Izinhlobo ezi-6 ezivame kakhulu zamajeneretha e-laser

Ubuchwepheshe be-laser buhlanganiswe empilweni yansuku zonke yezwe lanamuhla. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamajeneretha e-laser zisebenza ngamaza ahlukene, zibonisa izici ezihlukene, ngakho-ke zisetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukene. 

Kuye ngohlobo olusetshenziswayo, amajeneretha e-laser ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo eziyisithupha: i-solid-state, igesi, udayi, i-diode, i-fiber, namajeneretha e-electron laser amahhala. Phakathi kwazo, kunezigatshana eziningi ze-solid-state kanye ne-gas lasers. Ngaphandle kwama-electron lasers amahhala, izindlela eziningi zokukhiqiza i-laser zisekelwe kumshini ofanayo, ngokusekelwe ezingxenyeni ezifana nomthombo wepompo, i-optical resonator, kanye ne- gain medium. 

Lesi sihloko sikuhambisa ezinhlotsheni ezivame kakhulu zamajeneretha e-laser, izici zawo, kanye nezicelo zawo.

I-solid state laser generator 

Kumajeneretha e-laser wesifunda esiqinile, ukukhanya kuvamise ukusetshenziswa njengomthombo wepompo, futhi ikristalu noma ingilazi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-laser. Impahla yenziwe nge-matrix kanye ne-ion ecushiwe. Okubalulekile kwe-matrix kunikeza indawo ye-ion ecushiwe ukuze ikhiqize i-laser. Ama-ion asetshenziswa ngokuvamile ama-ion ensimbi eshintshashintshayo, njenge-chromium, i-cobalt, nama-nickel ion., nama-ion ensimbi yomhlaba ayivelakancane, njengama-ion e-neodymium. Izibuko ezifakwe amafilimu e-dielectric zisetshenziswa njengezibuko ze-resonator, kufaka phakathi isibuko esigcwele nesibuko sesigamu. Ngenhlanganisela yama-ion ahlukene acushiwe nezinto ze-matrix kanye namaza wamaza okuvusa amaza okukhanya, ama-laser amaza ahlukahlukene akhishwa. 

Ukukhishwa kwe-laser wavelength yi-ruby laser generator ngu-694.3nm, futhi izinga lokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric liphansi njenge-0.1%. Kodwa-ke, impilo yayo ye-fluorescent yinde, evumela ukugcinwa kwamandla, futhi ingakhipha amandla aphezulu wokushaya kwenhliziyo. I-laser ekhiqizwe i-ruby rod enogqinsi lwe-peni core kanye ne-beam ende ingangena kalula eshidini lensimbi. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinhlelo ze-laser ye-YAG ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, amasistimu we-laser we-ruby ayesetshenziswa kakhulu ekusikeni nasekumbambeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya okungu-694nm kudonswa kalula yi-melanin, ngakho-ke ama-laser we-ruby nawo asetshenziswa ekwelapheni izilonda ezinemibala (amabala esikhumba). 

Ijeneretha ye-laser ye-Ti:Sapphire inebanga elibanzi elingaguquleka lamaza wamaza ukusuka ku-660nm ukuya ku-1200nm. Uma isetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe bokuphinda kabili imvamisa (okungaphinda kabili imvamisa yokukhanya, okungukuthi, ukuhhafula ubude begagasi), ububanzi be-wavelength bunganwetshwa bufike ku-330nm-600nm. Amasistimu we-laser we-Titanium sapphire asetshenziswa ku-spectroscopy ye-femtosecond, ucwaningo lwe-optics olungaqondile, ukukhiqizwa kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-terahertz, njll., futhi anezinhlelo zokusebenza ebuhleni bezokwelapha. 

