Ukuphazamiseka kwemboni yezempilo emhlabeni wonke kanye nokukalwa kwebanga lomphakathi okuqinile okwenziwa ohulumeni bomhlaba wonke eminyakeni embalwa edlule kube nomthelela omkhulu emnothweni womhlaba. Isibonelo, inani lezohwebo emhlabeni wonke elilinganiselwa yi-World Trade Organization (WTO) libonise ukuthi naphezu kokukhula okuqhubekayo kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, bekukhona ngo-5.3 ukwehla ngo-2020%. (ngaphambilini kubikezelwe njenge-9.2%).
Ngenkathi ukulindela kwakamuva kwe-WTO ngevolumu yezohwebo emhlabeni wonke ngo-2021 bekuwukuba ibuyele emuva nge ukukhuphuka okungu-10.8%, umnotho womhlaba usazabalaza ukubuyisela ijubane lawo langaphambili lokukhula, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa isimo esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Izinga eliphezulu le-inflation lango-2022.
Ngenhlanhla, naphezu kwesimo somnotho esingaba sibi kangako, kunezinqubomgomo nezinsiza zeCustoms abangenisa kwamanye amazwe bangasizakala ukuze bazuze futhi bathole inzuzo yokuncintisana ngaphezu kwezinselelo zamanje zomnotho. Esinye salezo zibonelo yindlu yokugcina impahla enesibopho, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi indawo yokugcina impahla, okuwuhlobo lwendawo yokugcina impahla evunyelwe uhulumeni.
Okuqukethwe
Iyini indawo yokugcina impahla eboshwe e-United States?
Izigaba eziyi-11 zezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe e-US
Ubuhle nobubi be-warehouse eboshiwe
Isebenza kanjani indawo yokugcina impahla
Izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe vs. Izindawo Zohwebo Zangaphandle
Imicabango yokuphetha ngezindawo zokugcina izimpahla
Iyini indawo yokugcina impahla eboshwe e-United States?
Indawo yokugcina impahla eboshiwe, eyaziwa nangokuthi indawo yokugcina impahla ebophezelekile e-US, iyisakhiwo noma indawo yokugcina izimpahla lapho kugcinwa khona izimpahla ezinemisebenzi engakhokhelwa kuze kube yilapho sezikhishwa ngokusemthethweni. Izimpahla eziboshiwe yizinto ezigcinwa endaweni efana nalesi. Ngokomthetho waseMelika, izimpahla zingagcinwa endaweni yokugcina impahla eboshiwe kuze kube iminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokwenza imisebenzi.
Izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe ngokwezifiso e-United States zingase zisetshenziswe uhulumeni noma umkhakha ozimele. Futhi, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe ezisebenza njengezindawo zokugcina izimpahla, indawo yokugcina impahla eboshiwe ingase isetshenziselwe ukukhohlisa noma izinjongo zokukhiqiza.
Izigaba eziyi-11 zezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe e-US
Ama-warehouses abophezelekile e-US ihlukaniswe ngamakilasi ayi-11 ngokuhambisana nengxenye 19 yeKhodi Yemithethonqubo Yombuso yemisebenzi yangokwezifiso (19 CFR 19.1). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akuzona zonke lezi zigaba eziyi-11 ezivame ukusetshenziswa noma ezitholakalayo, ngakho-ke sizohlanganisa zonke izigaba eziyi-11 zezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezihlanganisiwe ngokugxila ngokukhethekile kumakilasi asetshenziswa kabanzi.
Indawo yokugcina impahla ephethwe uhulumeni noma eqashisiwe
Kuphela ngaphansi komyalelo weCustoms and Border Protection (CBP) (“i-oda elijwayelekile”) lapho okudayiswayo khona – izimpahla ezishaqiwe ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-CBP futhi okusalindile ukulahlwa, zizogcinwa kulezo zakhiwo zikahulumeni.
Indawo yokugcina impahla ephethwe ngasese
Indawo yokugcina impahla yangasese esetshenziselwa kuphela ukugcinwa kwezimpahla ezingezabo noma eziphathiswe abanikazi. Enye yezinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe.
I-warehouse enesibopho somphakathi
Lokhu okokugcina okukhethekile kokuthengiswayo kwamanye amazwe.
Amagceke noma amashede ahlanganisiwe
Lapha yilapho kugcinwa khona lezo zimpahla ezinkulu, ezisindayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo, izinto ezifana nezitebele, izibaya zokudla, amakhorali, amathange ezimpahla eziwuketshezi ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezindawo ezivalekile zokugcina izilwane ezingeniswa ngaphandle konke kungaphansi kwaleli klasi. Lesi esinye isigaba esisetshenziswa kakhulu sezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe.
