A iseli elanga iyithuluzi eliguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla kagesi. Lokhu kuguqulwa kufezwa ngokusebenzisa umphumela we-photovoltaic kumpahla ye-semiconductor, ngokuvamile i-silicon. Amaseli elanga ayingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zamandla elanga.
Isihloko esilandelayo sizokunikeza isifinyezo somlando we iseli elanga ukuthuthukiswa futhi izogqamisa amarekhodi asemqoka okusebenza kahle kuze kube manje.
Okuqukethwe
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaseli elanga
Ukwahlukanisa
Ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli elanga
Amarekhodi omhlaba amaseli elanga phakathi neminyaka
Umehluko phakathi kwelebhu nokusebenza kahle kwezohwebo
Izitayela eziyinhloko kubuchwepheshe be-solar cell
Ukuvala
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaseli elanga
Umlando we amaseli elanga ihlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800, lapho ososayensi bethola ukuthi izinto ezithile ze-PV zingakhiqiza amandla kagesi lapho zivezwe ekukhanyeni. Kodwa kwaze kwafika ngo-1954 lapho iBell Labs yathuthukisa ngempumelelo iseli yokuqala ye-silicon solar. Ngawo-1960, amangqamuzana elanga aqala ukusetshenziselwa ukunikezwa kwamandla emikhumbi-mkhathi, okwabangela ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe kobuchwepheshe babo.
Ukuhweba nokuthandwa kwaqala ngawo-1970, ngokuvela kwenkinga yamandla, amaseli elanga athola ukunakwa okwengeziwe njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi kwavumela amaseli elanga ukuba aqale ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ekusetshenzisweni kwezohwebo nezindawo zokuhlala.
Ukwahlukanisa
I-silicon ye-monocrystalline amaseli elanga: zenziwe nge-silicon crystal eyodwa futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu kodwa zibiza kakhulu. Ngokuvamile banamandla aphezulu okuguqula amandla kanye nempilo ende yesevisi.
I-silicon ye-polycrystalline amaseli elanga: enziwe ngamakristalu amaningi e-silicon amancane, asebenza kahle kancane kune-silicon ye-monocrystalline, kodwa abiza kancane.
Ifilimu elincanyana amaseli elanga: I-silicon e-amorphous noma ezinye izinto (isb, i-CdTe, i-CIGS) zimbozwe ngezingqimba ezincane kakhulu ku-substrate. Lawa maseli ashibhile, kodwa awasebenzi kahle kakhulu kunamaseli e-silicon e-crystalline.
New amaseli elanga: Lokhu kufaka phakathi amaseli elanga aphilayo, amaseli elanga e-chalcogenide, njll., angase anikeze izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza kanye namathuba amasha okufaka isicelo. Amaseli e-Chalcogenide, ikakhulukazi, angaholela ekuphumeleleni okusha.
Ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli elanga
iseli Solar ukusebenza kahle kuyimethrikhi eyinhloko yokuthi iseli lelanga liguqula kahle kangakanani ukukhanya kwelanga libe ugesi. Ngokuqondile, isilinganiso samandla kagesi akhiqizwa ingqamuzana lelanga namandla eliwathola emisebeni yelanga. Ngamanye amazwi, ichaza ukuthi angakanani amandla elanga athathwe yi-solar cell aguqulwa ngokuphumelelayo abe amandla kagesi.
Ukubaluleka kokusebenza kahle kwamaseli elanga
Okukhipha amandla: uma kuphakeme ukusebenza kahle, kulapho ugesi omningi usayizi weseli yelanga ungakhiqiza ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokukhanya.
Ukusebenza kwezindleko: Ukwenyuka kokusebenza kahle kunciphisa izindleko zeyunithi kagesi welanga, okwenza amandla elanga ancintisane ngokwezomnotho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala: Amaseli elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu angakhiqiza ugesi owengeziwe endaweni elinganiselwe, okubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuvinjelwe isikhala njengamasistimu elanga ophahleni noma ukufakwa okuncane.
Inqubo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaseli elanga kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu, ngasinye esinomphumela waso othize kwezobuchwepheshe:
Isigaba I: Crystalline silicon amaseli elanga
Isigaba sokuqala se amaseli elanga isekelwe ikakhulukazi ezintweni ze-silicon ze-monocrystalline ne-polycrystalline. Amaseli elanga elanga e-silicon enziwe ukuhweba ayesebenza kahle cishe ku-6%, kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, amaseli e-silicon e-monocrystalline esimanje akwazile ukufinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungaphezu kuka-22% ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri.
Inqubo yempumelelo: Ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kungenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ekuhlanzekeni kwe-silicon, ukwenziwa kahle kwesakhiwo se-lattice, ukuncishiswa kokubonakala, ukuthuthukiswa komklamo we-electrode, kanye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngaphakathi kweseli.