I-YAG isifinyezo se-yttrium aluminium garnet, okuyi-laser crystal matrix enhle kakhulu okwamanje. Ngemuva kokufakwa nge-neodymium (Nd), ingakhipha ukukhanya okungu-1064nm, futhi amandla aphezulu aqhubekayo okukhiphayo angafinyelela ku-1000w. Ezinsukwini zakuqala, isibani segesi esingenagesi sasisetshenziswa njengomthombo wepompo, kodwa indlela yepompo yesibani se-flash inebanga elibanzi le-spectral, ukuqondana okungekuhle ne-spectrum yokumuncwa kwendlela yokuthola, kanye nomthwalo omkhulu oshisayo, okuholela esilinganisweni esiphansi sokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric. Isebenzisa ukupompa i-laser diode (LD), uhlelo lungakhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-laser ngokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, nempilo ende. 

Nd: Amajeneretha e-laser e-YAG angasetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-hemangioma futhi avimbele ukukhula kwesimila. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okushisayo kwezicubu akukhethi. Ngenkathi ihlanganisa imithambo yegazi yesimila, amandla engeziwe azolimaza nezicubu ezizungezile ezivamile, futhi kulula ukushiya izibazi ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Ngakho-ke, i-laser ye-Nd:YAG isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlinzeni, ku-gynecology, kwe-ENT, nangaphansi kwe-dermatology. 

I-Yb:YAG, Ytterbium (Yb) ifakwe ku-YAG, ekwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okungu-1030nm. Ubude begagasi bephampu ye-Yb: YAG ingu-941nm, eseduze kakhulu nobude begagasi obuphumayo, obungakwazi ukufeza ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum yepompo engu-91.4%. Lokho kusho ukuthi iningi lamandla okufakwayo liguqulwa libe amandla aphumayo kuyilapho ingxenye encane yamandla iphenduka ibe ukushisa. Ukushisa okukhiqizwe iphampu kucindezela kube phakathi kuka-10%, iphesenti eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Nd:YAG, elahlekelwa ngu-25% kuya ku-30% wamandla ngendlela yokushisa. I-Yb:YAG isiphenduke enye yezisetshenziswa ze-laser yesifunda esiqinile ezikhanga kakhulu, futhi izijeneretha ze-laser ezinamandla ze-LD ze-Yb:YAG seziphenduke isizinda esisha socwaningo, esinamandla okusebenza ngempumelelo okuphezulu, iziphehlisi ze-laser eziqinile zamandla aphezulu. 

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okubili okungenhla, i-YAG ingafakwa nge-holmium (Ho), i-erbium (Er), nezinye izakhi eziningi. I-Ho:YAG ikhiqiza amalaser avikela amehlo angu-2097nm kanye nama-2091nm, ikakhulukazi ezokuxhumana ngokubona, i-radar, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha. I-Er:I-YAG ikhipha ukukhanya okungu-2.9-μm, futhi umzimba womuntu unezinga eliphezulu lokumunca lale wavelength, ngakho unamandla amakhulu okusetshenziselwa ukuhlinzwa nge-laser nokuhlinzwa kwemithambo. 

I-laser generator yegesi 

Amajeneretha e-laser yegesi amasistimu e-laser asebenzisa igesi njengendlela yokuzuza, ngokuvamile empompa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Izinhlobo zegesi zifaka igesi ye-athomu (i-helium-neon, i-ion yegesi ehloniphekile, nomhwamuko wensimbi), igesi yamangqamuzana (i-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide), kanye negesi ye-excimer. Ngokuvamile akhiqizwa ngaphansi kokusabela kwamakhemikhali. 

Ijeneretha ye-laser ye-HeNe (HeNe) isebenzisa ingxube engu-75% noma ngaphezulu Yena kanye no-15% noma ngaphansi kwe-Ne njengendlela yokuthola. Ngokuya ngendawo yokusebenza, ingakhipha okuluhlaza (543.5nm), okuphuzi (594.1nm), okuwolintshi (612.0nm), okubomvu (632.8nm), kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu zokukhanya okuseduze kwe-infrared (1152nm, 1523nm, kanye no-3391nm), ukukhanya okubomvu okuvame ukusetshenziswa (632.8). Ukukhishwa kwe-beam okwenziwe yi-HeNe laser generator kunokusabalalisa kwe-Gaussian, futhi ikhwalithi ye-beam izinzile kakhulu. Nakuba amandla engekho phezulu, anokusebenza okuhle emkhakheni wokulinganisa ukunemba. 

