I-laser esheshayo iwuhlobo lwe-laser eqine kakhulu, i-ultra-short-pulsed wide enobubanzi be-pulse ngezansi noma ngaphakathi kweleveli ye-picosecond (10-12s), echazwa ngokusekelwe ku-waveform okukhipha amandla.
Igama le-laser lisekelwe “kwento esheshayo esheshayo,” esho isenzeko lapho isistimu ye-microscopic yendaba ishintsha ngokushesha enqubweni yomzimba, yamakhemikhali, noma yebhayoloji. Kusistimu ye-athomu ne-molecular, isikali sesikhathi sokunyakaza kwama-athomu nama-molecule siku-oda lama-picoseconds ukuya kuma-femtoseconds. Isibonelo, isikhathi sokuzungezisa kwamangqamuzana silandelana ngama-picoseconds futhi isikhathi sokudlidliza silandelana ngama-femtoseconds.
Lapho ububanzi be-laser pulse bufinyelela izinga le-picosecond noma i-femtosecond, kugwema kakhulu noma yiliphi ithonya elinalo ekunyakazeni okushisayo kwama-molecule, okuyingqikithi encane yezinga lokushisa le-matte. Ukwengeza, okokusebenza kuthonywa futhi kukhiqizwa isikali sesikhathi sokudlidliza kwamangqamuzana, okusho ukuthi ngenkathi kusetshenzwa, umphumela wokushisa uncipha kakhulu.
Okuqukethwe
Izinhlobo ze-laser ultrafast
Izingxenye ze-laser esheshayo
Izicelo ze-laser ezisheshayo
Izinzuzo nezingozi ze-laser esheshayo
Izinhlobo ze-laser ultrafast
Ziningi izindlela zokuhlukanisa ama-laser, ngezindlela ezine ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhlukanisa eziwukuhlukaniswa ngento esebenzayo, ukuhlukaniswa ngamaza okukhipha amandla (imodi yokusebenza), ukuhlukaniswa ngamaza okukhipha (umbala), nokuhlukaniswa ngamandla.
Ngokohlelo lwamagagasi okukhipha amandla, amalaser angahlukaniswa abe amalaser aqhubekayo, ama-pulsed lasers, nama-laser aqhubekayo:
I-laser eqhubekayo
I-laser eqhubekayo iyilaser ephuma ngokuqhubekayo amagagasi wamandla azinzile phakathi namahora okusebenza. Ibonakala ngamandla aphakeme kanye nekhono layo lokucubungula izinto ezigqamile ezinephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika, njengamapuleti ensimbi.
I-laser ye-pulsed
Ama-laser ama-pulsed akhipha amandla ngendlela yama-pulses. Ngokobubanzi be-pulse, lawa ma-lasers angaphinde ahlukaniswe abe ama-lasecond lasers, ama-laser we-microsecond, amadivaysi okuvalwa kwe-nanosecond, ama-lasecond lasers, ama-laser e-femtosecond, nama-laser e-attosecond. Isibonelo, uma ububanzi be-pulse belaser okukhiphayo buphakathi kuka-1-1000ns, buzofakwa kusigaba njenge-laser nanosecond. Kuma-lasecond lasers, ama-laser e-femtosecond, ama-laser e-attosecond, nama-laser asheshayo, amandla e-laser eshaya ngamandla aphansi kakhulu kunalawo e-laser eqhubekayo kodwa ukunemba kokucubungula kuphezulu. Ngokuvamile, lapho ububanzi be-pulse buyancipha, buphakama ukunemba kokucubungula.
I-laser ye-Quasi-CW
I-quasi-CW laser iyi-laser ye-pulse engakhipha ngokuphindaphindiwe i-laser enamandla amakhulu ngesikhathi esithile.
Amagagasi okukhipha amandla ama-laser amathathu ashiwo ngenhla nawo angachazwa ngepharamitha “umjikelezo womsebenzi.”
Ngelaser, umjikelezo womsebenzi ungahunyushwa njengesilinganiso "sesikhathi sokuphuma kwamandla nge-laser" ngokuhlobene "nesikhathi esiphelele" ngaphakathi komjikelezo wokushaya kwenhliziyo. Ngakho, umjikelezo we-laser duty CW (=1) > quasi-CW laser duty cycle > pulsed laser duty cycle. Ngokuvamile, ukuncipha kwe-pulse ububanzi be-pulsed laser, ukwehla komjikelezo womsebenzi.
