Okuqukethwe
Iyini inkinga yamandla eYurophu futhi kungani kwenzeka?
Yimiphi imithelela engaba nayo inkinga yamandla?
Benzani ohulumeni ngokumelene nenkinga yamandla?
Yini ongayenza ukuze uzilungiselele inkinga kagesi?
Iyini inkinga yamandla eYurophu futhi kungani kwenzeka?
IYurophu ngokomlando ingenise izinsiza zemvelo eziningi ezivela phesheya, ezifana neRussia kanye ne-United States. Ngokukhulayo, nokho, inhlanganisela yezinto isho ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa bekulokhu komile ngenkathi isidingo siqhubeka nokwanda. Le nhlanganisela iholele kulokho okwaziwa ngenkinga yamandla.
Wonke umuntu uzwile ukuthi unswinyo olubekwe eRussia luholele ekuvaleni amapayipi egesi ahamba phambili eYurophu, njenge I-Nord Stream. Lokhu sekusho ukuthi amazwe ase-Europe athembele kakhulu kwi-liquified natural gas (LNG) evela eRussia, njengeGermany, abhekene nesomiso esibi. Kodwa-ke, ziningi ezinye izici ezinomthelela wokuntuleka kokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nokwanda kwesidingo.
- Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke nokomisa kwamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi: Ubusika buka-2021 babubanda ngendlela engafanele emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuholele ekwenyukeni kwezimfuno ze-LNG zokushisisa ezimakethe ezimbili ezinkulu (EYurophu nase-Asia) kanye nokuncipha kokutholakala kwabathumela kwamanye amazwe abakhulu, njenge-United States, nabo abazifunela okungaphezu kokuvamile. Ehlobo, amaza okushisa emhlabeni wonke asho ukwanda kwesidingo se-air conditioning. Nokho, isomiso esibi eLatin America siholele ekwehleni kokukhiqizwa kukagesi obalulekile wamanzi. Okwengeza kulokhu kuntuleka kokuhlinzekwa kwaba iqiniso lokuthi izinsiza eziningi zamandla emvelo eMhlabeni ziyasha - isibonelo yisizinda segesi i-Groningen, ehlelelwe ukuvalwa kulo nyaka.
- Izimpendulo zokufudumala kwembulunga yonke: Emzamweni wokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ohulumeni bazama ukuqhela ekukhiqizeni amandla angcolisayo. Abaphathi be-Biden banciphise ukuhamba kwemali emkhakheni wegesi ye-shale futhi amazwe amaningi ase-Europe abekhipha izitshalo zenuzi, konke lokhu kufake ingcindezi eyengeziwe kwimithombo yamandla. Ngeshwa, ukugcizelelwa amandla avuselelweko iye yehliswa ngandlela thile izimo zomoya ezingezinhle e-Europe, okushiya amazwe asenyakatho athembele kumaturbine omoya kuze kufike kokukodwa kokuhlanu kwamandla awo, njengeJalimane ne-Netherlands, ashodelwe nakakhulu. Lawa mazwe aphendukele kumalahle negesi, okusho ukwanda kwesidingo sokuhlinzekwa okulokhu kuncipha njalo.
- Ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke kanye nokwesabisa kwezempilo: Izinkinga zokuhlela nazo zasheshe zaba yimbangela enkingeni yamandla, njengoba izindaba zokuhamba zesikhashana ePanama Canal kanye nokuvalwa okuhlobene nobhubhane lomhlaba wonke kusho ukwehla kokuthunyelwa kwamandla ngaphandle. Ukushoda komthamo wokuthumela kuphushele amanani okuthumela endaweni ye-LNG afinyelela inani eliphakeme lesikhathi sonke $200,000 ekuqaleni kuka-2021 futhi kwandisa inkinga yokuhlinzeka.
- Ukuncintisana kwangemva kobhubhane: Ngeshwa, kanye nalokhu kuncipha kokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kube nokwanda kwesidingo. Amaphakheji e-stimulus okuqalisa kabusha umnotho wangemva kobhubhane abangele ukukhiqizwa okuqinisiwe ukuze kubuyise inzuzo elahlekile, okusho ukwanda kwezidingo zamandla. Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), engxenyeni yesibili ka-2021, iYurophu yabona ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-LNG 25% - ukwanda okuphezulu kakhulu kusukela ngo-1985. Ukwengeza, ukuncintisana ngalezi zinsiza ezishodayo kwakhula, lapho lawo mazwe aqala ukululama kulolu bhubhane aba ngowokuqala emgqeni. I-China ibingumthengisi omkhulu we-LNG ekuqaleni kuka-2021.
