Ukuvunwa kwerayisi kunokuba ngumsebenzi wezandla onzima kakhulu kwabaninzi kumazwe asakhasayo, kodwa yinkqubo enkulu yezoshishino kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo. Oomatshini bokuvuna irayisi ziza ngobukhulu kunye namandla ahlukeneyo kwaye zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iziphelo zesikali. Eli nqaku lijonga ezinye zeemodeli eziphezulu ezikhoyo kwimarike ye-intanethi, kwaye linika abathengi iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo zokufumana eyona modeli ilungileyo yoluhlu lwezicelo.
Isiqulatho
Imarike eqikelelweyo yehlabathi yabavuni berayisi
Zeziphi iimfuneko eziphambili zokuvuna irayisi?
Ukhetho lweemodeli zokuvuna irayisi ezikhoyo
Yintoni omawuyiqwalasele xa ukhetha isixhobo sokuvuna irayisi
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Imarike eqikelelweyo yehlabathi yabavuni berayisi
Izivuno zerayisi zikhuliswa kumazwe angaphezu kwe-120 kwihlabathi liphela. I-90% yemveliso yehlabathi ivela e-Asiya, kunye ne-China ne-Indiya abona bavelisi abakhulu kuma-52% emveliso yehlabathi. I-Bangladesh, i-Indonesia, i-Vietnam, i-Japan kunye namazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia anikela uninzi lwe-38% eyongezelelweyo yemveliso yase-Asia. EMzantsi Melika, iBrazil inkqenkqeza phambili malunga ne-3% yesityalo serayisi sehlabathi, kwaye eMntla Melika, i-US inembali ende yokukhula kwerayisi, ivelisa malunga ne-2% yemveliso yehlabathi.
Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo aneentaba okanye iinduli zokukhula kwerayisi, kunye namafama amaninzi amancinci. Basenokufumana utyalo-mali ekuvuneni irayisi ngoomatshini, nokuba kungenakwenzeka okanye kuthetheleleka, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zabasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Nangona kunjalo, kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngakumbi, ukulima irayisi lishishini eliphambili kwaye i-automation lutyalo-mali oluyimfuneko.
Ngokukhula kwabemi behlabathi, kukho imfuno ekhulayo yerayisi ephezulu kunye nemveliso yengqolowa, ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwetekhnoloji ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Imarike yehlabathi yokudibanisa abavuni, ukuvuna irayisi, ingqolowa kunye nembotyi yesoya, kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kukhula ngesantya esiphilileyo sonyaka sokukhula. (CAGR) ye-4.5% ukusuka kwixabiso le-US $ 52.74 yezigidi ngo-2024, ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-US $ 62.8 yezigidi ngo-2028..
Zeziphi iimfuneko eziphambili zokuvuna irayisi?
Irayisi sisityalo secereal kwaye, njengezinye izityalo, luhlobo lwengca. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izityalo ze-cereal, irayisi ikhula kumandlalo wamanzi, ifakwe phakathi kwe-2 "ukuya kwe-4" (5-10 cm) kwiindawo ezinkcenkceshelwayo, kwaye irayisi ihlala ifakwe emanzini kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula. Kwiindawo ezininzi zase-Asiya, amasimi erayisi akhiwe ezantsi kweenduli ngendlela enyukayo, enemimandla yeentaba efana neeHimalaya yenye yezona ndawo zikhula kakhulu.
Indawo ekhula irayisi enyukayo nehlala ingumnqantsa kulo lonke elase-Asiya yenza ukuba amadlelo erayisi angasebenzi koomatshini abakhulu, ngoko ke ukuvunwa kwerayisi kudla ngokusebenza ngezandla kwaye kunzima kakhulu. Noko ke, kwimimandla esele iphuhlile nanemizi-mveliso, amasimi erayisi asasazeke kuwo wonke amasimi abanzi, ngoko ke ukuvuna kunokusetyenziswa ngoomatshini ngakumbi kuze kusetyenziswe oomatshini bokuvuna irayisi.