Emkhakheni wokucubungula izinto ezibonakalayo, ama-laser ama-pulsed ekuqaleni abengumkhiqizo wesikhashana wama-lasers aqhubekayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla okukhipha ama-lasers aqhubekayo awakwazi ukufinyelela phezulu kakhulu ngenxa yethonya lezici ezihlanganisa amandla okuthwala wezingxenye eziyinhloko kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe ekuqaleni kwesigaba, kanye neqiniso lokuthi impahla ayikwazi ukushiswa kuze kufike endaweni yokuncibilika. Lezi zici yizo ezifeza inhloso yokucubungula, okusho isidingo sokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ukuqamba okusha kufike nezindlela ezithile zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziselwa ukugxilisa amandla okukhipha i-laser ku-pulse eyodwa. Lokhu kumise ingqikithi yamandla e-laser ekushintsheni kodwa kwavumela amandla asheshayo ngesikhathi sokushaya kwenhliziyo ukuthi akhule kakhulu futhi anelise izidingo zokucubungula izinto.
Kamuva, ubuchwepheshe be-laser obuqhubekayo buvuthwa kancane kancane futhi kwatholakala ukuthi i-laser pulsed inenzuzo enkulu ekucubunguleni ukunemba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umthelela oshisayo wama-laser ashaywayo ezintweni zokwakha mncane; ukuncipha kwe-laser pulse wide, umphumela wokushisa ube mncane; futhi ukushelela konqenqema lwento ecutshunguliwe, kuphakama ukunemba komshini okuhambisanayo.
Izingxenye ze-laser esheshayo
Izidingo ezimbili eziyinhloko ukuze i-laser ithathwe njenge-laser esheshayo ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-ultrashort pulse namandla aphezulu okushaya kwenhliziyo. Ngokuvamile, ama-ultrashort pulses angatholwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiya imodi, kuyilapho amandla okushaya ngamandla angatholakala ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa i-CPA.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezihilelekile zihlanganisa ama-oscillator, ama-stretcher, ama-amplifiers, nama-compressor. Phakathi kwazo, i-oscillator ne-amplifier yizona eziyinselele kakhulu, kodwa futhi ziwubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo ngemuva kwanoma iyiphi inkampani ekhiqiza i-laser esheshayo.
Oscillator
Indlela yokukhiya imodi isetshenziselwa ukuthola ama-laser pulses asheshayo ku-oscillator.
Umthumeli
I-stretcher yelula ama-pulses embewu ye-femtosecond ngokuhlukana ngesikhathi ngokusebenzisa ubude obuhlukahlukene.
Amplifier
I-amplifier etshiyozayo isetshenziswa ukunika amandla ngokugcwele ishayela eseluliwe manje.
Isicindezeli
I-compressor ihlanganisa i-spectra ekhulisiwe yezingxenye ezihlukahlukene futhi izibuyisele kububanzi be-femtosecond, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe ama-laser pulses we-femtosecond ngamandla aphezulu kakhulu asheshayo.
Izicelo ze-laser ezisheshayo
Uma kuqhathaniswa namalaser e-nanosecond kanye ne-millisecond, ama-laser e-ultrafast anamandla aphansi, nokho, njengoba esebenza ngokuqondile esikalini sesikhathi sokudlidliza kwamangqamuzana, ama-laser asheshayo abona “ukucubungula okubandayo” ngomqondo weqiniso, okusho ukuthi kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ukunemba kokucubungula.
Ngenxa yezici zawo ezihlukile, ama-laser anamandla aphezulu, ama-laser angewona ama-ultrafast pulsed, nama-laser asheshayo konke kuletha umehluko omkhulu ezinkambini zohlelo lokusebenza ezansi nomfula:
Ama-laser anamandla aphezulu (kanye nama-laser aqhubekayo) asetshenziselwa ukusika, ukucwilisa, welding, ukumbozwa kwendawo, ukubhola, kanye nokuphrinta kwe-3D kwezinto zensimbi.
Ama-laser angewona ama-ultrafast pulsed asetshenziselwa ukumaka izinto ezingezona ezensimbi, ukucubungula izinto ze-silicon, ukuhlanza nokwenza. ukuqoshwa okunembayo ezindaweni zensimbi, izinsimbi zokushisela ngokunemba, nezinsimbi ze-micromachine.
Amalaser asheshayo asetshenziselwa ukusika nokushisela izinto eziqinile neziphukayo, kanye nezinto ezibonisa ngale njengengilazi, i-PET, nesafire. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisetshenziselwa ukunemba ukumaka, ukuhlinzwa kwe-ophthalmic, i-microscopic passivation, kanye ne-etching.
Ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwawo, ama-laser e-CW anamandla amakhulu nama-laser asheshayo cishe awanakho ubudlelwano bokusekelana. Zifana nezimbazo nama-tweezers, futhi osayizi bazo banokubili okuhle nokubi.
Izinhlelo ezisebenza ezansi nomfula zamalaser angewona ama-ultrafast pulsed lasers zinokugqagqana nalezo zamalaser aqhubekayo namalaser asheshayo. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa imiphumela efinyelelwe lapho ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezifanayo, amandla e-laser eshaya ngamandla angeyona i-ultrafast pulsed awekho kahle njengalawo e-laser eqhubekayo futhi ukunemba kwawo akulungile njengalawo we-laser esheshayo. Isici sayo esivelele kakhulu ukusebenza kwezindleko.
Ilaser ye-ultraviolet ye-nanosecond ikakhulukazi, nakuba inobubanzi be-pulse engafinyeleli ezingeni le-picosecond, inokunemba kokucubungula okuphezulu kakhulu kunamanye ama-laser we-nanosecond ombala. I-nanosecond ultraviolet laser isetshenziswa kakhulu ekucubunguleni nasekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ye-3C futhi njengoba izindleko zamalaser asheshayo zehla ngokuzayo, ingase ithathe imakethe ye-nanosecond ultraviolet.
Ama-laser asheshayo abona ukucubungula okubandayo ngomqondo wangempela futhi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekucubunguleni okunembayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bukhula kancane kancane, izindleko zala ma-lasers asheshayo zizokwehla. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, kulindeleke ukuthi lawa ma-laser azosetshenziswa kabanzi kubhayoloji yezokwelapha, i-aerospace, izinto zikagesi zabathengi, isibonisi sokukhanyisa, indawo yamandla, imishini yokunemba, nezinye izimboni ezansi nomfula ngokuzayo.
I-cosmetology yezokwelapha
Amalaser e-Ultrafast angasetshenziswa kumishini yokuhlinza amehlo yezokwelapha kanye namadivayisi wezimonyo. Isibonelo, i-laser ye-femtosecond isetshenziswa ekuhlinzeni i-myopia futhi yaziwa, ngemva kobuchwepheshe be-wavefront aberration, “njengolunye uguquko ekuhlinzeni i-refractive.”
I-axis yamehlo yeziguli ezine-myopic inkulu kune-eksisi yeso evamile, okusho ukuthi uma usesimweni sokukhululeka, ukugxilwa kwemisebe yokukhanya okuhambisanayo ngohlelo lweso lokuphinda lukhanye ngemva kokuba i-refraction iwela phambi kwe-retina. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-laser ye-Femtosecond kungasusa imisipha eyeqile ku-axial dimension futhi kubuyisele ibanga le-axial kubude bayo obujwayelekile. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-laser ye-Femtosecond kunezinzuzo zokunemba okuphezulu, ukuphepha okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuphezulu, isikhathi esifushane sokuhlinza, nokunethezeka okuphezulu, okuholele ekubeni kube enye yezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlinza i-myopia.
Mayelana nobuhle, ama-laser asheshayo angasetshenziswa ukususa i-pigment nama-moles omdabu, ukususa ama-tattoos, nokuthuthukisa ukuguga kwesikhumba.
Ama-electronics abathengi
Ama-laser asheshayo afanele ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo eziqinile neziphukayo, ukucutshungulwa kwefilimu emincane, nokumaka ukunemba, kanye nokuhlinzeka eminye imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokukhiqiza yezinto zikagesi ezithengwayo. Isafire nengilazi epholile, njengaleyo esetshenziswa kumakhalekhukhwini, ithathwa njengezinto eziqinile, eziphukayo, nezibonisa ngale phakathi kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi.
I-Sapphire ikakhulukazi isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezifana namawashi ahlakaniphile, amakhava ekhamera yeselula, namamojula wemojula yeminwe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuqina kanye nokuqina, ukusebenza kahle kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza lezindlela zendabuko zomshini ziphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, amalaser e-nanosecond ultraviolet nama-laser asheshayo ayindlela yobuchwepheshe eyinhloko yokusika isafire, okunomthelela wokucubungula we-ultrafast laser ungcono kunalowo we-ultraviolet nanosecond laser. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kusebenza okungenhla, ama-laser e-nanosecond kanye ne-picosecond nawo ayindlela yokucubungula eyinhloko esetshenziswa amamojula ekhamera namamojula wezigxivizo zeminwe.
