamkela kuphela ubungakanani bamandla imoto inokuphatha.

Xa intlawulo yebhetri ifikelela kwi-80%, i DCFC izinga liyacotha ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokutshisa kakhulu kwebhetri. Ngoko ke, abaninzi abavelisi baya kuthetha malunga nokuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuhlawula ibhetri kwi-80% kune-100%.

Ngaba ukutshaja kwe-DC kwahluke njani kwi-AC yokutshaja?

Njengoko bekuxoxiwe ngaphambili, i-AC imele ukutshintshisana kwangoku, ngelixa DC imele umsinga othe ngqo. I-AC ibhekisa kumbane oqhelekileyo osetyenziswa ezindlwini ukutshaja ii-elektroniki zemihla ngemihla. Amandla ahamba ngokutshintshana phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi ngenxa yee-alternators. Ezi zitshintshi zivelisa amandla zisebenzisa i-magnetic field ukudala i-polarity elungileyo kunye nengalunganga. Oku kuvumela inkqubo yokuhambisa amandla kodwa ayikwazi ukuhambisa umlinganiselo ofanayo wamandla njengangoku ngokuthe ngqo.

Kwelinye icala, DC amandla ahamba kumgca othe ngqo kwaye anokuveliswa ngeebhetri, iiseli zelanga, okanye iialternators ezilungisiweyo. I-transformer inokuguqula umsinga otshintshayo ukuya ngqo kumbane kwaye inamandla kwizixhobo zasendlini ezinjengeefriji kunye noomatshini bokuhlamba. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla e-DC awaphelelanga kwizithuthi, kwaye inika amandla ombane aphezulu kwaye izinzile ngaphezu kokutshintshana kwamandla angoku. Nangona kunjalo, amandla eDC abiza kakhulu.

Ngaba kukho icala elisezantsi kwi-DC yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza?

Ngaphandle kweenzuzo ezininzi zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC, kukho iingxaki ezimbalwa. Iziseko zophuhliso zeDC zilinganiselwe, kwaye ubukho bayo bungaphantsi kakhulu kuneNqanaba loku-1 nele-2 lokutshaja. Nangona ixesha elifunekayo lokuhlawula lifutshane nge DC ukutshaja, bacela umngeni ekufumaneni kumgama othe kratya.

I-DCFC iyabiza ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane aphezulu kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nofakelo. Kwaye okokugqibela, ngenxa yemicimbi ye-thermal, ukutshaja kwe-DCFC kucingelwa ukuba konakalise ibhetri ngexesha; nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zayo kubomi bebhetri zixoxwa ngokushushu.

Ikamva lee-EVs

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zeDC zineengenelo ezininzi, ezona zibalulekileyo kukuba zinokutshaja ibhetri ngokupheleleyo kwisithuba seeyure, ngaloo ndlela zonga ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, itekhnoloji iyabiza kwaye, ngokungafaniyo neetshaja zeNqanaba 2, ayisasazeka kwiindawo zikawonkewonke.