Xa ilixesha lokuvuna, amasimi ayakhutshwa aze ome amasimi, nangona amanye aya kuhlala engenamanzi ukuze kuvunwe. Isiqulatho samanzi kwingca yerayisi siyehla siye malunga ne-20-25% ngexesha lokuvuna, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iindiza zerayisi zisemanzi kakhulu xa kuvunwa.
Xa uvuna irayisi ngesandla, irayisi iqala isikwe, okanye ivunwe, ize ipakishwe. Inxalenye yengqolowa etyiwayo yerayisi ke ngoko yohlulwa ngesandla kumququ ngokubetha (ukubhula). Emva kokubhula, kuya kufuneka irayisi icocwe ukuze yahlulwe iindiza eziseleyo, amatye kunye nepaddy. Irayisi iye yomiswa de umthamo wamanzi wehle ukuya kutsho kwi-14%, phambi kokusila ukususa amakhoba, okanye phambi kokugcinwa. Irayisi emanzi ayinakusila kakuhle, okanye iya kutsala umngundo kwindawo yokugcina.
Xa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuvuna irayisi, umlimi usenokukhetha umatshini wokuvuna kuphela, okanye akhethe umatshini wokuvuna irayisi. Abavuni berayisi luhlobo lwesivuni esidibanisayo sokuvuna irayisi kunezinye iinkozo eziziinkozo, nangona ziyakwazi ukumelana nezityalo ezininzi. 'Dibanisa' ukusebenza kuthetha ukuba banokuvuna, babhule, bacoce kwaye bawele zonke ngepasi enye.
Zidla ngokufakelwa iitreyi zerabha zokuphatha amasimi erayisi amanzi, yaye ukuba ingca yerayisi imanzi kakhulu, umvuni usenokungasebenzisi umsebenzi wokwela ukwahlula irayisi nekhoba.
Abavuni berayisi baqhele ukuqhutywa ngedizili kwaye banamandla ukusuka malunga ne-10 hp ukuya kuma-450 hp. Uninzi lweemodeli zamaxabiso aphantsi zezoomatshini kuphela, kodwa iimodeli zamva nje nezinkulu zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yoluvo oluphambili ukukhulisa ukubanjwa okuziinkozo kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko.
Ukhetho lweemodeli zokuvuna irayisi ezikhoyo
Ukudibanisa izivuni ezincinci
Kwiifama ezininzi ezincinci zentsapho yerayisi, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, utyalo-mali kubuchwepheshe luxanduva olukhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomsebenzi wasekhaya. Ngoko ke, kwiziza ezincinane, isivuni esincinane serayisi esinomthamo ophantsi sisenokuba sisenzo esifanelekileyo phakathi komatshini kunye nomsebenzi wezandla.
Abona bavuni bancinci banokuvuna kwaye babophe kuphela, kodwa bahamba lula. Abanye abavuni berayisi banokuvuna baze babhule ingca yerayisi, bacoce baze bahlule irayisi kumququ. Azinasixa esikhulu sokubamba ukutya okuziinkozo okuninzi, ukuze kukhutshwe evenkileni ukuze kuqokelelwe kwiingxowa okanye kwezinye izitya.
Oku kulula imodeli yokuvuna uvuna kwaye ubophe izikhondo, kodwa akayi kubhula okanye ayicoci irayisi kwiindiza. Nge-8-12 hp kuphela kunye nobubanzi bokusika kwe-3.2 ft (1m), kuya kunciphisa umgudu wezandla wokucoca irayisi (okanye ingqolowa) intsimi, kodwa ishiya eminye imisebenzi kumsebenzi wezandla. Lo mzekelo ngumatshini ohamba ngasemva, onamavili, kwaye ufumaneka phakathi kwe-US$4,000 kunye ne-US$4,500.
