I-EPA imemezele umthetho wokugcina, i-Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 kanye ne-Later Light-Duty kanye ne-Medium-Duty Vehicles, ebeka amazinga amasha, avikela kakhudlwana ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya okuvela ezimotweni ezisebenza ukukhanya neziphakathi nendawo eziqala ngonyaka wemodeli ka-2027.
Amazinga okugcina azokwehlisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa (GHG), ama-hydrocarbon, ama-nitrogen oxides (NOx), kanye ne-particulate matter (PM) ezimotweni ezintsha zabagibeli, amaloli amancane, namaveni amakhulu namaveni.
Umthetho wokugcina wakhela phezu kwezindinganiso zokugcina ze-EPA zezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa yenhlangano yezimoto zabagibeli namaloli amancane weminyaka eyimodeli 2023 kuya ku-2026. Lawa mazinga azongena phakathi neminyaka eyimodeli ka-2027 kuya ku-2032.
Amazinga angathathi hlangothi kwezobuchwepheshe. Amaphrojekthi e-EPA avela ku-MYs 2030-2032 abakhiqizi abangakhetha ukukhiqiza izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ngamabhethri (BEVs) cishe ngo-30% kuya ku-56% wokudayiswa kwezimoto ezilula futhi cishe u-20% kuya ku-32% wezimoto ezintsha ezithengiswayo. I-EPA iphinde iveze ukuthi abathengi bazobona ukwanda kokutholakala kobunye ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezihlanzekile, okuhlanganisa izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi eziyingxubevange kanye nezimoto zikagesi eziyi-plug-in, kanye nezimoto zikaphethiloli ezihlanzekile.
Izindinganiso zegesi ebamba ukushisa. Ezimotweni ezisebenza ngokukhanya, amazinga egesi ebamba ukushisa kulindeleke ukuthi aphumele ekuhlosweni okumaphakathi kwemboni yonkana yemikhumbi ye-light-duty engu-85 grams/mile (g/mile) ye-CO.2 ngo-MY 2032, omele ukuncipha okungaba ngu-50% kumazinga ahlosiwe wemikhumbi ephumayo emaphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga akhona we-MY 2026.
Ezimotweni zemisebenzi emaphakathi, i-EPA ibuyekeza izindinganiso ezikhona ze-MY 2027 futhi isungula izindinganiso ezintsha ze-MYs 2028-2032, uma kubhekwa ukwanda okunokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-GHG kulo mkhakha kulesi sikhathi. Lawa mazinga angena esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisithupha kusukela ku-MY 2027 kuya ku-MY 2032. Uma esefakwe ngokugcwele, amazinga e-MDV ahlolelwa ukuthi azoholela ekuhlosweni okuphakathi kuka-274 g/mile we-CO.2 ngo-MY 2032, omele ukuncishiswa kwama-44% kumazinga ahlosiwe wesilinganiso semikhumbi esimaphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga akhona we-MY 2026.
Imibandela yezindinganiso zokukhishwa okungcolile. Ngomthetho, i-EPA iphothula i-Tier 4 criteria yokukhipha umoya ongcolile kumagesi aphilayo angeyona i-methane (NMOG), CHA.x, PM, nezinye izindlela ezingcolisayo kanye nezandulela zakho. Ezimotweni ezilula, i-EPA iphothula i-NMOG kanye no-NOx amazinga azokwehla afinyelele ezingeni elimaphakathi lemikhumbi lama-milligrams angu-15 ngemayela (mg/mi) nge-MY 2032, okumele ukuncipha ngo-50% kusukela kumazinga akhona angu-30 mg/mi we-MY 2025 asungulwe emthethweni weTier 3 ngo-2014.
Kuma-MDV, i-EPA iphothula i-NMOG+NOx amazinga azodinga izinga elimaphakathi lemikhumbi elingu-75 mg/mi ngo-MY 2033, okumele ukuncipha ngo-58% kuya ku-70% kusukela kumazinga e-Tier 3 angu-178 mg/mi ezimotweni ze-Class 2b kanye no-247 mg/mi ezimotweni ze-Class 3. Amazinga azophinde anciphise ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi zomoya ezivela kumaselula.