Imigqomo eboshiwe noma amakheshi noma izingxenye zezakhiwo
Lokhu okokugcina okusanhlamvu.
I-warehouse ehlanganisiwe njengesikhungo sokukhiqiza
Lezi zindawo zokugcina izimpahla zikhiqiza izimpahla ezidalwe ngokuphelele noma ezihlanganiswe ezingxenyeni ezingenisiwe ngokwezinjongo zokuthekelisa kuphela. Izingxenye ezithile ezingeniswa kule ndawo eyodwa azikho ngaphansi kwezintela. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungani leli klasi liphinde libe ngesinye sezinhlobo zezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezithandwa kakhulu e-US.
Indawo yokugcina impahla ehlanganisiwe njengendawo yokuncibilikisa nokucwenga
Lokhu kwenzelwa inhloso yokuncibilikisa kanye nokucwengisiswa kwezinto ezingenisiwe ukuze zithunyelwe ngaphandle noma zisetshenziswe endaweni.
Indawo yokugcina impahla ehlanganisiwe yokuhlanza, ukuhlunga, kanye nendawo yokupakisha kabusha
Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-CBP nangezindleko zomnikazi, ukuhlanzwa, ukuhlunga, nokupakishwa kabusha kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe ngaphandle kokubandakanya noma yiziphi izinqubo zokukhiqiza.
Ama-warehouses anesibopho "njengezitolo ezingenamsebenzi"
Vumela ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla ezingakhokhiswa ngokwemibandela ukuze zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwendawo yentela. Izimpahla ezikuleli klasi kufanele kube ezikabanikazi noma zithengiswe abanikazi bendawo yokugcina impahla futhi kufanele zisuswe endaweni yokugcina izimpahla ziyiswe esikhumulweni sezindiza noma kwenye indawo yokuphuma ukuze zithekeliswe (noma egameni labantu) abantu abasuka endaweni yezimpahla noma izindawo zangaphandle. Lezi zitolo zingahlinzeka nangezimpahla ezingakhokhiswa imali.
Ama-warehouses ahlanganisiwe njengezikhungo zokuthengiswayo zokuhamba kwamanye amazwe
Ukuthengisa ngaphandle kwentela ezindizeni ngokwemibandela kunezitolo ezingenamsebenzi.
Ama-warehouses ahlanganisiwe njengezikhungo ezithathiwe
Lezi zindawo zokugcina impahla ziklanyelwe ukugcina izimpahla ezigcinwe yi-CBP ngokohlelo Olujwayelekile (GO) futhi azikwazi ukususa intela izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyi-15.
Ubuhle nobubi bezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe e-US
Izinzuzo zezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe ngokwezifiso e-United States
Kunezinzuzo eziningi zendlu yokugcina impahla eboshelwe ngokwezifiso ezingasetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo. Nazi izizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani izinkampani zisebenzisa i-warehousing eboshiwe, ezigqamisa ukubaluleka kwezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe.
1) Thola umkhawulo wezezimali emsebenzini kanye nezinkokhelo zentela
Imisebenzi yentela, kanye nezinye izintela ezihlobene nokungenisa kwezimpahla ezingenisiwe zingahlehliswa ngenkathi zigcinwe endaweni yokugcina impahla eboshiwe kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zithunyelwa ngomkhumbi, okuhlanganisa nanoma yiziphi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingase ziqhubeke ngenqubo yokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, abangenisi bangase benze izinhlelo ezingcono zezezimali zeminye imisebenzi yebhizinisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ifemu kunokuba matasatasa ngokuthola nokulinganisa inani lemali engaba khona yentela eqoqiwe.
2) Ukuguquguquka okukhulu phakathi kwezinketho zokungenisa/ukuthekelisa
Ngokukhetha okuhlinzekwa yizindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe kubathengi, abathekelisa nabathumela ngaphandle bayasiza futhi basekelwe ukuthola ukuguquguquka phakathi kokukhetha ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akukhona kuphela ukuthi intela nentela kukhokhwa kuphela uma izimpahla zihoxiswa ukuze zisetshenziswe ngaphakathi kwe-United States, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhokha intela nezintela uyayekwa uma abangenisi bekwazi ukuthekelisa izimpahla esikhundleni salokho.
