Izindleko zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe zingelinye lamathuluzi amadala kunawo wonke kusethi yamathuluzi yabavikeli, asetshenziselwe amakhulu eminyaka ukuvikela izimboni zasekhaya emiqhudelwaneni yangaphandle engafanele. Ezweni lanamuhla, nokho, amanani entengo asephenduke isikhali sezomnotho ezimpini zohwebo phakathi kwezizwe ukuze zibangele ubuhlungu emnothweni womunye nomunye. Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu impi yentela ye-tit-for-tat phakathi kwe-China ne-United States. Futhi njengoba iShayina ingelinye lamazwe athumela ngaphandle amakhulu kunawo wonke e-USA, nempahla yaseShayina iphelele $ 577.13 billion ngo-2021, imiphumela izoba yingozi emnothweni womhlaba.
Kodwa yini eyabangela le ngxabano yezohwebo? Uzoba yini umthelela emnothweni wase-US? Futhi abathengisi bezitolo nabathengisi bangazilawula kanjani izindleko ezihambisana nentela emisebenzini yabo yebhizinisi? Hhayi-ke, sekuyisikhathi sokuphuza ikhofi futhi ufunde le bhulogi ukuze uthole umbono obanzi wempi yamanje yohwebo phakathi kwe-USA neChina.
Okuqukethwe
Yini "Izintengo zaseChina"?
Uyini umthelela we-China Tariffs emnothweni wase-US?
Uyini umthelela we-China Tariffs kumabhizinisi ase-US?
Ukuhweba mahhala kuyisihluthulelo sokuchuma okukhulu
Yini "Izintengo zaseChina"?
Izandulela zempi yohwebo
Amalangabi okuqala empi yezohwebo phakathi kweChina ne-United States avutha lapho abaphathi bakaTrump beqala Isigaba 301 uphenyo ngezinqubo zokuhweba ezingalungile zaseShayina. Umphumela wombiko wokuhlolwa, owenziwe yi-United States Trade Representative (I-VAT), yaphetha ngokuthi i-China isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze ithole ubuchwepheshe obubucayi base-US ngokudluliswa kobuchwepheshe obuphoqelelwe, ukwebiwa kwempahla yengqondo, kanye nemikhawulo yokunikeza amalayisense ebandlululayo.
NgoMashi 2018, abaphathi bakaMongameli uTrump bakhokhisa intela ebiza ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-50 ezimpahleni zaseChina. I-China yaphendula ngesenzo sayo sokuziphindiselela ngokumelene ne-US, ibeka intela emalini ethengiswayo eMelika ebiza izigidigidi zamadola. Izintela zokuziphindiselela ziholele empini ebuyela emuva naphambili phakathi kwala mazwe womabili, ethinta kabi abathengi namabhizinisi ase-US.
Ukungeniswa kwe-China okuthintekile
Izintela ezihlongozwayo zishicilelwe ngaphansi kwezinhlu ezi-4 futhi zigxile ezintweni ezithathwe ngokungafanele ukuxhaswa nguhulumeni waseChina, okuhlanganisa izimboni njenge-aerospace, amarobhothi, nemishini. Uhlu lwango-1 futhi 2 bekuhloswe ngayo emikhiqizweni engasebenzisi njengemikhiqizo yezimboni neyezokwelapha. Babeka intela engama-25% ezintweni ezithengwa ngamaShayina ezingabiza amabhiliyoni angama-50.
Futhi njengoba iChina yehlulekile ukwenza izivumelwano ezingxoxweni zohwebo, a uhlu lwesithathu yabeka amanani entengo angu-10% ezimpahleni zaseShayina ezengeziwe, nenani eliphelele lenani lokungenisa eliyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200. Izintela ziqale ukusebenza ngoSepthemba 24 wezi-2018 futhi zenyuswa zafinyelela ku-25% ngoMeyi 2019. Futhi ngoSepthemba 1 ka-2019, abaphathi baseMelika bamemezele owesine uhlu lwezindleko ezibhekiswe eChina. Le sethi yokugcina yezintela ezimpahleni zaseShayina yahlukaniswa yaba izinhlu ezimbili: 4A kanye no-4B. Kusukela ngo-February 14 ka-2020, uhlu lwezimpahla ezingu-4A bezingaphansi kwentela eyengeziwe engu-7.5%, kodwa uhlu 4B alukaze luqale ukusebenza.
Abaphathi be-Biden babhekana kanjani ne-China Tariffs
Ngenkathi uJoe Biden ethatha izintambo ngoJanuwari 2021, wazuza njengefa impi yezohwebo eyayivele iqhubeka. Ukuphatha okusha kwe-US bekulindeleke ukuthi kususe amanani entengo futhi kusebenzele ubudlelwano bokuhweba obuvuleleke kakhudlwana nabalingani babo abakhulu bamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-China. Kepha ukuphatha kukaBiden bekuhamba kancane kakhulu kulolu daba, futhi kushiye iningi lentela kaTrump endaweni.