I-NMOG+NOx amazinga ayaqhubeka indlela yokwakhiwa kwesitifiketi “somgqomo” i-EPA esisebenzise ezinhlelweni zangaphambili. Ngaphansi kwalesi sakhiwo, abakhiqizi babela imodeli yemoto ngayinye emgqonyeni ohlanganisa i-NMOG+NO esebenzayox izindinganiso. La mazinga womabili engeza ukucaciswa kwemigqomo eyengeziwe emigqonyeni ekhipha umoya omncane ukuze anikeze abakhiqizi ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe futhi basuse imigqomo ephakeme kakhulu yesitifiketi ukuze bangavumeli ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezikhipha isiphuzo esiphezulu. I-EPA idinga abakhiqizi ukuthi bahlangabezane namazinga emijikelezweni emine yokushayela ukuze baqinisekise ukulawula okunamandla phezu kwezimo eziningi zokushayela ezisetshenziswayo.
Kuzo zombili izimoto zemisebenzi elula nephakathi nendawo, i-EPA iphothula izinga le-PM lika-0.5 mg/mi kanye nemfuneko yokuthi izinga lihlangatshezwe emijikelezweni emithathu yokuhlola, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa elibandayo (-7 °C). Izinga le-PM liwumkhawulo wemoto ngayinye (hhayi isilinganiso semikhumbi) futhi lizofakwa ngokugcwele yi-MY 2030 ezimotweni ezisebenza kancane kanye ne-MY 2031 ezimotweni zemisebenzi emaphakathi. Iphrojekthi ye-EPA izinga le-PM lizonciphisa ukukhishwa kwepayipi le-PM eliphuma ezimotweni zikaphethiloli ngaphezu kwama-95% ngaphezu kokunciphisa ubuthi bomoya bomthombo wamaselula.
I-EPA iphothula izinga lokushisa elibandayo (-7 °C) i-NMOG+NOx amazinga ezimoto ezisebenza ukukhanya kanye nama-MDVs ukuqinisekisa ukulawula okunamandla phezu kwezimo ezibanzi zokusebenza. I-EPA iphothula izinhlinzeko ezintathu ezihambisana nohlelo lwe-California Air Resources Board (CARB) Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) lokubhekana nemoto yomsebenzi omncane i-NMOG+NOx ukukhishwa kwezimo zokusebenza kwezimoto okuvame ukubhekana nazo ezingabanjwanga ngaphambili ezinqubweni zokuhlola ze-EPA: (1) ukubanda okunamandla amakhulu kuqala ezimotweni zikagesi eziyingxubevange; (2) ukuhamba ngaphambi kwesikhathi; kanye (3) nenjini yezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi iyaqala. I-EPA iphinde iphothule izindinganiso ezihambisana nohlelo lwe-CARB ACC II olubhekana nokukhishwa kwemithwalo ephezulu ephuma ezimotweni zemisebenzi emaphakathi ezinesisindo esiphezulu se-gross combination weight rating (GCWR).
Ukuze kuhlinzekwe abakhiqizi isikhathi esengeziwe sokulungisa izinhlelo zomkhiqizo nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezimotweni, i-EPA iphothula ukungena kancane kancane kwezindinganiso zokungcola. Ezimotweni zemisebenzi elula ezingaphezu kwamaphawundi angu-6000 i-GVWR kanye nezimoto zemisebenzi emaphakathi, abakhiqizi banokukhetha okuzenzakalelayo kwesigaba sokungena noma ishejuli yesigaba sokuqala esikhuthazwayo.
Izindleko zobuchwepheshe bezimoto zalolu hlelo zilinganiselwa ku-$40 billion ngonyaka. I-EPA ithi lolu hlelo luzoba nezinzuzo ezengeziwe zezenhlalakahle kusukela ekongeni uphethiloli wenani elilinganiselwa ku-$46 billion ngonyaka, nokongiwa kokulungisa nokugcinwa kwenani elingu-$16 billion ngonyaka.
I-EPA ilinganisela ukuthi amazinga azokwenyusa izindleko zobuchwepheshe bemoto ngayinye kubakhiqizi bezimoto cishe ngama- $ 1,200 ezimotweni ezisebenza kancane kanye no-$1,400 wezimoto zemisebenzi emaphakathi phakathi nesilinganiso seminyaka eyisithupha kusukela ku-MY 2027-2032.
Umthombo ovela I-Green Car Congress
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