3) Ukugcinwa kwempahla okukhawulelwe
Ukungeniswa kwempahla ekhawulelwe kungaphansi komkhawulo oqinile wesikhathi onezidingo ezengeziwe zamadokhumenti ezidingekayo ukuze kuvunywe. Izindlu zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe kuCustoms, nokho, azifakiwe kulolu hlaka lwesikhathi kanye nemikhawulo yemibhalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukugcinwa kwezimpahla ezikhawulelwe kanye nezimpahla ezijwayelekile kufana nabangenisa impahla ngaphandle, lapho bebeka izimpahla ezivinjelwe ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe. Kanjalo, izimpahla ezinemikhawulo ezifana notshwala nokunye ukudla kungagcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe ngokwezifiso ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngezithiyo ezinzima zomnqamulajuqu wemibhalo nezinye izinqubo zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi.
I-4) Ukugcina isikhathi eside
Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwezinto ezigcinwayo, amasiko ahlanganisa izindawo zokugcina impahla inikeza isitoreji sesikhathi eside kuze kube iminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhokha intela noma intela. Abathekelisi bangase bathenge isikhathi sokulungisa imibhalo edingekayo, izingxenye ezisalindile ezizothunyelwa ukuze zenziwe, kanye nezinketho zokukhiqiza ezihlanganisayo kuyilapho bejabulela konke lokhu ngaphandle kokukhathazeka mayelana nentela kanye nemiphumela yentela.
5) Isitoreji esiphephile nesivikelekile
Ukusungulwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla ebophezelekile kuncike ekuhlolweni okunemininingwane nokuqinile okuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zigcinwa ngokuphephile nangokuvikelekile. Inqubo ingase ihlanganise, isibonelo, amafomu ezicelo amade, imininingwane yabacimi bomlilo, imininingwane yokuxhumana egcwele, kanye nezigxivizo zeminwe zanoma ubani okwazi ukufinyelela endaweni yokugcina impahla. I-warehouse ingaphansi kokugadwa njalo okurekhodiwe ngazo zonke izilinganiso zokuphepha ezidingekayo. Njalo kanye ukuhlola ukuthotshelwa kwe-impromptu ingase iphathwe izikhulu ze-CBP ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa okugcwele kwezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe futhi. Konke lokhu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwezimpahla ezigcinwe ezindlini zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe kubathengi.
Ububi bendawo yokugcina impahla eboshelwe amasiko e-United States
Manje njengoba sesixoxile ngezinzuzo ze-warehouse enesibopho, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe zingaba inketho ekhangayo. Kodwa yiziphi izinzuzo ze-warehouse eboshiwe? Simboze ububi bokugcinwa kwempahla eboshiwe ngezansi.
1) Ukulawula okunomkhawulo
Phela, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezibolekwa ngempahla zingaphansi kokuqondisa okuqinile kukahulumeni, ngakho-ke noma ubani okhetha ukugcina impahla lapho ungaphansi kwemithetho nemithethonqubo ethile ekhawulela ukuthi izimpahla ziphathwa kanjani uma zigcinwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina impahla. Noma ngabe izimpahla zingadinga ukunakekelwa okuthile noma ukuphathwa, izilawuli zabangenisa kwamanye amazwe zinomkhawulo ngendlela efanayo.
2) Imiphumela yokungakhokhi
Ngokufanayo nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo zokulawula zikahulumeni, izinkokhelo esezidlulelwe yisikhathi noma izimpahla ezibambezeleke isikhathi eside endaweni yokugcina impahla ebolekwe ngokwezifiso zingase zibe ngaphansi kwezinkokhelo ezengeziwe kuphela kodwa futhi sengozini yokuthathwa noma ukudayiswa ngokuqondile. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi abathengayo baqaphele ngokugcwele imiphumela enjalo futhi babhekisise usuku olunqunyiwe lokukhokha kanye nomnqamulajuqu wokulondoloza.
Isebenza kanjani indawo yokugcina impahla
Ngokuvamile, i inqubo yokusebenza yokugcinwa kwempahla eboshiwe ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa. Nalu uhlu olufushane lwezinqubo ze-warehouse eboshelwe ngokwezifiso:
Ukwamukela izimpahla ezingenisiwe
Kokubili umnikazi wendawo yokugcina impahla kanye nomnikazi wendawo yokugcina izimpahla unesibopho sebhondi lapho izimpahla sezitholakele endaweni yokugcina impahla. Yonke imisebenzi, izintela, nezindleko zempahla manje kuhlehlisiwe kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zisuka endaweni yokugcina izinto.
