Amabhethri esimo esiqinile kulindeleke ukuthi aguqule imakethe yamabhethri ngezici zokuphepha eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nokuminyana kwamandla. Ihlanganisa i-electrolyte eqinile kune-electrolyte ewuketshezi, isimo esiqinile Amabhethri ukunikeza ukuzinza okukhulu kanye nengozi ephansi yokuvuza, okubenza kube enye indlela ephephile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene.
Ziba ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bezimoto zikagesi, izinto ezigqokekayo, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukubumbana. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile amele ukukhetha okuhle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside kubalulekile.
Le ndatshana izohlinzeka ngesingeniso esifushane samabhethri esimo esiqinile bese icubungula izici ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha amabhethri esimo esiqinile ngo-2024.
Okuqukethwe
Liyini ibhethri lesimo esiqinile?
Ukubunjwa
Ukwahlukanisa
Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Yini okufanele uyicabangele lapho ukhetha ibhethri lesimo esiqinile?
Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe
Isiphetho sendaba
Liyini ibhethri lesimo esiqinile?
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile awubuchwepheshe bebhethri obusebenzisa ama-electrolyte esimo esiqinile esikhundleni soketshezi lwendabuko noma ama-electrolyte ejeli. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile anikeza ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, impilo ende, kanye namandla amakhulu amakhulu okuminyana kunamabhethri avamile e-lithium-ion.
Ama-electrolyte esimo esiqinile angakhiwa ama-polymer aqinile, izinto ezingaphili, noma izingxube zazo, futhi ama-electrolyte anjalo awagcini nje ngokwenza kahle ama-ion e-lithium, kodwa futhi anikeze ukuzinza komzimba kanye nokungasebenzi kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amabhethri e-solid-state mancane amathuba okuthi avuze noma abambe umlilo uma kwenzeka eshajwa kakhulu, eshisa ngokweqile, noma elimala ngokomzimba, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise kakhulu ukuphepha kwawo.
Ngaphezu kokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, amabhethri esimo esiqinile ukunikeza ezinye izinzuzo eziningana. Isibonelo, ngenxa yokuzinza kwe-solid-state electrolyte, lawa mabhethri ayakwazi ukusebenza phezu kwebanga lokushisa elibanzi, okubenza bafanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimweni zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla okuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-solid-state aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo amabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje, ngenxa yekhono lawo lokusebenzisa izinto eziphezulu ze-electrode, njenge-lithium metal, njenge-anode. Ukwengeza, amabhethri esimo esiqinile anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuzikhipha, eliwasiza ukuba abambe imali eyengeziwe yokugcina isikhathi eside.
Lezi zici zenza amabhethri esimo esiqinile alungele izimoto zikagesi zesikhathi esizayo, izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo, nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla, phakathi kokunye, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ziphumele ebangeni elide, ukushajwa okusheshayo, nosayizi webhethri omncane. Kodwa-ke, amabhethri esimo esiqinile okwamanje abiza kakhulu ukukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobunzima bokucubungula ama-electrolyte wesimo esiqinile kanye nezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zama-electrode.
Noma kunjalo, izinhlangano eziningi zocwaningo nezinkampani zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bebhethri yesimo esiqinile emzamweni wokubhekana nalezi zinkinga. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, kulindeleke ukuthi amabhethri e-solid state afeze impumelelo enkulu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, alethe intuthuko eguquguqukayo kubuchwepheshe bebhethri.
Ukubunjwa
Izingxenye eziyisisekelo ze-a ibhethri lesimo esiqinile zifana nalezo zebhethri ye-lithium-ion evamile, okuhlanganisa i-electrode eqondile, i-electrode engalungile, i-electrolyte ne-diaphragm. Nokho, ngokungafani namabhethri e-lithium-ion avamile asebenzisa uketshezi noma i-electrolyte yejeli, amabhethri esimo esiqinile asebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinile. Ngezansi incazelo enemininingwane yalezi zingxenye:
Ikhodi
I-cathode iyingxenye enkulu ye-a ibhethri lesimo esiqinile, futhi ukuphela kokwamukela kwe-lithium ion njengoba ibhethri ligcina futhi likhipha amandla. Izinto ze-Cathode ngokuvamile ziyi-lithium metal oxides njenge-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) noma i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Lezi zinto zinikeza amandla aphezulu kanye nokuzinza okuhle kwamabhayisikili.
