Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wamakhebula Nezesekeli Ezibalulekile

Okuqukethwe
● Isingeniso
● Uhlolojikelele lwemakethe
● Izinhlobo ezahlukene nezici zazo
● Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo
● Isiphetho

Isingeniso

Amakhebuli nezinsiza kudlala indima ebalulekile ku-elekthronikhi yesimanje, kusiza ukuxhumana okungenazihibe kanye nokusebenza kunhlobonhlobo yamadivayisi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Iqhutshwa ukukhuphuka kwesidingo sikagesi kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, imboni yamakhebula iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Ukukhetha izintambo ezifanele kuhlanganisa ukuqonda izinhlobo zazo, izici, kanye nezidingo eziqondene nohlelo lokusebenza. Lo mhlahlandlela udingida amathrendi emakethe, izinhlobo zezintambo, nokucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokukhetha imikhiqizo ehamba phambili.

Ukubukwa kwemakethe

Izinga lemakethe nokukhula

Imakethe yezesekeli zamakhebula yomhlaba wonke yalinganiselwa ku-$49.5 billion ngo-2020 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$99.3 billion ngo-2030, ibhalise i-CAGR ka-7.2%. Lokhu kukhula kubangelwa ukwanda kwesidingo sikagesi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa uwoyela negesi, ezokwakha, nezokukhiqiza. Izigaba zemakethe zifaka izicelo zamandla kagesi aphansi, aphakathi nendawo kanye naphezulu, ingxenye yamandla kagesi aphezulu ephethe isabelo semakethe esikhulu kunazo zonke ngenxa yesidingo sayo sokusetshenziswa kwezimboni.

Imibono yesifunda

I-Asia-Pacific ibibusa imakethe ngo-2020 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi igcine lokhu kuhola phakathi nesikhathi sokubikezela. Lokhu kubusa kudalwe ukuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha kwesifunda, isidingo esikhulu sengqalasizinda kagesi, kanye nokuba khona kwabadlali ababalulekile bemakethe. Amazwe anjenge-China, Japan, India, ne-Australia aneqhaza elikhulu ekukhuleni kwemakethe, eqhutshwa ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye nezidingo zokusabalalisa.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezici zabo

Izintambo zamandla

Izintambo zikagesi zibalulekile ekudluliseni amandla kagesi futhi zakhiwe ngezinto ezihamba phambili njengethusi noma i-aluminium. Amakhondaktha ethusi, nakuba ebiza kakhulu, anikeza ukusebenza okuphakeme, ukumelana okuphansi, nokuphila isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa ne-aluminium. Izintambo zikagesi zifakwe izinto ezifana ne-PVC, i-XLPE (i-polyethylene exhunywe esiphambanweni), nerabha, ezikhethelwe izakhiwo zazo ze-dielectric, ukumelana nokushisa, nokuguquguquka. Lezi zintambo zingakwazi ukuphatha imithwalo yamanje ephezulu, ngokuvamile esukela ku-10 kuya ku-500 ama-ampere, futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifana nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla, imishini yezimboni, nokukhanyisa kwezentengiselwano. Isibonelo, ukufakwa kwe-XLPE kungamelana namazinga okushisa afika ku-90°C, okuyenza ifaneleke ezindaweni ezinamavoltheji aphezulu.

Lawula izintambo

Amakhebuli okulawula aklanyelwe ukudlulisa amasignali okulawula ku-automation kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula inqubo. Avame ukwakhiwa ngamakhondaktha ethusi amaningi, afakwe i-PVC, futhi angafaka ukuvikela ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI). Lawa makhebuli ngokuvamile asekela amandla amanje afinyelela kwangu-10 ama-ampere futhi alinganiselwe ngama-voltage aphakathi kuka-300 kuya ku-600 volts. Izintambo zokulawula zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-automation yezimboni, amarobhothi, nokulawula umshini, lapho ukudluliswa kwesignali okunembayo nokuthembekile kubalulekile. Izinto zokufakelwa zihlinzeka ngokumelana nowoyela, amakhemikhali, kanye nengcindezi yemishini, iqinisekisa ukuqina ezindaweni eziqinile zezimboni.

Izintambo zedatha

Izintambo zedatha, njenge-Ethernet nezintambo ze-USB, zibalulekile ekudluliseleni idatha ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana nezokuxhumana. Izintambo ze-Ethernet, ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezifana ne-Cat5e, i-Cat6, ne-Cat6a, zinikeza amazinga ahlukahlukene okusebenza, ne-Cat6a esekela isivinini esifika ku-10 Gbps ngebanga eliphakeme lamamitha angu-100. Lawa makhebuli ahlanganisa amapheya asontekile ezintambo zethusi, ngokuvamile ezingu-24 AWG (American Wire Gauge), esiza ukwehlisa i-crosstalk ne-EMI. Izintambo ze-USB, ezisetshenziselwa ukudluliswa kwedatha kanye nokulethwa kwamandla phakathi kwamadivayisi, zitholakala kuzinguqulo ezifana ne-USB 2.0, 3.0, ne-3.1, namazinga okudlulisa idatha afika ku-10 Gbps. Izintambo zakhiwe ngama-conductor amaningi, agqunywe ngezinto ezifana ne-PVC, futhi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukuvikela ukuvikela ekuphazamisekeni kwesignali.

