Izinto Eziyi-10 Okufanele Uzazi Ngamangqamuzana Amafutha E-Hydrogen

IHydrojeni, into elula kodwa etholakala kakhulu endaweni yonke, iguquguquka ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi isanda kusetshenziswa i-hydrogen fuel cell ngenqubo ye-electrochemical ehlanganisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ukukhiqiza amanzi negesi. Lawa maseli angakwazi ukuxazulula ezinye zezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu ezihlobene namandla. Nakuba impikiswano iqhubeka mayelana nobuhle nobubi bamaseli e-hydrogen fuel, akuphikiswa ukuthi i-hydrogen iyindlela eco-friendly kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi anganikeza amandla aphakeme kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi nezindlela zokuhamba.

Lapha, sizocwila ekutheni amaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen ame kanjani ukuze aguqule ikusasa lokusetshenziswa kwamandla nokuthi amabhizinisi azozuza kanjani kulokhu kuvelela.

Okuqukethwe
Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yamaseli e-hydrogen fuel
Amaqiniso azungeze amaseli amafutha asebenza nge-hydrogen
Isiphetho

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yamaseli e-hydrogen fuel

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yamaseli e-hydrogen fuel yayifanelekile ilinganiselwa ku-USD 6.6 billion ngo-2021, kanye nezinkampani zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli zizoqhubeka nokusebenza ekwenzeni ama-hydrogen fuel cell abelula, angabizi kakhulu ukuwakhiqiza, futhi okudinga izingxenye ezimbalwa.

Kanjalo, imakethe kulindeleke ukuthi ibize u-USD 19.5 billion ngo-2027 futhi irekhode i-CAGR ka-21% phakathi kuka-2022 no-2027. Isidingo samandla ahlanzekile ezindaweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi i-Asia-Pacific, siqhubezela phambili ukukhula kwemakethe yamaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen, iJapan ibusa ukwanda komkhakha ngokusebenzisa uhla lwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Amanye amazwe lapho ukukhula okuzayo kubonakala kungenakugwema ahlanganisa iChina, iJalimane neKorea.

Amaqiniso azungeze amaseli amafutha asebenza nge-hydrogen

Nawa amaqiniso ayi-10 mayelana i-hydrogen fuel cell ezibenza bahluke kwamanye amasistimu okugcina uphethiloli:

Ama-fuel cell awumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile

Amaseli kagesi we-Hydrogen ume njengomthombo wamandla ohlanzekile onomthelela omncane kwezemvelo. Akukho ukushiswa okuhilelekile ekugcinweni, futhi imikhiqizo ephumayo iwukushisa namanzi kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nogesi ophehlwa ngamanzi noma i-biofuel, asikho isidingo sezindawo eziningi zomhlaba ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen.

I-NASA isebenzela ngisho nokusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengesisetshenziswa, namanzi akhiqizwa njengomkhiqizo asetshenziswa njengamanzi okuphuza kosomkhathi. Leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi kanjani i-hydrogen fuel cell ziwumthombo ongenabuthi, okuwenza abe ngaphezu kwamalahle, amandla enuzi, noma igesi yemvelo.

Amaseli e-hydrogen anomsindo omncane noma ukungcola okubonakalayo

Njengeminye imithombo yamandla, i-hydrogen fuel cell ungadali umsindo owedlulele. Ngisho nezimoto ezisebenza nge-hydrogen zenza umsindo omncane kunalezo ezisebenzisa izinjini ezivamile zangaphakathi. Izinjini zezimoto zendabuko zifaka ukuqhuma nezingxenye ezinyakazayo, kuyilapho inqubo ye-electrochemical kumaseli kaphethiloli ithule futhi ikhiqiza umsindo omncane wokusebenza. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-20% wezimoto emhlabeni wonke zizobe sezisebenza ngama-fuel cell ngo-2030.

Umklamo olula wamangqamuzana kaphethiloli unciphisa isidingo sezingxenye zemishini eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingase zibe nomthelela ekungcoleni okubonakalayo. Idizayini elula ye amaseli e-hydrogen ithuthukisa ukuhambisana kwazo okubonakalayo ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa.

