Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kubuchwepheshe bebhethri kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sezimoto zikagesi, ukukhetha iphakethe lebhethri elilungile ngezinjongo zebhizinisi sekubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Amathrendi akamuva akhombisa ukwanda kwemakethe, eqhutshwa izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-solid-state namabhethri asuselwa ku-graphene. Lesi sihloko sidingida izici ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe, inikeze abathengi abangochwepheshe imininingwane ebalulekile yokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi.
Okuqukethwe:
- Uhlolojikelele lwemakethe: Imboni Yephakethe Lebhethri
– Ukuhlaziywa Okujulile Kwemakethe Yephakethe Lebhethri
- Izinto Ezibalulekile Lapho Ukhetha Iphakethe Lebhethri
– Emerging Technologies in Battery Packs
– Ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho kanye nomthelela wemvelo
- Isiphetho
Ukubuka konke kwemakethe: Imboni Yephakethe Lebhethri
Imakethe yephakethe lamabhethri emhlabeni wonke ibone ukukhula okubalulekile, okuqhutshwa ukwanda kokwamukelwa kwezimoto zikagesi (EVs) kanye nentuthuko kubuchwepheshe bebhethri. Muva nje, imakethe ibilinganiselwa ku-USD 66.98 billion futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-USD 199.90 billion ngo-2030, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) lika-16.90%. Lokhu kukhula kungenxa yokwenyuka kwesidingo sezimoto ezingakhiphi kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuminyana kwamandla ebhethri nesivinini sokushaja.
I-Asia-Pacific inesabelo semakethe esikhulu kunazo zonke, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zezimboni ezinolaka zaseChina, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kubuchwepheshe bebhethri, kanye nesisekelo esikhulu sabathengi. Abakhiqizi abakhulu bamabhethri nezindawo zokukhiqiza zasendaweni nazo zisekela ukubusa kwesifunda. Amazwe aseMelika naseYurophu nawo abhekana nokukhula okuphawulekayo, okuqhutshwa yizisusa zikahulumeni kanye nokwanda kwe-electromobility. Isibonelo, uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US ubeke u-USD 2.8 billion ukuze unwebe ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri asekhaya, okugqamisa ukuzibophezela kwesifunda kumandla ahlanzekile.
Ngokwengeziwe, imakethe yamaphakethe ebhethri ye-e-bike kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule isuka ku-USD 10.76 billion ngo-2024 iye ku-USD 24.19 billion ngo-2030, ku-CAGR ye-14.3%. Lokhu kukhula kubhebhezelwa ukwanda kwesidingo sezinto zokuhamba ezilungele imvelo, ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bebhethri, kanye nezikhuthazo zikahulumeni zezimoto zikagesi.
Ukuhlaziywa Okujulile Kwemakethe Yephakethe Lebhethri
Imakethe yamaphakethe ebhethri ichazwa ngamabhentshimakhi abalulekile okusebenza, ukushintshashintsha kwesabelo semakethe, nezinto ezintsha zakamuva. Umgomo owodwa oyinhloko wobuchwepheshe bebhethri le-cell-to-pack ukunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukuminyana kwevolumu. Ngokuhlanganisa amaseli ebhethri ngokuqondile ephaketheni ngaphandle kwamamojula amaphakathi, lobu buchwepheshe buthuthukisa ukuminyana kwamandla nokusebenza kahle. Imakethe kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule isuka ku-USD 6.27 billion muva nje iye ku-USD 30.72 billion ngo-2030, nge-CAGR engama-25.47%.
Izici zomnotho ezifana nokuguquguquka kwentengo yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesidingo sokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kubangela izinselele. Kodwa-ke, ukukhuphuka kwezindawo zokucubungula izinto zebhethri kanye nezinto ezintsha eziqhubekayo kulindeleke ukuthi zidale amathuba anenzuzo. Isibonelo, amabhethri e-solid state kanye ne-sodium-ion athola amandla ngenxa yokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, amandla okushaja ngokushesha, nezici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe.
Ukuziphatha kwabathengi kushintshela ezindleleni zokuthutha ezisimeme, ngokuthandwa okukhulayo kwezimoto zikagesi namabhayisikili e-e. Amaphethini wokufunwa kwesizini nawo anomthelela emakethe, ngokuthengiswa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sezulu esivumayo semisebenzi yangaphandle. Iziteshi zokusabalalisa ziyathuthuka, kugxilwe ekuthengisweni okuqondile kubathengi kanye nobudlelwano obunamasu nabathuthukisi bezobuchwepheshe.