Isizathu salesi simo sokuqaphela nokungabaza ukwehluleka kweChina ukuhlangabezana Izibopho zeSigaba Sokuqala, eyaqala ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 2020 futhi yenziwa njengengxenye yengxoxo yezomnotho ehlanganisa i-US-China. Ukuze kususwe izintela ezibekiwe, iChina bekufanele inyuse ukuthengwa kwayo kwezimpahla nemikhiqizo yezolimo yase-US ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Yize abaholi bamabhizinisi baseMelika becindezela uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi asuse lezi zindleko izinyanga manje (futhi besabisa nangokuhambisa ukukhiqizwa phesheya kwezilwandle), kubukeka mancane amathuba okuthi uBiden athathe noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuzama ukuhlehlisa lokho uTrump asekwenzile kuze kube manje-noma azehlise kakhulu.
Uyini umthelela Wezintela ZaseShayina Emnothweni WaseMelika?
Isilinganiso esibuyisele emuva emnothweni wase-US
Ukuphatha kukaTrump kuhloswe ukwenza ngcono ukushoda kwezentengiselwano kwaminyaka yonke e-US kwama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 ngokucindezela ibhalansi ye-akhawunti yayo yamanje ibheke emalini enqwabelene, kodwa empeleni, yehle kakhulu ekushodelweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhalansi ye-akhawunti yamanje yase-China inyuke ngo + 0.4% phakathi kuka-2018 no-2020, kanye nekota yokuqala ka-2022 kuphela i-China yabhalisa imali eningi $ 89.5 billion.
Isizathu sokuthi ukungalingani kwezohwebo kwe-China ne-United States kuqhubeke nokukhula ngokwengxenye kungenxa yentela ebekiwe yokuziphindiselela ezimpahleni nasezimpahleni zase-US. Lokhu kuziphindiselela kuthinte ukuncintisana kokuthekelisa kwezinkampani zase-US, okuholele ekwehleni kokukhula kwebhalansi yokuhwebelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani entengo anomthelela omncane ezilinganisweni zohwebo; ziyingxenye eyodwa kuphela kuzibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa ezinye izici zomnotho omkhulu njengokukhula kwesibalo sabantu, inqubomgomo yezimali, namazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali.
Amakhasimende yiwo athwala umthwalo wezindleko
Izintengo ziyintela kubathengi njengoba ziba nomthelela ngqo kuma-wallet abo futhi ziholela emananini aphezulu. Ngokwephepha elishicilelwe yi-Tax Foundation, amanani entengo abekwe ngabaphathi bakaTrump alimaze imboni yezolimo yaseMelika futhi anganyusa amanani entengo yokudla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izintela zokuziphindiselela ezibekwe yiChina zehlise ukuthunyelwa kwezolimo e-US ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-27, kanti ukuthengiswa kukabhontshisi wesoya kwehle kakhulu ngo-71%.
Lobu budlelwano bembangela kanye-nomphumela phakathi kwamanani entengo kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali buyabonakala; lapho amabhizinisi ephoqeleka ukuthi akhokhe imali ethe xaxa ngezimpahla zawo ezingenisiwe, adlulisela lezo zindleko kubathengi bokugcina. Lesi isibonelo esisodwa sokuthi izinqubomgomo zokuhweba ezivikelayo zingalimaza kanjani umnotho. Izintela ziphinde ziyeke ukusungula izinto ezintsha futhi zikhuthaze izinkampani ukuthi zihlale ngaphakathi kwendawo yazo yokunethezeka esikhundleni sokuziphoqa ukuthi zenze imikhiqizo emisha yezimakethe ezintsha noma zithuthukise ezikhona.
Izintela ziyizinyathelo zokulwa nenkululeko
Izintela ziwukuguqulwa kwezinqubomgomo zohwebo lwamahhala. Zivimbela ukugeleza kwamahhala kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo, okuyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komnotho womhlaba. Ziholela ekuvuseleleni umnotho kancane futhi zidale izimakethe zezimali zomhlaba ezingaqinisekile. Lokhu kuzoholela emazingeni enzalo aphezulu futhi kwenze kube nzima ukuthi amabhizinisi atshale imali ekwandiseni noma aqashe abantu abaningi.