Ukucutshungulwa kwempahla egciniwe
Izimpahla ziyacutshungulwa kulesi sigaba, kuye ngezigaba zendlu yokugcina impahla eboshiwe, ingase ibe ngaphansi kokuhlanzwa, ukuhlelwa, noma ukupakishwa kabusha njengesibonelo. Kungase futhi kulawulwe ngokuya ngohlobo lwezimpahla, njengokuqhwaza okujulile noma izinqubo zokuphatha izimpahla ezinkulu. Okwezimpahla zokusetshenziswa noma ukuthunyelwa kwempahla engaphelele, ukukhiqiza noma ukuhlanganisa kungase kwenziwe.
Ukuthengiselana okuqediwe
Lesi yisigaba lapho abathekelisi benza amadili ngempumelelo namakhasimende futhi balethe izimpahla kwenye indawo. Ezinye izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshiwe nazo zisebenza njengezikhungo zokugcwalisa ngaleyo ndlela zivumela inqubo yokukhiqiza neyokulethwa engenamthungo eholela ekulethweni ngokushesha.
Inkokhelo ekukhishweni
Zonke izinkokhelo zokungenisa ezidingekayo nezintela kufanele kukhokhwe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa ukuze kukhishwe izimpahla eziboshiwe kumakhasimende ase-United States.
Izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe ngokwezifiso uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle
Uma ukhuluma ngama-warehouses aboshwe ngamasiko Izindawo Zohwebo Zangaphandle (FTZs) zivame ukucatshangelwa abangenisayo futhi, njengoba zombili ziyizinketho ezijwayelekile zokugcina impahla engenisiwe ngenkathi ujabulela ukukhokhelwa okuhlehlisiwe kwentela yempahla e-United States.
Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko omncane obalulekile phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezibolekwa ngempahla kanye Nezindawo Zohwebo Zangaphandle (FTZs). Osobala kakhulu umayelana nomkhawulo wesikhathi sokugcina - kusukela ezindaweni zokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. nikeza izikhathi zokulondoloza ezingenamkhawulo – kuyilapho izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezibolekwa ngempahla zinomkhawulo wesikhathi sokulondoloza esingafika eminyakeni emihlanu. Khonamanjalo, ngempahla evumelekile lapho kubhekwa khona ukugcinwa, izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle zinikeza indawo yokugcina impahla yangaphandle kanye nezasekhaya kuyilapho izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe ngokwezifiso zikhethekile ukuze zigcine izimpahla zangaphandle esikhundleni salokho.
Njengoba izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile zezomnotho ezinqunyiwe ezihlukaniswa njengezingaphandle kwendawo yentela yase-United States, izimpahla ezigcinwe ngama-FTZ azikho ngaphansi kwenqubo yokungena ngokwezifiso, ngokungafani nalezo ezigcinwe endaweni yokugcina impahla. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhondi entela yempahla awasebenzi ezimpahleni zama-FTZ uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpahla ezigcinwe ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe ngokwezifiso.
Ngaphandle komehluko omningi phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziboshelwe amasiko kanye nama-FTZ, ukukhetha phakathi kwalokhu kokubili kungancika kakhulu ekukhetheni kwendawo kanye nezinhlobo zezimpahla ezigcinwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukucatshangelwa kuvame ukugxila kunketho eseduze yokusebenza kwebhizinisi kanye nokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpahla zisingathwa kanjani kangcono ngaphansi kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili.
Imicabango yokuphetha ngezindawo zokugcina izimpahla
Umkhakha womhlaba wonke we ezohwebo zomhlaba kanye nempahla uhlushwa yizindleko zebhizinisi ezikhuphukayo kanye nombono ongemuhle wezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, kuya ngokuya kuba semqoka kakhulu ukuthi abathumeli bafune ubuciko obuningi izindlela zokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili ukwazi ukuthi iyini inqolobane ebolekiwe e-US futhi ube nokuqonda okuphelele kokuthi izinketho zendawo yokugcina izimpahla zokuhlehlisa izinkokhelo zentela nezomsebenzi zisebenza kanjani ukuze kukhuliswe ukuguquguquka kokugeleza kwemali.
Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ezindlini zokugcina izimpahla e-US, abafundi bangase babe nentshisekelo yokufunda mayelana ubuchwepheshe benqubo ye-logistics, izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokuphathwa kwempahla (WMS) kanye nezindlela zokudala zoku ukunciphisa izindleko zempahla on U-Chovm Uyafunda.
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