Amalaser asheshayo azophinde abe ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokusika izikrini zeselula eziguquguqukayo (izikrini ezigoqekayo) kanye nokubhola kwengilazi ye-3D okuhambisanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Ama-laser asheshayo nawo anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ekwenziweni kwamaphaneli, nokusetshenziswa okuhlanganisa ukusika ama-polarizer e-OLED, kanye nezinqubo zokucwecwa nokulungisa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza i-LCD/OLED.
Izinto ze-polymer ekukhiqizeni i-OLED zizwela kakhulu kumathonya okushisa. Ukwengeza, ubukhulu nesikhala samaseli enziwe okwamanje kuncane kakhulu, njengosayizi osele wokucubungula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yendabuko yokusika ayisafaneleki. Izidingo zokukhiqiza zemboni kanye nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza zezikrini ezinomumo okhethekile nezikrini ezinembobo manje sezingaphezu kwamandla emisebenzi yezandla yendabuko. Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo ezihlinzekwa ama-laser asheshayo zisobala, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ama-lasecond ultraviolet noma ama-laser e-femtosecond, anendawo encane ethinteke ukushisa futhi afaneleka kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokucubungula ijika.
I-Micro welding
Ezingxenyeni zemidiya eziqinile ezibonisa ngale, njengengilazi, izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukumuncwa okungewona umugqa, umonakalo wokuncibilika, ukwakheka kwe-plasma, ukukhishwa, nokusabalalisa ifayibha kuzokwenzeka lapho i-ultrashort pulse laser isakazeka phakathi nendawo. Isibalo sibonisa izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka phakathi nokusebenzelana phakathi kwelaser ye-ultrashort pulse kanye nokokusebenza okuqinile lapho kungaphansi kokuminyana kwamandla okuhlukile nezikali zesikhathi.
I-Ultra-short pulse laser micro-welding technology ifaneleka kakhulu ekushiseleni okuncane kwezinto ezibonakalayo njengengilazi njengoba ingadingi ukufaka ungqimba oluphakathi, inokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukunemba okuphezulu, akukho mphumela oshisayo we-macroscopic, futhi iveza izakhiwo ezifanelekile zemishini ne-optical kulandela ukwelashwa kwe-micro-welding. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bashisele ngempumelelo ama-end caps kuma-optical fibers ajwayelekile futhi anesakhiwo esincane besebenzisa ama-70 fs, 250 kHz pulses.
Bonisa ukukhanya
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-laser asheshayo emkhakheni wokukhanyisa okubonisa ikakhulukazi kubhekisela ekubhalweni nasekusikeni ama-wafers e-LED, okungesinye isibonelo sokuthi ama-laser asheshayo afaneleka kanjani ukucubungula izinto eziqinile neziphukayo. I-Ultrafast laser processing inokunemba okuhle nokusebenza kahle, kanye nokugcwala okuphezulu kwesigaba esiphambanayo kanye nokuncipha kakhulu konqenqemeni.
Amandla e-Photovoltaic
Ama-laser asheshayo anendawo ebanzi yokufaka isicelo ekwenzeni amaseli e-photovoltaic. Isibonelo, ekwenziweni kwamabhethri efilimu emincane ye-CIGS, ama-laser asheshayo angangena esikhundleni senqubo yokuqala yokubhala ukuze kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ikhwalithi yokubhala, ikakhulukazi izixhumanisi zokubhala ze-P2 ne-P3, lapho engakwazi ukufeza cishe ukuhlehliswa, ukuqhekeka, noma ukucindezeleka okusalayo.
I-Aerospace
Ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa ifilimu yomoya buyadingeka uma kuzanywa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenjini kanye nokusebenza nempilo yesevisi yama-blade ka-turbine asetshenziswa emkhathini. Nokho, lokhu kusho izidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zobuchwepheshe bokucubungula imbobo yefilimu yomoya.
Ngo-2018, i-Xi'an Institute of Optics and Mechanics yathuthukisa amandla e-pulse eyodwa aphezulu kakhulu e-China: i-26-watt, i-femtosecond fiber laser yezinga lezimboni. Ukwengeza, bakha uchungechunge lwemishini yokukhiqiza i-laser eyedlulele, eshesha kakhulu ukuze bathole impumelelo “ekucutshungulweni okubandayo” kwezimbobo zamafilimu omoya kumablade enjini yomoya futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugcwalise igebe lasekhaya. Le ndlela yokucubungula ithuthuke kakhulu kune-EDM, ukunemba kwayo kuphakeme, futhi izinga lokukhiqiza lithuthukisiwe kakhulu.