Oku kuncinci Irabha yokuvuna irayisi elandelwayo inobubanzi obusebenzayo obuyi-4.6 ft (1.4m) ububanzi bokusebenza, kwaye iyafumaneka phakathi kwe-US$4,500 kunye ne-US$5,200 ngeyunithi nganye. Iharika kunye neheader zondla ingca esikiweyo inyuse isihambisi kwisixhobo sokubhula, kwaye isicoci esingcangcazelayo sohlula iinkozo. Iingoma zayo zerabha ziwaphatha kakuhle amasimi amanzi nanodaka, kwaye umatshini ulungele irayisi, iimbotyi zesoya kunye nezityalo zengqolowa.
le isivuni serayisi esincinci inobubanzi obusebenzayo be-3.9 ft (1.2m) kwaye ixabisa phakathi kwe-US$ 4,580 kunye ne-US $ 4,880. Inemizila yerabha yokusebenza ngokulula kwepaddy emanzi, isitulo esincinci sokulawula, kwaye umvuni uyavuna, abhule, acoce kwaye ahlule iinkozo.
Abavuni berayisi abancinci ukuya phakathi
Njengoko ubukhulu besivuni busanda kumandla nakububanzi bokusebenza, abavuni berayisi Inika umsebenzi opheleleyo wokuvuna, ukubhula, ukucoca kunye nokwela. Ewe, njengoko amandla okuvuna enyuka, ngokunjalo nexabiso. Eminye yale mizekelo ifakelwe iingoma zerabha, kodwa ezinye ziyimodeli enamavili ngokupheleleyo.
le Japanese Kubota brand yokuvuna irayisi inobubanzi obusebenzayo be-2m kunye namandla aphezulu angama-120 hp. Inemizila yerabha yokusebenza komhlaba emanzi kwaye ibhengezwe njengelungele irayisi kunye nengqolowa. Inika isilinda esikhulu sokubhula kunye nemigangatho emithathu yesikrini sokungcangcazela sokucoca. Amaxabiso asukela kwi-US$ 10,500 ukuya kwi-US$ 11,500.
le umvuni werayisi unamandla angaphezulu kwi-52-76 hp kunye nobubanzi bokusebenza obubanzi be-7.2 ft (2.2m). Inemizila yerabha yokushukuma lula kuwo wonke amaphedi amanzi kunye neempawu zokuvuna ezidibanisa ngokupheleleyo. Ine-hopper yokulayisha yeenkozo ezihlukeneyo zerayisi ukuba zilayishwe kwisithuthi esixhasayo sothutho. Le modeli ifumaneka phakathi kwe-US $ 24,025 kunye ne-US $ 24,425 ngokuxhomekeke kwinani leeyunithi ezi-odolweyo.
Olu guqulelo lwe-a irayisi kunye nengqolowa zidibanisa isivuni ivelisa i-88 hp, inobubanzi obuyi-6.6 ft (2m) yokusebenza, kunye netanki yeenkozo eziyi-1400. Esi sisivuni esinamavili kwaye sifumaneka phakathi kwe-US$ 14,500 kunye ne-US $ 15,800.
le umvuni werayisi inobubanzi obusebenzayo be-9.3 ft (2.84m) kunye namandla aphezulu angama-190 hp. Inomsebenzi wokuvuna opheleleyo wokuphatha irayisi, ingqolowa kunye neembotyi zesoya. Inesiseko esinamavili kwaye iya kuba neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokutsalela kumadlelo omileyo kunye namasimi. Amaxabiso aqala kwi-US $ 27,800 ukuya kwi-US $ 29,800.
Abavuni abakhulu berayisi
E-US nakwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo nahambele phambili kwezoshishino, ukukhuliswa kwerayisi kunye nokuvuna kubonakala kwahluke kakhulu kuninzi lwase-Asiya. Nangona indlela yokukhulisa irayisi iyafana, isikali sahluke kakhulu. oomatshini bokuvuna zinkulu, kwaye iindlela zobuchwepheshe eziphezulu ziyaphunyezwa.