Izintambo ze-Fiber optic

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zenzelwe ukudluliswa kwedatha ngesivinini esiphezulu ebangeni elide kusetshenziswa amasiginali wokukhanya. Ahlanganisa umgogodla owenziwe ngengilazi noma amafayibha epulasitiki, azungezwe ungqimba oluhlanganisiwe olunenkomba ephansi ye-refractive ukuze kugcinwe amasignali okukhanya evalekile. Lezi zintambo zingakwazi ukusekela amanani edatha angaphezu kuka-100 Gbps futhi zivikelekile ekuphazamiseni kazibuthe kagesi. Imicu yemodi eyodwa, enobubanzi obuyingqikithi ecishe ibe ngama-micrometer angu-9, isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okude, kuyilapho imicu yemodi eminingi, enobubanzi obuyingqikithi obusuka kuma-micrometer angu-50 kuya ku-62.5, ifanelekela amabanga amafushane. Ijakhethi yangaphandle yokuvikela, eyenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-PVC noma i-polyethylene, inikeza amandla emishini nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Izintambo ze-Coaxial

Amakhebula ama-coaxial asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amasignali ama-high-frequency futhi ahlanganisa i-conductor emaphakathi, ngokuvamile ithusi, ezungezwe ungqimba lwe-dielectric evikelayo, isihlangu sensimbi, nejazi elingaphandle elivikelayo. Usayizi ojwayelekile wekhondatha omaphakathi usuka ku-20 kuye ku-10 AWG, futhi isihlangu singenziwa ngethusi ephothiweyo noma ucwecwe lwe-aluminium, esiza ukwehlisa ukulahleka kwesignali nokuvikela ngokumelene ne-EMI. Amakhebuli angama-coaxial ayakwazi ukudlulisa amasignali afika ku-3 GHz, okuwenza afanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokusakaza kukamabonakude, i-inthanethi yekhebula, nokuxhumana ngesathelayithi. I-dielectric material, ngokuvamile i-polyethylene foam, igcina i-impedance yekhebula futhi inciphisa ukuncishiswa kwesignali.

Izintambo ezikhethekile

Amakhebuli akhethekile aklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, njengezimoto, zasolwandle, i-HDMI, namakhebuli omsindo/wevidiyo. Izintambo zezimoto kumele zimelane namazinga okushisa adlulele, amakhemikhali, nokudlidliza kwemishini, ngokuvamile afaka amakhondatha enziwe ngethusi elithayiwe ukuze angagqwali kanye nezinto zokufaka izinto ezifana ne-polyethylene exhumene. Izintambo zasolwandle zakhiwe ukuze zibekezelele izindawo zasolwandle ezinokhahlo, nezinto ezimelana namanzi anosawoti, imisebe ye-UV, namafutha, ngokuvamile afaka amakhondatha ekhopha anothayela kanye nokufakwa kwe-neoprene noma i-EPR (i-ethylene propylene rubber). Izintambo ze-HDMI, ezisetshenziselwa ukuchazwa okuphezulu kwevidiyo nokudluliswa komsindo, zingasekela izinqumo ezifika ku-4K nangaphezulu, ngezilinganiso zedatha ezifika ku-18 Gbps, futhi zakhiwe ngamapheya amaningi asontekile ezintambo zethusi, ezivikelwe ukuvimbela i-EMI. Izintambo zomsindo/ividiyo, njengezintambo ze-RCA ne-XLR, zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zetiyetha zasekhaya namathuluzi omsindo aqeqeshiwe, aklanyelwe ukuphatha amasiginali e-analog noma edijithali ngokuphazanyiswa okuncane, okuvamise ukuba nezixhumi eziputshwe ngegolide ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokugqwala nokumelana nokugqwala.

Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo

I-voltage namandla amanje

Lapho ukhetha izintambo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sikagesi sidlula umkhawulo kagesi wesistimu ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kokufakwa kwezinto. Isibonelo, ikhebuli elinganiselwe ku-600V akufanele isetshenziswe ohlelweni lwe-1kV. Ngokufanayo, umthamo wamanje kufanele uhambisane nezidingo zomthwalo ukuze ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile. Amakhebuli ngokuvamile alinganiswa ngama-ampere, futhi ukusebenzisa ikhebula elinesilinganiso samanje esinganele kungaholela ekukhiqizeni ukushisa okukhulu. Isibonelo, intambo yethusi engu-10 AWG, enamandla amanje acishe abe ngu-30 amps, akufanele isetshenziselwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga imithwalo ephezulu.