Imithethonqubo yezemvelo idlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni imakethe, lapho ohulumeni besebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokukhuthaza amandla ahlanzekile. Isibonelo, izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa kwe-CO2 ze-European Union zishayela ukwamukelwa kwezimoto zikagesi namaphakethe ebhethri. Ukwengeza, ukukhathazeka mayelana nokulahlwa kwebhethri nokugaywa kabusha kulungiswa ngokusungulwa kwezindlela zokugaywa kabusha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zempilo yesibili zamabhethri e-EV.
Ukuma kwebhrendi kanye nokwehlukanisa kubalulekile kubadlali bemakethe ukuze bathole umkhawulo wokuncintisana. Abathengisi abahamba phambili njenge-CATL, i-LG Energy Solution, ne-Panasonic batshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunikezwa kwemikhiqizo nokugcina ubuholi bemakethe. I-FPNV Positioning Matrix iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola abathengisi ngokusekelwe kumasu ebhizinisi nokwaneliseka komkhiqizo, ukusiza izinkampani zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi zenze amasu asebenzayo.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Lapho Ukhetha Iphakethe Lebhethri
Amandla nokuminyana kwamandla
Lapho ukhetha iphekhi yebhethri, cabangela umthamo walo, ngokuvamile olinganiswa ngamahora angu-milliampere (mAh) noma amahora we-watt (Wh). Amandla akhombisa ukuthi mangakanani amandla ibhethri elingawagcina futhi lilethe. Ibhethri elinamandla aphezulu linikeza izikhathi zokusetshenziswa ezinde phakathi kokushajwa, okubalulekile kumadivayisi afana namakhompyutha aphathekayo, ama-smartphone, nezimoto zikagesi. Ukuminyana kwamandla, okuvezwa ngokuthi Wh/kg, kubonisa ukuthi angakanani amandla ebhethri eliwagcinayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo sawo. Amabhethri anamandla aphezulu alungele izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo lapho isisindo sibalulekile.
Ukuqonda ukuminyana kwamandla kusiza nokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri. Isibonelo, amabhethri e-lithium-ion ngokuvamile anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kunamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), awenza adume ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle. Qinisekisa ukuthi umthamo wephekhi yebhethri nokuminyana kwamandla kuhlangabezana nezidingo zedivayisi yakho.
Ukuphila Komjikelezo Nokuqina
Impilo yomjikelezo isho inani lokushaja okuphelele kanye nemijikelezo yokukhipha ibhethri elingangena kuyo ngaphambi kokuba umthamo walo wehle kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside. Isibonelo, amabhethri e-lithium-ion ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi ngokuvamile anikeza impilo yomjikelezo wemijikelezo engama-300 kuya kwangama-500, kanti amanye amabhethri esimanje ahlinzeka ngemijikelezo eyi-1000 noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuqina nakho kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi kumadivayisi achayeka endaweni enzima noma ukucindezeleka komzimba okuvamile. Amabhethri anamakesi aqinile nezindlela zokuvikela zangaphakathi ezithuthukisiwe angakhethwa. Isibonelo, amaphekhi ebhethri aqinile asetshenziswa kuzilungiselelo zemboni ngokuvamile afaka ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe ukuze amelane nezinga lokushisa elidlulele, ukudlidliza, nomthelela. Ukukhetha iphakethe lebhethri elinempilo yomjikelezo ophezulu nokuqina kuqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside nokwethembeka.
Isivinini sokushaja kanye nokusebenza kahle
Isivinini sokushaja sibalulekile, ikakhulukazi kubasebenzisi abadinga izikhathi zokushintsha ngokushesha. Ubuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokushesha, njenge-Qualcomm Quick Charge noma i-USB Power Delivery (PD), bunganciphisa kakhulu izikhathi zokushaja. Isibonelo, iphakethe lebhethri elisekelwa i-USB PD lingashaja idivayisi ehambisanayo kufika ku-50% emizuzwini engu-30 nje. Ukusebenza kahle kokushaja kuthinta ukusetshenziswa kwamandla sekukonke kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa.
Izinga lokwamukela ukushajwa kwephakethe lebhethri libonisa ukusebenza kahle kwalo phakathi nokushajwa. Izinga eliphezulu lisho ukuthi ibhethri ingamukela amandla engeziwe ngesikhathi esincane, inciphise ubude bokushaja. Ukushaja okusebenzayo futhi kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa, kunwebe ubude bempilo yebhethri. Ngakho-ke, cabanga kokubili izimiso zokushaja okusheshayo nokusebenza kahle kokushaja lapho ukhetha iphakethe lebhethri.