Ama-laser asheshayo angasetshenziswa futhi ekwenzeni ukunemba kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe eziqiniswe nge-fiber, kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa kokunemba komshini kuzosiza ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezifana ne-carbon fiber endaweni ye-aerospace kanye nezinye izinkambu eziphezulu.
Inkambu yocwaningo
Ubuchwepheshe be-photon-photon polymerization (2PP) buyindlela yokuphrinta ye-3D "ye-nano-optical" efana nobuchwepheshe be-prototyping obusheshayo bokuphulukisa ukukhanya. I-Futurist uChristopher Barnatt ukholelwa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bungaba uhlobo olujwayelekile lokuphrinta kwe-3D ngokuzayo.
Umgomo wobuchwepheshe be-2PP ukwelapha ngokukhetha inhlaka ye-photosensitive ngokusebenzisa i-“femtosecond pulse laser.” Nakuba kubonakala kufana nokuthwebula izithombe ezisheshayo, umehluko wukuthi ubuncane bongqimba obuncane kanye nesixazululo se-axis ye-XY ubuchwepheshe be-2PP obungafinyelelwa kuphakathi kuka-100 nm no-200 nm. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-2PP 3D bunembe izikhathi ezingamakhulu kunobuchwepheshe bokubumba obujwayelekile bokuphulukisa ukukhanya futhi izinto eziphrintiwe zincane kunamagciwane.
Intengo yama-lasers asheshayo ihlala ibiza kakhulu kodwa njengephayona embonini, i-STYLECNC isivele ikhiqiza imishini yokucubungula i-laser esheshayo futhi isizuze impendulo enhle yemakethe. Imishini yokusika enembe nge-laser yamamojula e-OLED yethulwe ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe belaser obusheshayo, i-ultrafast (i-picosecond/femtosecond) imishini yokumaka ye-laser, imishini yokucubungula ingilazi yengilazi yezikrini ze-picosecond infrared display, kanye namawafa engilazi e-infrared e-picosecond.
Imikhiqizo eyethulwe ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe ihlanganisa imishini yokusika i-laser, imishini yokudayela engabonakali ye-LED ezenzakalelayo, i-semiconductor wafer. imishini yokusika laser, imishini yokusika ikhava yengilazi yamamojula okuhlonza izigxivizo zeminwe, imigqa yokukhiqiza eguqukayo eguqukayo, kanye nochungechunge lwemikhiqizo ye-laser eshesha kakhulu.
Izinzuzo nezingozi ze-laser esheshayo
Izinzuzo ze-laser esheshayo
I-laser ye-ultrafast ingenye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi kwenkundla ye-laser. Njengobuchwepheshe obusafufusa, inezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekunembeni kwe-micromachining.
I-ultra-short pulse ekhiqizwa i-laser eshesha kakhulu isho ukuthi i-laser ngokwayo isebenzisana kuphela nento isikhathi esifushane kakhulu ngakho-ke ngeke ilethe ukushisa ezintweni ezizungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ububanzi be-laser pulse bufinyelela kuzinga le-picosecond noma le-femtosecond, umthelela wokunyakaza kwe-molecular thermal ungagwenywa kakhulu, okuholela ethonyeni elincane lokushisa. Ngalesi sizathu, ukucutshungulwa kwe-laser okushesha kakhulu kubizwa nangokuthi “ukucubungula okubandayo.”
Isibonelo esiyingcaca esibonisa izinzuzo zelaser eshesha kakhulu kungaba lapho sisika amaqanda alondoloziwe ngommese wekhishi obuthuntu. Sivame ukusika amaqanda agciniwe abe yizicucu ezinhle, ngakho-ke uma ukhetha umphetho obukhali wommese osika ngokushesha esikhundleni, amaqanda agciniwe azosikwa ngokulinganayo nangokuhle.
Ububi be-laser esheshayo
Izimboni zokukhiqiza ezisezingeni eliphezulu, njengalezo ezenza amasekethe namaphaneli adidiyelwe, zinezidingo eziphezulu kakhulu zemishini yokucubungula i-laser futhi kunengozi yokuphumelela okusha kwezobuchwepheshe okungafinyeleli kulokho obekulindelwe.
Intengo yelaser eshesha kakhulu iphezulu futhi ukushintshela kumnikezeli we-laser omusha kubeka engcupheni yokungakwazi ukwandisa imakethe njengoba kwakulindeleke ekuqaleni abakhiqizi bemishini ye-laser kanye nabasebenzisi bokugcina.
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