Isigaba II: Amaseli elanga efilimu azacile
Lezi amaseli elanga zihlanganisa i-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), i-cadmium tellurium (CdTe) kanye namaseli elanga elanga e-silicon amorphous. Ukusebenza kahle kokuqala kwalawa maseli efilimu amancane kuphansi, ngokuvamile cishe ku-10%, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinto kanye nobuchwepheshe benqubo, ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri yamaseli e-CIGS kanye ne-CdTe kudlule ama-23%.
Lokhu ikakhulukazi kufezwa ngokuthuthukisa ikhono lokumunca ukukhanya lezinto zefilimu ezacile, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha kanye nokwenza kahle ukwakheka kweseli.
Isigaba III: Amaseli elanga e-Calcium titanite
I-calcium titanite amaseli elanga yizigaba ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu zamaseli elanga eminyakeni yamuva. Kusukela embikweni wayo wekucala nga-2009, kusebenta kwawo kukhule ngekushesha kusuka ku-3.8% kuya etulu kwa-33.9% lamuhla.
Ukwanda okusheshayo kokusebenza kahle kubangelwa izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele zezinto ze-chalcogenide, njengama-coefficients omunca ukukhanya okuphezulu, ama-bandgap alungisekayo kanye nezinqubo zokwenziwa ezilula.
Amarekhodi omhlaba amaseli elanga phakathi neminyaka
Isigaba sokuthuthuka (2009–2012)
2009, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-3.5%: Usosayensi waseJapan uMiyasaka usebenzise impahla ye-chalcogenide kumaseli elanga azwela udayi njengento emunca ukukhanya, kodwa okokusebenza kwakungazinzile futhi kwehlulekile ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa.
2011, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-6.5%: I-Nam-Gyu Park, i-Sungkyunkwan University, e-South Korea, ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe bamaseli elanga e-chalcogenide, yandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric, kodwa impahla namanje ayizinzile ngenxa ye-electrolyte ewuketshezi esasetshenziswa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwancipha ngo-80% ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa.
2012, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-10%: Iqembu lika-Oxford University uHenry Snaith lethule izinto zokuthutha i-Spiro-OMeTA, laqaphela isimo esiqinile seseli le-chalcogenide, lathuthukisa nakakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kanye nokusebenza kwe-photovoltaic ngokusobala akuzange kubole ngemva kwamahora angu-500, okubonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuzinza.
Isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa (2012–2015)
In 2012, u-Henry Snaith wase-University of Oxford washintsha i-TiO2 esitokisini nge-aluminium (A1203), futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi i-calcite ayizange ibe ungqimba olumunca ukukhanya esitokisini, kodwa futhi yasebenza njenge-semiconductor impahla yokudlulisa ukushaja kagesi.
In 2013, i-chalcogenide ikhethwe njengenye yempumelelo eyi-10 ephezulu yesayensi kuSayensi ka-2013.
Ngo-2015, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla okungu-15%: I-China, Japan kanye neSwitzerland babambisane ukwenza indawo enkulu (indawo yokusebenza engaphezu kwe-1 CM2) amaseli elanga e-chalcogenide, agunyazwe iziphathimandla zamazwe ngamazwe.
Isigaba sokuthuthuka esisheshayo (2016-manje)
2016, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-19.6%: Iqembu likaProf. Gratzel e-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology e-Lausanne lenyuse ukusebenza kahle okuqinisekisiwe kwaba ngu-19.6%.
2018, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-23.7%: i-Institute of Semiconductor Research ye-Chinese Academy of Sciences ihlongoze ukudluliswa kukasawoti ophilayo we-chalcogenide ebusweni, okwandisa ngokulandelana ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kube ngu-23.3% no-23.7%.
2021, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-29.8%: I-Helmholtz Centre Berlin (HZB) ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwebhethri le-chalcogenide tandem okungama-29.8%, okweqa umkhawulo osebenza kahle we-heterogeneous junction (HJT), i-TOPCon nobunye ubuchwepheshe be-silicon yekristalu.
2022, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla okungama-31.3%: i-Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) kanye ne-Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) badale amaseli e-photovoltaic astakiwe we-chalcogenide-silicon asebenza kahle ngokuguqulwa okungu-31.3%.
2023, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla ngo-33.9%: Ukusebenza kahle kweseli elistakiwe le-crystalline silicon-calcite elithuthukiswe ngokuzimela yi-LONGi Green Energy Technology Co. kufinyelela ku-33.9%, kweqa umkhawulo wokusebenza kahle kwethiyori we-Shockley-Quayther (SQ) ongu-33.7% wamaseli ejunction eyodwa.
Umehluko phakathi kwelebhu nokusebenza kahle kwezohwebo
Ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri nokusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano amamethrikhi amabili ahlukene okuhlola ukusebenza kwamaseli elanga, futhi kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwawo:
Ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri
Incazelo:
Ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-a iseli elanga kulinganiswa ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri ezikahle. Lokhu kuvame ukubandakanya izimo zokuhlola ezijwayelekile (STC) ezifana nokuqina kokukhanya okuthile (1000 W/m²), ukusabalalisa okubukwayo okucacisiwe nezinga lokushisa elilungisiwe (ngokuvamile lingu-25°C).