Amazinga Okuphepha kanye Nezitifiketi
Ukuphepha akuxoxiswana ngakho ekukhetheni iphakethe lebhethri. Ukuthobela izindinganiso zokuphepha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezitifiketi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri ihlangabezana nemibandela eqinile yokuphepha nokusebenza. Izitifiketi ezijwayelekile zifaka i-UL (Underwriters Laboratories), CE (Conformité Européenne), kanye ne-RoHS (Ukukhawulwa Kwezinto Eziyingozi). Lezi zitifiketi ziqinisekisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile kokuphepha, ukwethembeka, nokuhambisana nemvelo.
Isibonelo, amaphekhi ebhethri aqinisekiswe nge-UL ahlolelwa izingozi ezifana nokushajwa ngokweqile, i-short-circuiting, kanye nokubaleka okushisayo. Ukuthobela i-RoHS kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri alinazo izinto eziyingozi ezifana nomthofu ne-mercury, okulenza livumelane nemvelo. Qinisekisa ukuthi iphakethe lebhethri linezitifiketi ezidingekayo zokuphepha zokusebenza okuphephile kanye nokuthobela imithetho.
Ukuhambisana Nokuhlanganiswa
Ukuhambisana nedivayisi ehlosiwe kanye nokulula kokuhlanganisa kubalulekile. Iphakethe lebhethri kufanele lifane ne-voltage yedivayisi, yamanje, kanye nezicaciso zesixhumi. Ukusebenzisa ibhethri elinesilinganiso se-voltage esingalungile kungalimaza idivayisi noma kunciphise ukusebenza kwalo. Ubukhulu bomzimba kanye nesici sefomu kufanele futhi kulingane kalula ekwakhiweni kwedivayisi.
Ukuhlanganisa kubandakanya ukuhambisana ngokomzimba, ugesi, kanye nokuxhumana. Amaphakethe ebhethri esimanje ngokuvamile afaka amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri ahlakaniphile (BMS) axhumana nedivayisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza nokuphepha. Qinisekisa ukuthi i-BMS yephakethe lebhethri iyahambisana nohlelo lokuphatha amandla edivayisi ukuze lusebenze kahle. Ukuhlola ukuhambisana okuphelele nokuhlola ukuhlanganisa kuyadingeka lapho ukhetha iphakethe lebhethri.
Ubuchwepheshe Abasafufusa Kumaphakethe Ebhethri
Amabhethri Esifundazwe Esiqinile
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile amele ukuthuthuka okukhulu, anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, nokuphila komjikelezo omude uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko. Lawa mabhethri asebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinile, enciphisa ingozi yokuvuza kanye nokubaleka okushisayo. Isibonelo, ibhethri lesimo esiqinile lingafinyelela ukuminyana kwamandla afika ku-500 Wh/kg, uma kuqhathaniswa no-250 Wh/kg kumabhethri avamile e-lithium-ion.
Iphrofayili yokuphepha ethuthukisiwe yenza amabhethri esimo esiqinile alungele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu, njengezimoto zikagesi kanye ne-aerospace. Ukuphila kwabo komjikelezo omude kunganciphisa izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi ngokunweba izikhawu zokushintshwa kwebhethri. Njengoba ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-solid-state buthuthuka, lawa mabhethri kulindeleke ukuthi avame kakhulu kuma-electronics omthengi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidingeka kakhulu.
Amabhethri Asuselwa ku-Graphene
I-Graphene, ungqimba olulodwa lwama-athomu e-carbon ahlelwe nge-lattice ene-hexagonal, ivele njengento ethembisayo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwebhethri. Amabhethri asuselwa ku-graphene anikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu, izikhathi zokushaja ngokushesha, nokuqina okukhulu. Isibonelo, ibhethri le-lithium-ion elithuthukisiwe nge-graphene lingashaja ngokushesha okuphindwe kahlanu kunebhethri elivamile, linciphise kakhulu isikhathi sokuphumula.
Amandla e-graphene aphezulu nokuvumelana nezimo kuyenza ibe yinhle kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinto zikagesi eziguquguqukayo nezigqokekayo. Ukufaka i-graphene kuma-electrode ebhethri kungathuthukisa ukuphathwa kokushisa, kwehlise izingozi zokushisa ngokweqile nokwelula ubude bebhethri. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa nokuhlanganiswa kwe-graphene kubiza kakhulu, amabhethri asekelwe ku-graphene kulindeleke ukuthi aguqule imboni yebhethri.
I-Nanotechnology kumabhethri
I-Nanotechnology ibandakanya ukukhohlisa izinto emazingeni e-athomu namamolekyuli ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zazo. Kumabhethri, i-nanotechnology ingathuthukisa umthamo wokugcina amandla, amanani okukhipha imali, kanye nokusebenza kahle kukonke. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izinto ze-nanostructured kuma-electrode ebhethri kungakhuphula indawo engaphezulu, kuvumele amasayithi asebenza kakhulu okusabela kwe-electrochemical kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla okuphezulu.