- Izinqolobane eziphelile: Ngenxa yezinkinga phakathi no-2021, kanye nokuqhubekela phambili kweziningi zalezi zinkinga esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinsiza ezinciphayo, amazinga okugcina amandla emhlabeni jikelele abelokhu efinyelela ukwehla komlando. Izinqolobane zamandla zeluliwe kakhulu ngonyaka odlule futhi azikwazanga ukuphinda zigcwaliswe ngenxa yokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo, kanye nokukhuphuka kokuncintisana nezintengo zamandla. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulayo kanye nokusabela “empini yezinsiza” zikaPutin, i-Europe iye yanda, kanti izinqolobane ngo-2022 manje seziphakeme kakhulu. 85%. Lokhu akusho ukuthi zizokwanela ukubhekana nezidingo, nokho, futhi inkinga kagesi izoqhubeka.
Yimiphi imithelela engaba nayo inkinga yamandla?
Umthelela omkhulu wenkinga kagesi uzoba ngokwezindleko nokuhlinzekwa. Izindleko ezikhuphukile ngenxa yokushoda kwempahla okubhebhethekiswe ngokwedlulele izingxabano eziqhubekayo e-Ukraine zizoshaya abantu ngabanye kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amabhizinisi nawo azohlupheka, futhi ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe bungase bube nzima ngenxa yokuncipha kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle njengoba ukunikezwa kuncipha.
Umthelela wenkinga yamandla kubantu ngabanye namabhizinisi
Ngokukhuphuka kwezindleko izikweletu zamandla, abantu bangase baphoqeleke ukuba balinganisele indlela abasebenzisa ngayo igesi, ugesi, nophethiloli ekhaya, kuyilapho amabhizinisi engase angakwazi ukukhanya nokufudumeza izikhungo zawo. Ohulumeni bangangenelela ukusiza, njengoba sekuvele kubonakala eFrance nayo "isheke lamandla." Ukushoda kukaphethiloli okuqhubekayo kungasho nokubuyela kolayini abade eziteshini zikaphethiloli, okungase kuphazamise amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngophethiloli kubangele ukushoda kokudla noma okubi nakakhulu. I-LNG imele ingxenye yesihlanu kagesi waseYurophu. Isetshenziselwa ukushisisa nokupheka, okusho ukuthi amabhizinisi kuyo yonke imikhakha azohlupheka, kodwa ikakhulukazi lawo amukela izihambi.
Umthelela wenkinga yamandla ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe
Olunye udaba olubalulekile oluthintwa yinkinga yamandla ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe e-EU kanye ne-United States ahlanganyele ekufakeni unswinyo eRussia, kanti lawakamuva aphendule ngokuncishiswa kwegesi. Ukwengeza, ukungeneliseki ngamatherifu ekhabhoni ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe ezibekwe emazweni anjenge-China yi-US kanye namazwe ase-Europe kuye kwadweba imigqa esihlabathini.
Lokhu kuqhuma kungase kubonakale kuyingozi kakhulu njengoba amazwe athumela kwamanye amazwe elungisa amanani entengo kaphethiloli kanye nokuhlinzekwa ngokobudlelwane. Lokhu sekuvele kubonwe nge China cishe ukuphinda kathathu ukungenisa kwayo kwe-Russian LNG kulo nyaka kube sekuphelele $ 2.39 billion, ethengiswa ngamanani ancishisiwe ngenxa yokuthi “ubungane abunamingcele” neChina kanye nesidingo sayo semali ukuze inqobe unswinyo lwaseNtshonalanga. Ngomnyakazo ojwayelekile, i-China ithengisa buthule igesi yayo eyeqile emazweni aseYurophu ngenzuzo eshisiwe, ngaleyo ndlela isize ekudambiseni ukungezwani ngenzuzo enkulu kuyona. Ukuthi ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe buzovela kanjani akukacaci, kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi “empini yezinsiza” ngeke kube khona umusa.
Benzani ohulumeni ngokumelene nenkinga yamandla?
Ukungqubuzana kweRussia-Ukraine, kanye nokwanda kwengcindezi okubeke ekunikezeni amandla okuvele kuncipha, kuye kwadala izinguquko zamandla eYurophu. Ikhomishini ye-EU I-RePowerEU uhlelo luhlose ukunciphisa ukuncika kweYurophu kugesi yaseRussia ngokusebenzisa amandla ahlukahlukene, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kanye nokusheshisa ukushintshela emandleni avuselelekayo.
Izinqubomgomo eziyinhloko eziqhutshelwa phambili ohulumeni bamazwe ase-Europe ukunciphisa umthelela wenkinga yamandla kanye nokubhekana nokushoda kwamandla esikhathini esizayo yilezi:
- Ukonga amandla: Bahlose ukunciphisa izimfuno zekhaya le-EU nezimboni zikawoyela negesi ngo-5%. Zizosetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuye ngezinqumo zezwe ngalinye eliyilungu, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
- Izinguquko zokuziphatha zesikhashana ku ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwegesi namafutha, njengokusebenzisa ukushisisa okuncane ekhaya nokushayela uzungeze kancane. Lokhu kuzokhuthazwa ngemikhankaso yolwazi kanye namanani aphezulu ezimakethe.