Izici:
Ukusebenza kahle kwaselabhorethri kuvamise ukukalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezilungiselelwe ezisethelwe ukukhulisa ukusebenza kweseli.
Ukusebenza okunjalo kuvame ukukalwa ngamaseli ngamanye noma amasampula amaseli amancane, esikhundleni sephaneli yelanga noma isistimu yonke.
Ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri kubonisa umkhawulo ophezulu wamandla obuchwepheshe eseli yelanga.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano
Incazelo:
Ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano ukusebenza kahle okumaphakathi kwe amaseli elanga noma amaphaneli elanga akhiqizwa futhi asetshenziswa emakethe. Kuyizinga lokusebenza abathengi abangalilindela lapho bethenga futhi besebenzisa uhlelo lwamaseli elanga.
Izici:
Ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano ngokuvamile kuphansi kunokusebenza kwelabhorethri ngoba kufanele kucabangele izici ezihlukahlukene ezingokoqobo enqubweni yokukhiqiza ngobuningi, njengokuhlukahluka kwempahla, ukubekezelela ukukhiqizwa, nokwethembeka kwesikhathi eside.
Lokhu kusebenza kahle kukalwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziseduze nezimo zokusebenza zangempela, okuhlanganisa amazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene, izimo zokukhanya, kanye nokufiphala okungenzeka.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiso kukhombisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwangempela kwamaseli elanga ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke.
Umehluko
Ukuphumelela: Ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri kuvamise ukuba phezulu kunokwethenjelwa ngoba kutholakala ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle.
Isicelo: Ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri kusetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukukhuthaza impumelelo entsha yobuchwepheshe; kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiso kugxile ekusebenzeni kwangempela komkhiqizo kanye nokuncintisana kwezimakethe.
Izindleko: Lapho kufinyelelwa ukusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano, izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu nakho kudingeka kucatshangelwe, ngokuvamile okungeyona into ecatshangwayo enkulu ekunqumeni ukusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri.
Izitayela eziyinhloko kubuchwepheshe be-solar cell
Ukuphumelela kwekusasa ku iseli elanga ubuchwepheshe bugxile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kanye nokuvumelana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Okulandelayo ukubuka okuningiliziwe ngalawa mathrendi:
Ukwandisa amandla okuguqula amandla
Amaseli elanga ane-junction eminingi: Ngokupakisha izinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor ezinama-bandgap ahlukene, amaseli elanga ahlanganayo amaningi angamunca ibhande elibanzi lokukhanya kwelanga, ngaleyo ndlela enze ngcono ukusebenza kahle okuphelele. Ukuhlanganisa okuphindwe kathathu kanye namaseli elanga ahlanganisa kane angase abonakale esikhathini esizayo.
Inhlanganisela ye-chalcogenide ne-silicon: Inhlanganisela yamaseli elanga e-chalcogenide anamaseli e-silicon avamile ukuze akhe i-hybrid noma amaseli elanga anqwabelene angase anikeze ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nokusabela okungcono kwe-spectral.
Ukunciphisa izindleko kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusimama
Ukukhiqizwa kwesikali: Izindleko zokukhiqiza amaseli elanga kulindeleke ukuthi zehle kakhulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe bukhula futhi kutholwa ukukhiqizwa kwezinga eliphezulu.
Izinto ezivuselelekayo: Ukucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezinobungani bemvelo, ezigaywa kabusha kanye nokuncishiswa kokuncika ezintweni ezingandile nezinobuthi kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa ukusimama kwemvelo kwamaseli elanga.
Ukuqina nokuthembeka okuthuthukisiwe
Thuthukisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside: Abacwaningi bahlose ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu samaseli elanga ukuze abhekane nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo futhi andise isikhathi sabo sokuphila.
Izinto zokuzilapha: Thuthukisa izinto ze-solar cell ezingakwazi ukuzilungisa umonakalo omncane ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwesikhathi eside.
Ukuvala
Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwe amaseli elanga ingene esigabeni esisheshayo, ikakhulukazi ngokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwamaseli e-chalcogenide azoletha ubungqabavu obusha kulo mkhakha. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli elanga kuyisici esibalulekile esiqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe belanga kanye nokwamukelwa kwemakethe.
Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha zesayensi yezinto zokwakha, ukwakhiwa kwamaseli okuthuthukisiwe kanye nenqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, amaseli elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu, angabizi kakhulu futhi anokwethenjelwa. Ngokuthuthuka okwengeziwe ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, singalindela ukuthi bazohlinzeka ngezixazululo zamandla ezinokwethenjelwa nezingabizi kakhulu ezindlini nakumabhizinisi.
Ekugcineni, yiya ku Chovm.com ukuhlola izinhlobonhlobo zamathrendi avuselelekayo kanye nokuphequlula uhlu lwemikhiqizo enikezwayo, okuhlanganisa amaseli elanga okusetshenziswa ekhaya namabhizinisi.