Anode
I-anode yilapho i-lithium ion ikhishwa ebhethri. Kumabhethri esimo esiqinile, impahla ye-anode ingaba igraphite, izinto ezisekelwe ku-silicon, noma insimbi ye-lithium. Insimbi ye-lithium iyinto efanelekile ye-anode ngoba inikeza umthamo othize ophakeme ngokwedlulele kanye namandla aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, kodwa izinkinga zayo ezinjengokushintsha kwevolumu ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili nokukhula kwe-dendrite zidinga ukubhekwana nakho ngokwakhiwa kwebhethri nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha.
I-solid state electrolytes
Ama-electrolyte e-Solid-state ayingxenye eyinhloko amabhethri esimo esiqinile, esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi kumabhethri avamile e-lithium-ion. Ama-electrolyte esimo esiqinile angaba izinto ezingaphili (isb., ama-oxide, ama-sulfide, ama-phosphates) noma izinto ze-polymer, noma izinhlanganisela zalezi zinto. Ama-electrolyte aqinile awadingi nje kuphela ukuba ne-lithium-ion conductivity enhle, kodwa futhi namandla emishini, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali nokuhambisana okuhle nezinto ze-electrode.
I-Diaphragm
Emabhethri e-lithium-ion avamile, i-diaphragm isebenza njengesithiyo esingokomzimba sokuvimbela ukuthintana okuqondile phakathi kwama-electrode amahle noma angalungile angaholela emibuthanweni emifushane, kuyilapho ivumela i-lithium ion ukuba idlule. Kumabhethri esimo esiqinile, njengoba i-electrolyte ngokwayo iqinile, umsebenzi we-diaphragm ungase uthathwe yi-solid state electrolyte ngokwayo, noma kwezinye imiklamo i-diaphragm ngomqondo wendabuko ingase ingasadingeki.
Ukwahlukanisa
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe amabhethri esimo esiqinile isekelwe kakhulu ohlotsheni lwe-solid-state electrolyte, futhi izici ezihlukene zalezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-electrolyte zinomthelela oqondile ekusebenzeni, ukuphepha, nezindawo zokusetshenziswa kwebhethri. Ngokuya ngama-electrolyte ahlukene wesimo esiqinile, amabhethri esimo esiqinile angahlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Amabhethri asuselwe kuma-electrolyte e-inorganic solid-state
Ama-electrolyte we-inorganic solid-state ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngokuzinza okungcono kokushisa kanye ne-lithium ion conductivity ephakeme, kodwa kungase kube nzima ukucutshungulwa ngenxa yokuqina kwawo. Angaphinde ahlukaniswe ngokuthi:
Ama-electrolyte asuselwa ku-oksijeni: isb i-lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), ehlinzeka ngokuzinza kwamakhemikhali aphezulu kanye nokuhamba kwe-lithium ion.
Ama-electrolyte asuselwa ku-sulfide: isb, i-Li2S-P2S5 namanye ama-sulfide, ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngokuqhutshwa kwe-Li-ion ephezulu kanye nokuguquguquka okuhle kwemishini, kodwa angase angazinzi ngokwanele emoyeni.
Amabhethri asekelwe kuma-electrolyte e-polymer solid-state
Ama-electrolyte e-polymer ahlinzeka ngokuguquguquka okuhle nokuhambisana okungcono kobuso, okusiza ukunciphisa izinkinga zokuhlangana phakathi kwe-electrode ne-electrolyte. Izibonelo zama-polymer electrolyte zifaka i-poly (vinyl) i-lithium iodide (PEO-LiTFSI), phakathi kwabanye. Lawa ma-electrolyte ane-lithium ion conductivity ephansi ekamelweni lokushisa, ngakho ngokuvamile adinga ukusetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze athuthukise ukusebenza kwawo.
Amabhethri ane-composite solid-state electrolyte
Ama-electrolyte ayinhlanganisela yesimo esiqinile ahlanganisa izinzuzo zezinto ezingaphili ne-polymer futhi aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuqhutshwa kwe-Li-ion okuphezulu, izici ezithuthukisiwe zokusebenzelana kobuso namandla athuthukisiwe emishini. Lolu hlobo lwe-electrolyte lutholakala ngokuhlakazwa kwezinhlayiya ze-inorganic ku-matrix ye-polymer, okuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwe-lithium ion ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuguquguquka okuhle nokucutshungulwa.