The umvuni onamavili kuboniswe apha nzima emsebenzini wokuvuna kunobubanzi obuyi-10.4 ft (3.2m) kwaye inokusetyenziselwa irayisi okanye ingqolowa. Njengezinye iimodeli zolu bungakanani iza nekhabhathi yokusebenza ebanzi-ebanzi kunye nezixhobo zokuvuna ezidibeneyo, ivenkile ebanzi yeenkozo kunye nehopper. Le modeli ifumaneka nge-US$ 10,000.
le isayizi enkulu yokuvuna irayisi imodeli enamavili, kodwa ineengoma ezincamathelayo zerabha zokuvuna intsimi emanzi. Inamandla amakhulu emveliso ye-450 hp kwaye inokuphatha irayisi kunye nezinye izityalo. Ikwanayo noncamathiselo olungasemva olukhethwayo lokunqunqa nokusasaza iindiza.
Njengomatshini omkhulu, uza nekhabhathi yomqhubi evalelweyo ekhululekileyo, enebala elibanzi lombono, kwaye ifakelwe ubushushu kunye nomoya womoya. Le yenye yeemodeli eziphucukileyo kwaye ineemonitha zeGPS, ilahleko yeenkozo, isiqulatho sokufuma kunye nesivuno. Esi sivuni sifumaneka nge-US$8,599.
Yintoni omawuyiqwalasele xa ukhetha isixhobo sokuvuna irayisi
Xa uqwalasela ukuba yeyiphi eyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokuvuna irayisi onokuyithenga, kukho izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule.
Ubukhulu kunye nesisindo
Ingqwalasela yokuqala yindawo kunye nobukhulu be-rice paddy. Kwiindawo ezininzi ezineenduli, iipadi ngokwazo zincinci njengoko zijikwe emhlabeni, kodwa zikholisa ukuba nokufikelela okulinganiselweyo, mhlawumbi zilinganiselwe kwiindlela okanye iingoma ezincinci. Kwezi paddies, ubungakanani kunye nobunzima bomatshini zezona zinto zinkulu, kwaye oomatshini abakhulu abasebenzayo banokuba ngabavuni abancinci abahamba ngasemva.
Kwiipadi ezinkulu ezinokufikelela kwindlela, ukhetho lunokwahluka kakhulu, kuba ukufikelela ayiseluqwalaselo lomda. Amasimi amancinane aya kufuna ukuthathela ingqalelo izivuni ezincinci zerayisi, ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye zinamandla ngokwaneleyo okuvuna i-paddy, kodwa zincinci kwaye zihamba ngokwaneleyo ukuhamba phakathi kwamasimi e-paddy.
Kwiifama ezinkulu zorhwebo zerayisi, ezinobubanzi obukhulu kunye ne-acreage enkulu ethe tyaba, irayisi enkulu kunye nezivuni ezidibeneyo lukhetho olulungileyo.
Ububanzi beheda
Ubungakanani besityalo serayisi anokuthi umvuni agawule ngepasi enye nganye bumiselwa bububanzi bokusebenza bentloko. Ubungakanani be-paddy, kunye noyilo lwesityalo serayisi, bumisela umthamo wokuvuna kunye nobubanzi bentloko. Iheader emxinwa inokuthi ilungele i-paddy encinci, kodwa ikwathetha ukudlula ngaphezulu kunye nokuhla kwibala le-paddy. Iheader ebanzi iphatha izityalo ezininzi kwindlela enye, ngoko ke inokuba yeyona isebenzayo kumasimi amakhulu abanzi epaddy.
Amavili vs. umkhondo werabha
Amasimi erayisi adla ngokutsalwa amanzi phambi kokuvunwa, kodwa asengawagcina amanzi amaninzi kwaye umhlaba usenothambile kakhulu xa kufika ixesha lokuvuna. Izivuni ezihamba ngamavili azidibanisi ngokubanzi emhlabeni kwaye zithande ukutshona kumhlaba othambileyo wepaddy, nto leyo eyenza ukuvuna okugudileyo kucothe kwaye kube nzima. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umhlaba womile ngokupheleleyo, iinguqulelo ezinamavili kulula ukuziqhuba kunye nokujikeleza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izivuni ezilandelelweyo zerabha ezinxantathu zisasaza ubunzima kuzo zonke iindlela kwaye azitshoni kude, zigcina ukuhamba kunye nesantya sokuvuna. Ke ngoko, qwalasela ngononophelo imozulu enokwenzeka kunye neempawu zomhlaba, kwaye ukhethe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba isivuni sinemizila etshintshanayo kunye namavili, oko kunokubonelela ngeyona ndlela ilula.