Ama-Nanocoatings angavikela izingxenye zebhethri ekonakalisweni, athuthukise ukuqina nempilo yomjikelezo. I-Nanotechnology ingaphinda inike amandla amakhemikhali amasha ebhethri, njenge-lithium-sulphur namabhethri e-lithium-air, anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko. Intuthuko ku-nanotechnology inamandla amakhulu okudala izixazululo ezisebenza kahle nezihlala isikhathi eside zokugcina amandla.
Ukuthobela Umthetho kanye Nomthelela Wezemvelo
Ukuhambisana Nemithethonqubo Yemvelo
Amaphakethe ebhethri kufanele ahambisane nemithetho yezemvelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awenzi ubungozi emvelweni. Imithetho efana Nomkhawulo Wezinto Eziyingozi (i-RoHS) kanye nesiyalelo Sezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kagesi Nezogesi (WEEE) ku-European Union igunyaza ukulahlwa okufanele kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri. Ukuthobelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri ayinazo izinto eziyingozi futhi ingaphinda igaywe kabusha ngokuphephile ekupheleni komjikelezo wayo wempilo.
Isibonelo, ukuthobela i-RoHS kukhombisa ukuthi ibhethri alinalutho ezintweni eziyingozi ezikhawulelwe, okulenza liphephe kubasebenzisi nakwindawo ezungezile. Ukuthobela iziqondiso ze-WEEE kuqinisekisa ukuthi abakhiqizi banesibopho sokulahlwa kwebhethri nokugaywa kabusha, kunciphisa umthelela wendawo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphakethe lebhethri lihambisana nemithetho efanele yezemvelo kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuzinzile nokunesibopho.
Ukusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile nokulahlwa
Ukugaywa kabusha nokulahlwa okufanele kwamaphakethe ebhethri kunciphisa umthelela wendawo futhi kubuyise izinto ezibalulekile. Amaphakethe amaningi ebhethri aqukethe izinto ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, ne-nickel, engatholwa futhi isetshenziswe kabusha kumabhethri amasha. Ukugaywa kabusha konga izinsiza zemvelo futhi kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo, njengokungcoliswa komhlabathi namanzi.
Abakhiqizi bavame ukuhlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokulahlwa okuphephile nokugaywa kabusha kwamaphakethe ebhethri, futhi amazwe amaningi asungule izinhlelo zokugaywa kabusha. Isibonelo, e-United States, uhlelo lwe-Call2Recycle lunikeza izindawo ezilula zokulahla amabhethri okugaya kabusha. Ukuqinisekisa ukulahlwa okufanele kanye nokugaywa kabusha kubalulekile ekuphathweni kwemvelo kanye nokuthotshelwa kwemithetho.
Umthelela ku-Carbon Footprint
Ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokulahlwa kwamaphekhi ebhethri kunomthelela ku-carbon footprint yamadivayisi kagesi. Ukukhetha amaphekhi ebhethri anomthelela omncane wendawo kungasiza ekunciphiseni lesi sigxivizo. Isibonelo, amaphakethe ebhethri akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo noma izinto ezisimeme anendawo yekhabhoni ephansi kunalawo akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile.
Amaphakethe ebhethri anesikhathi eside sokuphila nokusebenza kahle kwamandla aphezulu anciphisa isidingo sokushintshwa njalo, okuqhubeka nokunciphisa umthelela wendawo. Ukuhlola i-carbon footprint yamaphakethe ebhethri kuhilela ukucabangela umjikelezo wokuphila wonke, kusukela ekukhishweni kwempahla eluhlaza kuye kokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa, nokulahlwa. Ukukhetha amaphakethe ebhethri anezinyathelo zekhabhoni ephansi kunomthelela ekusimameni kwemvelo futhi kunciphisa umthelela wonkana.
Isiphetho
Kafushane, ukukhetha iphekhi yebhethri elilungile kuhlanganisa ukucabangela umthamo, impilo yomjikelezo, isivinini sokushaja, amazinga okuphepha, nokuhambisana. Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa obufana namabhethri e-solid-state, amabhethri asuselwa ku-graphene, kanye ne-nanotechnology zisethwe ukuze ziguqule imboni, zinikeze ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe nokuphepha. Ukuthobela imithetho kanye nomthelela kwezemvelo nakho kuyizingqinamba ezibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuzinzile nokunesibopho. Ngokuhlolisisa lezi zici, abathengi bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi bakhethe amaphekhi ebhethri ahlangabezana nezidingo zabo futhi anikele ekusebenzeni kahle nokusimama kukonke.