Amabhethri e-lithium metal-based solid-state
I-Lithium metal-based amabhethri esimo esiqinile sebenzisa i-lithium metal njenge-anode material ene-solid state electrolyte. Insimbi ye-lithium inomthamo othize ophezulu kakhulu namandla aphansi, okuvumela lawa mabhethri esimo esiqinile ukuthi abe nokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, insimbi ye-lithium ijwayele ukwenza i-lithium dendrites ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili, okuyinselele enkulu ukuyinqoba kumabhethri e-lithium metal-based solid-state.
Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile aba isixazululo esikahle samandla emikhakheni embalwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuhle kakhulu nezici zokuphepha. Okulandelayo yizimo zohlelo lokusebenza eziyinhloko zamabhethri esimo esiqinile:
Izimoto kagesi
Izimoto zikagesi zingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu ekufakweni kwebhethri yesimo esiqinile. Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko, amabhethri e-solid state anikeza ukuphepha okukhulu, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye namandla anamandla amakhulu, okusho ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zingafinyelela ibanga elide kanye nezikhathi zokushaja ezimfushane.
Ukwengeza, ukuzinza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kwamabhethri e-solid-state kuvumela izimoto zikagesi ukuthi zisebenze phezu kohlobo olubanzi lwamazinga okushisa, okwandisa ukwethembeka kwazo esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu.
Imishini kagesi ephathekayo
Imvelo emincane futhi engasindi kanye nokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kwamabhethri e-solid-state kuwenza abe umthombo wamandla ofanelekile wezinto zikagesi eziphathwayo njengama-smartphone, amaphilisi, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, namadivayisi agqokekayo. Lawa madivayisi adinga amabhethri angasindi ukuze agcine ukuphatheka kwawo kanye namandla anele ukusekela ukusetshenziswa okunwetshiwe. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile aphinde anikeze izici zokuphepha ezingcono futhi anciphise izingozi zokuphepha phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwedivayisi.
Amadivayisi ezokwelapha
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile futhi ikhombisa amandla amakhulu emkhakheni wemishini yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi kumishini yezokwelapha efakelwayo (isb., izihlinzeki-nhliziyo, ama-neurostimulators, njll.), adinga umthombo wamandla ozinzile isikhathi eside. Ukuphepha okuphezulu nezici zempilo ende yamabhethri esimo esiqinile zingahlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, ukunciphisa inani lezikhathi amabhethri adinga ukushintshwa ngazo futhi kunciphise ubungozi kanye nokuphazamiseka ezigulini.
Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla
Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kwanda, amabhethri e-solid-state nawo adlala indima ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokugcina amandla. Angasetshenziselwa ukugcina ugesi okhiqizwa amandla elanga noma omoya, anikeze isisombululo esisebenzayo nesivikelekile sokugcina amandla. Ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu nokuzinza kwamabhethri e-solid-state kuwenza afanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezimeni ezifana nokulawulwa kwegridi, ukusetshenziswa kwentela ephezulu kanye ne-valley, kanye nokunika amandla izindawo ezikude.
Yini okufanele uyicabangele lapho ukhetha ibhethri lesimo esiqinile?
Izinto ezilandelayo kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa ibhethri lesimo esiqinile njengesixazululo samandla:
Izicelo ezinezidingo zokuphepha eziphezulu
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile zinikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuphepha ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwawo ama-electrolyte esimo esiqinile, angajwayele ukuvuza futhi mancane amathuba okuba abambe umlilo noma aqhume uma kwenzeka ukushajwa ngokweqile, ukushisa ngokweqile, noma ukulimala komzimba. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuphepha kuwukukhathazeka okuyinhloko, njengezimoto zikagesi, amathuluzi asemkhathini, nemishini yezokwelapha efakelwayo, amabhethri e-solid state ayinketho ekhethwayo.