Impahla nokwakhiwa

Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwenziwa kokubili kwe-conductor kanye ne-insulation kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwekhebula. I-Copper, enokumelana kwayo okuphansi kukagesi (1.68 µΩ·cm), inikeza ukusebenza okungcono kune-aluminium (2.82 µΩ·cm), iyenze ibe yinto ekhethwayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Izinto zokufakwa kwe-insulation ezifana ne-PVC, i-XLPE, ne-Teflon zinezici ezihlukile: I-PVC ibiza izindleko futhi ivimbela ilangabi, ifanele ukusetshenziswa okuvamile; I-XLPE inikeza ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu (kufika ku-90 ° C) namandla emishini, ilungele izindawo zezimboni; I-Teflon, enokumelana kwayo okukhethekile namakhemikhali kanye nokubekezelela izinga lokushisa (kufika ku-260 ° C), isetshenziswa ezimweni ezinzima. Ijakhethi yangaphandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-PVC, irabha, noma inayiloni, ivikela emonakalweni ongokomzimba, umswakama, namakhemikhali, kanti irabha ikhethwa ukufakwa ngaphansi komhlaba nangaphansi kwamanzi ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuphakeme kwamanzi.

Indawo yokufaka

Amakhebuli okufakwa phezulu adinga ukuba angasindi futhi akwazi ukumelana nezici zemvelo njengemisebe ye-UV nomoya. Izintambo ezingaphezulu zivame ukusebenzisa i-ACSR (I-Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) ukuze uthole amandla engeziwe. Izintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba zidinga ukufakwa okuqinile kanye nezikhali ukuze zivikeleke ekucindezelekeni komshini kanye nokungena komswakama. Lezi zintambo ngokuvamile ziboshwe ngentambo yensimbi noma itheyiphu ukuze ziqine. Ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi kwamanzi, amakhebuli aklanywa anezendlalelo eziningi zokugquma nokuvikela amanzi ukuze amelane nokucindezela, amanzi anosawoti, nezinye izinto ezigqwalisayo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izendlalelo ze-polyethylene nerabha, kanye neshede lomthofu ukuze uthole ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe.

Ukuphepha nokuhambisana

Ukuthobela izindinganiso nemithethonqubo yokuphepha kubalulekile. Isibonelo, izintambo ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziyingozi kufanele zihambisane nezindinganiso ze-ATEX noma ze-IECEx, eziqinisekisa ukuthi ziphephile ukuthi zisetshenziswe ezindaweni eziqhumayo. Izintambo ezingabambeki ilangabi, ezihlelwe ngaphansi kwamazinga afana ne-UL 1581 noma i-IEC 60332, zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukubhebhetheka komlilo. Izintambo ze-Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH), ezikhipha intuthu encane namagesi anobuthi ngesikhathi sokusha, zikhethwa ezakhiweni zomphakathi nasezindaweni ezivalekile. Ukuhlola njalo ukuthobela imithetho kanye nezitifiketi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amakhebuli ahlangabezana nalezi zidingo eziqinile.

Ubufakazi besikhathi esizayo

Ekufakweni kobufakazi besikhathi esizayo, ukukhetha izintambo ezinezilinganiso zokusebenza eziphakeme kunezidingekayo manje kuwukuhlakanipha. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izintambo ze-Cat6a Ethernet, ezisekela amanani edatha afika ku-10 Gbps, esikhundleni se-Cat5e, kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi kwesikhathi esizayo. Ekusabalaliseni amandla, ukukhetha amakhebuli ane-ampacity ephezulu kungathwala ukukhuphuka komthwalo okuzayo ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhlanganisa kabusha izintambo okuphelele. Ukwengeza, uma kucatshangelwa intuthuko kubuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile, izintambo ezisekela umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu namandla okuxhumana zingaba yinzuzo ekuhlanganiseni amadivayisi nezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zesikhathi esizayo.

Isiphetho

Amakhebula nezinsiza kubalulekile emkhakheni we-elekthronikhi yabathengi, anikezela ngezinhlobo eziningi nezici ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezicelo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuqonda amathrendi emakethe nokukhetha ngokucophelela imikhiqizo efanele kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside ezilungiselelweni ezihlukahlukene zezimboni nezentengiso. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka kanye nezimfuno zithuthuka, ukukhetha okufanele kwezintambo kuzoqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekugcineni amasistimu kagesi asebenza kahle futhi athembekile.