Izivumelwano zokuhwebelana kwamazwe amabili ziyakhula
Eminyakeni yakamuva, amazwe amaningi abezama ukuqeda imithelela emibi yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ngokusebenzisa amazwe amaningi izivumelwano zokuhweba ezikhethwayo. Kodwa lezi zivumelwano kunzima ukuxoxisana ngazo futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuphothulwa. Inqubo yokuxoxisana ixaka ngenxa yokuthi amazwe ahlukene anezintshisekelo nezinto ezibalulekile ezihlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano zamazwe amaningi zingadinga ukuba zigunyazwe yisishayamthetho sezwe ngalinye, okungaba inqubo ende.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izivumelwano zokuhwebelana zamazwe amabili zingaphothulwa ngokushesha kakhulu ngoba zigxile kuphela ezithakazelweni nasezidingweni zamazwe amabili ngesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavumela amazwe ukuthi avikele izimboni zabo ezisafufusa emiqhudelwaneni yangaphandle kuyilapho besakwazi ukufinyelela izimakethe nezinsiza zamazwe abambisene nawo. Lokhu kuvumela amazwe ukuthi agxile emandleni awo kuyilapho evikela izintshisekelo zawo.
Uyini umthelela we-China Tariffs kumabhizinisi ase-US?
Ubani okhokha amanani entengo abekiwe?
Umbono oyiphutha wokuthi i-China ikhokha amanani ekuthumeleni kwayo e-USA uyaqondakala, kodwa awubonisi kahle ukuthi amanani entengo asebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni. Lapho inkampani yase-US ingenisa izimpahla ezivela e-China, ikhokha izintela nemisebenzi kuhulumeni wase-US ngalezo zimpahla ngokusekelwe enanini lazo, futhi eziningi zazo. amanani entela zibe sezidluliselwa kumthengi ngamanani aphezulu ezitolo nabathengisi be-inthanethi njenge-Amazon noma i-Walmart.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi amanani okuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe abalwa kanjani kanye nomthelela wawo kubathengi bokugcina, ake sithathe isibonelo somthengisi wemishini yezolimo wase-US ongenisa ngaphandle ogandaganda abangamasondo amabili besuka e-China. Ake sicabange ukuthi lo mthengisi uthenge ogandaganda abangama-50 ngo-$3,000 lilinye kumkhiqizi waseShayina. Ngemva kokusebenzisa intela yokungenisa engama-25% kulo msebenzi, umthengisi uzokhokha u-$3,750 ngogandaganda ngamunye esikhundleni sika-$3,000. I-$750 eyengeziwe ikhokhwa njengentela yokungenisa kuhulumeni wase-US.
Amabhizinisi aziphatha kanjani izindleko ze-tariff?
Lapho ubhekene nezindleko zentela, ukuzidlulisela kumakhasimende akuyona ukuphela kwenketho. Amabhizinisi anganciphisa ubungozi bentela esebenzisa amanye amaqhinga alandelayo:
I-Nearshoring
Amabhizinisi ase-US anganciphisa imithelela yawo yentela ngokuthuthela umkhiqizo emazweni angekho ngaphansi kwezenzo zentela zase-US ezifana ne-India, Vietnam, neMalaysia. Nakuba lawa mazwe engase angabi nalo izinga elifanayo lokulawula ikhwalithi elinikezwa amafekthri ase-China, imikhiqizo yawo isengakwazi ukuncintisana futhi ingabizi.
Ukwamukela izindleko
Amabhizinisi athile azama ukuthola ukuthi angazithola kanjani izindleko ezengeziwe futhi agcine imikhiqizo yawo ifinyeleleka kubathengi. Lokhu kungaba lula njengokushintsha izinto ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni noma kube nzima njengokuklama kabusha wonke umugqa womkhiqizo. Isibonelo, ukushintsha usuka kupulasitiki wokwenziwa uye kupulasitiki we-biodegradable okhiqizwa ekhaya.
Ukuhweba mahhala kuyisihluthulelo sokuchuma okukhulu
Nakuba amanani entengo angase abonakale eyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvikela imboni yendawo kanye nokubeka izinqubomgomo zezombusazwe kubalingani abahwebayo, agcina elimaza abathengi abahola kancane ngokukhuphula amanani ezimpahleni nasezinkonzweni eziningi zansuku zonke. Ukuvikeleka kwezohwebo kuzoholela kuphela ezindlekweni eziphakeme kubathengi, ukunciphisa ukuncintisana ezimbonini zasekhaya, ukunciphisa ukufinyelela ezimakethe zangaphandle, kanye nokwehla komnotho.
Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi amazwe emhlabeni wonke amukele ukuhwebelana okukhululekile kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ukuze kwakheke umnotho womhlaba odidiyelwe, okuzoholela ekuchumeni okukhulu kwabo bonke abantu. Hlala unolwazi lwakamuva ngezindaba zakamuva mayelana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nohwebo ngokuvakashela i-Chovm.com's isikhungo sebhulogi!
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