Amaseli kaphethiloli ahlukahlukene

Ukuhlukahluka kwe i-hydrogen fuel cell futhi kuyisici esiyinhloko ekukhuleni kwabo kokutholwa. Izicelo zabo zisukela ezimotweni ezinikeza amandla nezakhiwo kuya kugajethi ephathekayo ye-elekthronikhi nezinye izakhiwo zamandla.

Ama-fuel cell cell nawo ayahlolwa ezimbonini zasolwandle nezasemkhathini. Lokhu kuthambekela ekuqhubekiseni i-hydrogen-based propulsion kuhloswe ukunciphisa ukungcola nokudala umthelela omncane kwezemvelo.

Amaseli anamandla e-hydrogen anezikhathi zokushaja ngokushesha

The latest imiklamo ye-hydrogen fuel cell zinciphise kakhulu izikhathi zokushaja. Lokhu kufinyelelwe ngokusebenzisa ikhoyili eyisilinda esilingana nesiguquli sokushisa sangaphakathi, ukupholisa i-hydrogen fuel cell eqinile yehle ngokushesha, okubuye kuyisize ukuthi ishaje ngokushesha.

Ngale ndlela, isikhathi sokushaja i-hydrogen sehliswe ngo-59% uma kuqhathaniswa nalapho kusetshenziswa isishintshi sokushisa esivamile se-helical.

Izibaseli zinikeza isikhathi eside sokusebenzisa

Isikhathi esiqondile sokuphila kwe-a iseli kaphethiloli ithembele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ngoba amabhethri adonsa ngamanani ahlukene ngokuya ngezicelo zawo. Isibonelo, izimoto ze-hydrogen fuel cell zingahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-312 kanye namamayela angama-380 ngaphambi kokugcwalisa uphethiloli. Izitaki zikaphethiloli kumaseli zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa impilo yonke, cishe amamayela ayi-150,000 kuya ku-200,000. Lapho isikhathi sokuphila siphela, ama-fuel cell angahlakazwa, futhi izingxenye zingagaywa kabusha.

Lesi sikhathi singaphezu kwalokho okunikezwa yizimoto zikagesi (EVs). Izinga lokushisa langaphandle alithinti ukusebenza kahle kwe-fuel cell. Ayiwohloki esimweni sezulu esibandayo njengalapho isetshenziswa kuma-EVs. Le perk yamaseli e-hydrogen fuel iyakhuliswa uma ihlanganiswa nezikhathi zayo zokushaja ngokushesha.

Amaseli amandla e-hydrogen anamandla kakhulu

Amaseli kaphethiloli ziwumthombo wamandla aminyana kakhulu onamandla okusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, i-hydrogen inomthamo omkhulu wamandla kunoma yimuphi uphethiloli ovamile ngokwesisindo. I-hydrogen ewuketshezi namagesi anomfutho ophezulu anamandla aphindwe kathathu kune-gravimetric energy density ye-LNG nodizili, namandla evolumu afana negesi yemvelo.

Ukusebenza kahle kwamafutha kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla engeziwe ngephawundi ngayinye yamafutha. Isibonelo, isikhungo samandla omlilo esivamile sikhiqiza ugesi ngo-33-35% osebenza kahle ngokuqhathaniswa nama-65% amanye ama-fuel cell. Kwenzeka okufanayo nasezimotweni, lapho i-hydrogen fuel cell sebenzisa u-40-60% wamandla ngenkathi unikeza ukunqanyulwa kuka-50% ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Hydrogen cell buyilungele imiphakathi yasemakhaya

Izitshalo zamandla emazweni amaningi zikude nezindawo zamadolobha, futhi amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa ayadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla alethwa kancane kancane kubathengi. Ngokunjalo, izixazululo ezibambekayo ziyadingeka ukunikeza amandla emiphakathini yasemakhaya. Abacwaningi badalule ukuthi ukwelula amandla ezindaweni ezinjengalezi akunakwenzeka kwezomnotho nangokwezobuchwepheshe.

Ubulula nokusebenza kahle kwe amaseli kaphethiloli zizenze zibe umthombo wamandla ofanele ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukusebenza kwawo kuzimele kunoma yiziphi izingxenye ezihambayo futhi kunokuphila okude, okungaba kufika ku-40,000h. Futhi, lezi zingapakishwa ukuze zifane nezidingo zamandla ezihlukene.

Ukusebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi ama-fuel cell akhiqiza ukushisa namandla ngesikhathi esisodwa, kokubili kungasetshenziswa ngezinhloso ezahlukene. Isibonelo, ukushisa kungakhishwa futhi kusetshenziselwe ukufaka umoya oshisayo kanye nemishini ye-air conditioning (HVAC). Isibonelo, eNingizimu Afrika, u-13% wamandla usetshenziselwa ukufudumeza indawo kanti u-32% usetshenziselwa amanzi ashisayo.

Amaseli amafutha angasebenza njengamandla ayisipele

Amaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen asephenduke ubuchwepheshe obuthembisayo obusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okusekela. Amandla ekhophi yasenqolobaneni abhekisela ekusebenziseni imithombo yamandla yesibili ukunikeza amandla uma kwenzeka ugesi unqamuka kungazelelwe. Lokhu kubalulekile kungqalasizinda efana nezikhungo zedatha, izibhedlela, namanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngocingo. Amaseli amandla e-hydrogen ukuhlinzeka ngamandla athembekile kungqalasizinda enjalo, enezidingo eziphezulu zesikhathi kanye nezidingo zokugcinwa okuphansi. Izinhlangano eziningi emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa ama-fuel cell ukuze zizuze izinzuzo zazo.

Amaseli e-hydrogen ayaphatheka

Amandla aphathekayo ayadingeka kubantu ngabanye nasezinhlanganweni ezisebenza emikhakheni eminingi, futhi ukuncika kakhulu ezakhiweni zamandla amakhulu kungabangela imingcele mayelana nokunyakaza. Ngenhlanhla, amaseli kaphethiloli ziye zavela njengesixazululo salezi zidingo. Amasistimu kaphethiloli aphathekayo anesisindo esingaphansi kuka-10kg futhi anikeza amandla angaphansi kuka-5kW.

Okuncane ama-micro-fuel cell ingasetshenziswa ukunika amandla omakhalekhukhwini namakhompyutha aphathekayo futhi ibe nezinzuzo ezihlobene nokunciphisa isisindo kanye nokuminyana kwamandla uma iqhathaniswa namabhethri e-lithium-ion. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla amakhulu aphathekayo abonisa isithembiso sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikude ngokwendawo njengeziteshi zesimo sezulu.

Amaseli amafutha angakwazi ukwenza intando yeningi amandla

Ukuthembela ngokweqile emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla kuqeda amandla amasistimu futhi kungcolise imvelo. Amaseli kaphethiloli vumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla asabalalisiwe okusiza imiphakathi nezinhlangano ezincane ukuthi zenze amandla engeziwe. Ukwengeza, ukuncipha kokuncika kumagridi kagesi aphakathi nendawo kunganikeza abantu ngabanye kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni ukulawula okwengeziwe, kusize ukwehlisa ithuba lokunyuka kwentengo kaphethiloli ngezikhathi lapho isitoko siba sifushane.

Ukuphehlwa kukagesi ezindaweni ezihlukene ngamafutha ezinsalela kuthuthukisa ukukhuthazela ngesikhathi sokufa kwegridi noma izinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla endaweni kusho ukuthi izinsiza ezibalulekile nezinsizakalo zingaqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho nalapho igridi ephakathi nendawo iphazamiseka.

Isiphetho

Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lugxile ekuhlonzeni nasekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe be-fuel cell ukuze kwehliswe izindleko kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila sezingxenye zesitaki samaseli kaphethiloli njengama-catalysts, ulwelwesi, amapuleti e-bipolar, nama-membrane-electrode assemblies. Izinqubo zokukhiqiza umthamo omkhulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi zizophinde zenze izakhiwo zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli zikwazi ukuncintisana nobuchwepheshe obuvamile.

Lezi zinhlobo zama-fuel cell athuthukisiwe ziya ngokuya zisiza ukunika amandla imiphakathi kanye nezimboni ezidinga amandla. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, cishe singabubona busetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi yomphakathi.

Uma ubheke ukuthola ubuchwepheshe bakamuva be-fuel cell, phequlula izinkulungwane zezinketho ezivela kubahlinzeki abathembekile Chovm.com.