- Ikhefu lentela, elifana nezilinganiso ze-VAT ezincishisiwe ezinhlelweni zokufudumeza ezonga amandla, ukugqunywa kwezakhiwo, nezinye izinto ezinjalo zokunciphisa amandla nemishini.
- Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuhlukahlukene kanye nabalingani abasekelayo: Ukuhlukahluka kwabahlinzeki bamandla kude neRussia sekuvele kuyaqhubeka, namazinga amarekhodi okuthengwa kwe-LNG kwamanye amazwe avikelekile futhi amaphasishi amasha e-hydrogen ithuthukiswa olwandle lwaseMedithera naseNyakatho. Ukwengeza, ukuze kuqinisekiswe izifunda ezisengozini enkulu, njenge-Balkan, Moldova, ne-Ukraine, ziyazuza kulokhu kunikezwa kwamandla okusha, amandla okuthenga azoqinisekiswa ngokuhlanganisa ukuthengwa kwamandla kuwo wonke amazwe e-EU.
- Ukusheshisa ukwamukelwa kwezinto ezivuselelekayo: Emzamweni wokuqhubekisela phambili izinto kulo mkhakha, iKhomishana ye-EU ihlongoze ukukhuphula okuhlosiwe okuvuselelekayo ka-2030 kusuka ku-40% kuya ku-45%. Lokhu kuzozuzwa ngokusebenzisa:
- Ukuphindwa kabili kwe amandla elanga e-photovoltaic ngo-2025, enezibopho zomthetho zokufaka amaphaneli ezakhiweni ezintsha zomphakathi, ezentengiselwano, nezindawo zokuhlala.
– Ukuphindwa kabili kokuthunyelwa kwephampu yokushisa, nezindlela zokuhlanganisa amandla ashisayo e-geothermal kanye nelanga ezinhlelweni zokushisisa zesimanje.
- Ukushintsha i-LNG, amalahle, kanye nowoyela ezimbonini nasezimbonini zezokuthutha ezenza kube nzima ukukhipha ikhabhoni ngokubeka umgomo wamathani ayizigidi eziyi-10 e-hydrogen evuselelekayo ekhiqizwa ekhaya, kanye nokuhlosiwe okuhlosiwe kwamanye amathani ayizigidi eziyi-10 ngo-2030.
- Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe i-biomethane kuya ku-35bcm ngo-2030, ezosetshenziswa ku ukushisisa, ukuphehla ugesi, nophethiloli.
Yini ongayenza ukuze uzilungiselele inkinga kagesi?
Ingxenye enkulu yohlelo lwe-EU Commission's RePowerEU incike ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye. Ama-85% abantu baseYurophu iyavuma ukuthi i-EU kumele yehlise ukuthembela kwayo kumafutha aseRussia, ukuze yenze lokho futhi izuze zero reliance ngo-2027, izinguquko kufanele zenziwe kuwo wonke amazinga - umuntu ngamunye kuye kuhulumeni. Izenzo zihlanganisa:
- Ukufaka amaphaneli e-photovoltaic ezindlini ukuze unike amandla ugesi namandla elanga ashisayo okushisa (amanzi kanye nekhaya).
- Ukutshala imali ezintweni zokugcina amandla ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ngisho nalapho kungekho ilanga noma umoya. Ezindaweni ezine izinhlelo zamandla ezisabalalisiwe, ugesi okhiqizwa ekhaya nawo ungadayiswa ubuyiselwe kugridi ukuze usetshenziswe kwenye indawo.
- Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngokunciphisa ukuhamba nokushisisa igesi nowoyela.
Isiphetho
Inkinga yamandla eYurophu iyisibikezelo sezikhathi ezinzima ezizayo, kodwa futhi nethuba. Ohulumeni bamazwe e-EU bayahlangana ukuze babhekane nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli futhi kusheshiswe inguquko eluhlaza. Lokhu, kuhlangene nezenzo zomuntu ngamunye, kungasindisa abantu baseYurophu ebusika obunzima kakhulu, kodwa futhi ngokunciphisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kungasindisa isintu esikhathini esizayo esimnyama kakhulu. Njengoba izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zincipha futhi nesimo sezulu seplanethi siba sibi kakhulu, sekuyisikhathi sokuba umuntu ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphi indawo, ukukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo ekhaya esebenzisa izinto ezinjengalezi. amaphaneli elanga we-photovoltaic.