Amajeneretha egesi ajwayelekile asebenza ngama-argon ion (Ar+) nama-krypton ions (Kr+). Izinga layo lokuguqulwa kwamandla lingafinyelela ku-0.6%, futhi lingakwazi ngokuqhubekayo nangokuzinza amandla okukhipha angu-30-50w isikhathi eside, futhi ubude bayo bokuphila budlula i-1000h. Lolu hlobo lwe-laser lusetshenziswa kakhulu ekubonisweni kwe-laser, i-Raman spectroscopy, i-holoography, i-nonlinear optics, neminye imikhakha yocwaningo, kanye nokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlukaniswa kombala okuphrintiwe, ukucubungula impahla ye-metrology, kanye nokucutshungulwa kolwazi. 

Amajeneretha e-Metal vapor laser asebenza ngomhwamuko wensimbi. Isibonelo, i-copper vapor laser generator ikakhulukazi ikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza (510.5nm) nokukhanya okuphuzi (578.2nm), okungafinyelela amandla amaphakathi angu-100w namandla aphezulu angu-100kw. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kuwumthombo wepompo wamajeneretha we-laser odayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingabuye isetshenziselwe ukuthwebula izithombe ze-flash ngesivinini esikhulu, i-TV ekhombisa isikrini esikhulu, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinto. 

Ijeneretha ye-laser yamangqamuzana e-nitrogen isebenzisa i-nitrogen njengesisetshenziswa sokuzuza, esingakhipha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okungu-337.1 nm, 357.7 nm, no-315.9 nm, futhi amandla aphezulu angafinyelela ku-45kw. Ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya wephampu wamajeneretha we-laser odayi wemvelo futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlukaniseni nge-laser ye-isotopes, ukuxilongwa kwe-fluorescence, ukuthwebula izithombe ezinesivinini esikhulu, ukutholwa kokungcola, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezempilo, kanye nokuzalanisa kwezolimo. Ngenxa yokuthi ubude bayo begagasi obufushane kulula ukugxila kuzo ukuze uthole indawo encane, bungasetshenziswa futhi ukucubungula izingxenye ze-sub-micron. 

Indlela yokuzuza esetshenziswa kujeneretha ye-laser ye-CO2 i-carbon dioxide exutshwe ne-helium ne-nitrogen, engakhipha ukukhanya okukude kwe-infrared okugxile ku-9.6 μm no-10.6 μm wamaza wamaza. Ijeneretha inezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwamandla, amandla okukhiphayo angasukela kuma-watts ambalwa ukuya ezinkulungwaneni zama-watts, futhi izinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-beam lenza i-CO2 generator laser isetshenziswe kabanzi ekucutshungulweni kwezinto, ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukuvikela izwe, kanye nemithi. 

Ama-excimers ama-molecule angazinzile agcwele ingxube yegesi ehlukile ehloniphekile ne-halogen ku-resonator ukuze akhiqize ama-lasers amaza ahlukene. Injabulo ivamise ukuzuzwa ngemishayo ye-electron relativistic (amandla angaphezu kuka-200 keV) noma ngokukhishwa kwe-pulse okusheshayo okunqamulayo. Lapho amabhondi emolekyuli angazinzile we-excimer yesimo esijabulile ephulwa futhi ehlukaniswa abe ama-athomu ombuso ophansi, amandla esimo esijabulile akhululwa ngendlela yemisebe ye-laser. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, ukuxhumana optical, isibonisi semiconductor, remote sensing, laser izikhali, kanye neminye imikhakha. 