Amadivayisi adinga impilo ende
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile ngokuvamile anikeza ukuphila komjikelezo omude kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko ngoba anciphisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ayingozi okungenzeka phakathi kwe-electrolyte nama-electrode. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile afaneleka kakhulu kumadivayisi adinga ukusebenza isikhathi eside noma lapho ukushintshwa kwebhethri okuvamile kunzima khona, njengamadivaysi athile afakelwayo ezokwelashwa noma okokusebenza kokuqapha okukude.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile ingasebenza ngokuzinza phezu kwebanga lokushisa elibanzi, ibenze bafanelekele izimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu. Kumadivayisi adinga ukusebenza kumazinga okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi, njengamathuluzi angaphandle, izitholi, noma okokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zezimboni, amabhethri e-solid state ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuthembekile.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinesikhala esilinganiselwe sedivayisi
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile zihlangene kakhudlwana futhi zingenziwa zibe mncane, zinikeze ukuguquguquka okukhulu komklamo. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho isikhala sinomkhawulo noma amabhethri anomumo ongajwayelekile adingeka, njengezinto ezigqokwayo nama-compact electronics, amabhethri esimo esiqinile ancanyelwayo ngenxa yamandla awo aphezulu okwenza ngendlela oyifisayo.
Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe
Isimo sebhethri esiqinile ubuchwepheshe bungenye yezindawo ezishisayo njengamanje emkhakheni wocwaningo nentuthuko yebhethri, okubonisa amathrendi ambalwa abalulekile ezicini eziningi.
Ukuqamba izinto ezintsha
Isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri esimo esiqinile. Ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile ekutholeni nasekulungiseni izinto ezintsha ze-solid-state electrolyte ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-lithium ion, ukunciphisa ukungezwani kobuso, nokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwebhethri lilonke. Ama-electrolyte e-inorganic solid-state (isb., ama-sulfide, ama-oxides, nama-phosphates) nama-electrolyte asekelwe ku-polymer yizinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko zocwaningo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuphatha isixhumi esibonakalayo
Inselele eyinhloko ekusebenzeni kwebhethri yesimo esiqinile ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-electrode ne-electrolyte, okuhlanganisa ukuhlangana kobuso nokwakheka kwe-lithium dendrite. Abacwaningi bakha ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinto zokumboza ukuze baphathe futhi balungiselele lezi zindawo zokuhlangana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwamabhayisikili nempilo yonke yamabhethri. Ukuthuthwa kwe-lithium ion okusebenza kahle kakhulu nokusebenza okungcono kwebhethri sekukonke kungafinyelelwa ngobunjiniyela bokusebenzelana kobuso.
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
As amabhethri esimo esiqinile ukushintshela kwezentengiselwano, izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nempumelelo yokukhiqiza yizinto ezibalulekile ezicatshangelwayo. Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kugxile kubuchwepheshe obulula inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, nokwandisa izinga lokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuhlanganisa ibhethri nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuthembekile bezinga elikhulu le-electrolyte nokukhiqiza ama-electrode.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlukahlukene
Amabhethri ombuso oqinile wesikhathi esizayo angase angabi nje izinhlelo zokugcina amandla, kodwa azohlanganisa nokuzwa, ukuziphilisa kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi. Isibonelo, ngokushumeka izinzwa ebhethrini, kuzokwazi ukuqapha impilo nokusebenza kwebhethri ngesikhathi sangempela, ukubikezela nokuvimbela ukwehluleka okungenzeka.
Isiphetho sendaba
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile zimelela intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bebhethri. Isici sabo esiyinhloko ukusetshenziswa kwama-electrolyte esimo esiqinile esikhundleni soketshezi lwendabuko noma ama-electrolyte ejeli, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha kwebhethri, ukuminyana kwamandla, nempilo yokuphila. Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zamabhethri esimo esiqinile zifaka ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, ubude bempilo, kanye nokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu.
Lobu buchwepheshe bebhethri bubonisa amandla ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezifana nezimoto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo, izisetshenziswa zezokwelapha kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla. Njengamanje, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri yesimo esiqinile kugxile ekusungulweni kwezinto ezintsha, ukuphathwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokukhiqiza.
Nakuba izinselele zisalokhu zisenqubweni yokuthengisa, ngocwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, amabhethri e-solid-state kulindeleke ukuthi abe amandla abalulekile emakethe yebhethri yesikhathi esizayo, anikeze izixazululo zamandla eziphephile nezisebenza kahle kakhulu zohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Okokugcina, uma ungathanda ukuthengela ikhaya lakho noma ibhizinisi lakho ibhethri lesimo esiqinile, sicela uvakashele lokhu isixhumanisi.