Amandla okuvuna
Amandla e-injini amisela amandla okusika entloko, aqhube ukubhula kunye nokucoca imisebenzi, kunye namandla nayiphi na imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo efana nokusika kunye nokusabalalisa. Umvuni kufuneka akwazi ukuvelisa amandla awoneleyo kuyo yonke imisebenzi, ngoko ke jonga amandla alinganisiweyo ehashe, ngakumbi kubavuni abancinci.
Izikhokelo ezibanzi zeemfuno zamandla kwisivuni serayisi ziyakwahluka ngokobungakanani bomatshini, kunye nezivuni ezincinci zivelisa phakathi kwe-10 ukuya kwi-30 Hp, kunye neemodeli ezinkulu nantoni na ukusuka kwi-100 Hp ukuya phezulu. Amandla ongeziweyo ehashe aya kuwenza wenziwe umsebenzi, kodwa amandla amaninzi aya kuchitha amafutha kunye nokunyusa iindleko. Phakathi kweenjini zedizili ezinamandla ngakumbi yiKubota kunye neCummins, nangona zikhona iinguqulelo ezinamandla injini yombane zifumaneka kubavuni abancinci abavelisa ngaphezulu kwe-66 Kw / 88 Hp.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukusebenza kunye nobuchwepheshe
Oomatshini abancinci banokuthengwa ngexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye obona bancinci abanazo iimpawu zokuvuna ezipheleleyo. Abavuni abancinci lukhetho olulungileyo kwiifama ezincinci zerayisi, njengoko zihlala zisebenza ngokudibeneyo zokuvuna kwaye ziza ngexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa azinakuza nazo naziphi na iimpawu zobugcisa obuphezulu. Iimodeli ezinkulu kunye neempawu eziphezulu ziza notyalo-mali olukhulu, kodwa uninzi lwazo lubandakanya iinkqubo zobuchwepheshe eziphucukileyo, eziquka iinkqubo zeGPS, umlinganiselo wesivuno, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwesantya sokubhula.
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Zininzi izivuni ezifumanekayo ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kumasimi erayisi. Uninzi lwale mizekelo luyakwazi ukuphatha ingqolowa kunye nezinye izityalo. Amafama amaninzi kulo lonke elase-Asiya anokukhetha ukubambelela ekuvuneni umsebenzi wezandla, kodwa kwabo bafuna uncedo ngoomatshini kukho zombini imizekelo elula nephucukileyo.
Kwisiphelo esisezantsi kukho abavuni abahambahambayo abancinci abenza okungaphezulu kokusika, kodwa ukusuka apho uninzi lwabavuni lubonelela ngokusebenza kokuvuna okugcweleyo. Le misebenzi ibandakanya ukuvuna, ukubhula, ukucoca kunye nokwela. Abanye basenokugalela ukunqunqa nokusasaza umququ ongafunwayo.
Ukuvunwa kwerayisi kaninzi kunokuba manzi kwaye umhlaba uthambe, kwaye uninzi lwabavuni berayisi ngokukodwa bafakelwe imikhondo yerabha ukuze bakwazi ukuhamba ngokulula kwaye bangatshoni ngaphakathi. Kwakhona, apho ingca yerayisi ivunwa imanzi ngoko ukhozo lwerayisi lunokufuneka lugcinwe luze lomiswe phambi kokusila ukuze lwahlule ikhoba.
Kulowo unokuba ngumthengi, kukho ukhetho oluninzi kunye noluhlu lwabavuni olukhoyo ukuze lulingane isityalo, ukusebenza kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, jonga i-showroom ye-intanethi Chovm.com.