Ijeneretha ye-laser yamakhemikhali iwuhlobo olukhethekile lwesistimu ye-laser yegesi esebenzisa amandla akhishwe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukubona ukuguqulwa kwenombolo yezinhlayiyana. Iningi lawo lisebenza kumodi yoguquko lwamangqamuzana, futhi ububanzi obujwayelekile be-wavelength busendaweni eseduze ye-infrared ukuya kwemaphakathi ne-infrared spectral. Okubaluleke kakhulu amadivaysi e-hydrogen fluoride (HF) kanye ne-deuterium fluoride (DF). Owokuqala ungakhipha imigqa ye-spectral engaphezu kwe-15 phakathi kwama-microns angu-2.6 no-3.3; lena yakamuva inemigqa engaba ngu-25 ye-spectral phakathi kwama-microns angu-3.5 no-4.2. Zombili izisetshenziswa okwamanje ziyakwazi ukukhipha ama-megawatt amaningi. Ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ebunjiniyela bezikhali zenuzi nasezinkundleni zempi. 

Ijeneretha ye-laser edayi 

Amajeneretha we-laser odayi asebenzisa udayi wemvelo njenge-laser medium, ngokuvamile isixazululo esiwuketshezi. Amajeneretha e-laser edayi ngokuvamile angasetshenziswa ebangeni elibanzi lamaza amaza kunemidiya ye-laser yezwe elinegesi kanye ne-solid state. Umkhawulokudonsa wabo obanzi ubenza bafaneleke ikakhulukazi amajeneretha e-laser aguqulekayo kanye nama-pulsed. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yempilo yayo emfishane emaphakathi namandla okukhiphayo alinganiselwe, ngokuyisisekelo ithathelwa indawo ama-laser esimo esiqinile esisebenza ngamaza njenge-titanium sapphire. 

I-Diode laser generator 

Ijeneretha ye-laser diode iyisistimu ye-laser esebenzisa izinto ze-semiconductor njengendlela ephakathi. Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuvusa: umjovo kagesi, ukuvuswa kwe-electron beam, kanye nokupompa okubonakalayo. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, intengo ephansi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, impilo yesevisi ende, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, ingasetshenziswa olwazini lwe-elekthronikhi, ukuphrinta kwe-laser, i-laser pointer, ukuxhumana kwe-optical, i-laser TV, i-laser projector encane, ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, i-optics ehlanganisiwe, neminye imikhakha. 

I-Fiber laser generator

I-fiber laser generator iwuhlobo lwesistimu ye-laser esebenzisa i-fiber element-doped glass fiber njengengxenye yokuzuza. Ingasetshenziselwa ukubhola imiqulu, insimbi, kanye non-metal, ukusika, ukushisela (ukubhula, amanzi quenching, cladding, kanye Welding ejulile), ezempi, ukuzivikela kanye nokuvikeleka, imishini yezokwelapha, ingqalasizinda emikhulu, futhi njengoba futha for eminye imithombo laser. 

Ijeneretha ye-electron laser yamahhala 

Ijeneretha ye-laser ye-electron yamahhala iwuhlobo olusha lomthombo wemisebe ohambisana namandla aphezulu ohlukile kumajeneretha e-laser evamile. Ayidingi igesi, uketshezi, noma okuqinile njengesisetshenziswa kodwa iguqula ngokuqondile amandla e-kinetic we-electron enamandla amakhulu ibe amandla emisebe ahlangene. Ngakho-ke, kungabuye kubhekwe ukuthi into esebenzayo ye-free-electron laser generator ngama-electron amahhala. Inochungechunge lwezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu ezinjengamandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, uchungechunge olubanzi lwe-wavelength, kanye nesakhiwo sesikhathi sama-ultra-short pulses. Ngaphandle kwayo, ayikho i-laser generator engaba nalezi zici ngesikhathi esisodwa. Inamathemba amakhulu emikhakheni yocwaningo lwe-physics, izikhali ze-laser, i-laser fusion, i-photochemistry, kanye nokuxhumana okubonakalayo.

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