Okuqukethwe
● Isingeniso
● Uhlolojikelele lwemakethe
● Izinhlobo ezahlukene nezici zazo
● Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha izinjini zezikebhe
● Isiphetho
Isingeniso
Injini yesikebhe elungile ibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukusebenza okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Ukuqonda amathrendi emakethe, izinhlobo zezinjini, nezici zazo ezithile kubalulekile ekwenzeni isinqumo unolwazi. Imakethe yezinjini zasolwandle ifaka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinjini, ngayinye enezinzuzo ezihlukile zokusetshenziswa okuhlukile. Ukuthi isikebhe senzelwe imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, imidlalo yasemanzini, noma izinjongo zezohwebo, ukucabangela izici ezibalulekile ezifana namandla amahhashi, ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, nezimfuneko zokunakekelwa kuqinisekisa ukukhethwa kwenjini efaneleke kakhulu. Ukwengeza, ukuhlola izinzuzo zezinjini ezinkulu, ukubaluleka kokuqhathanisa amandla enjini nesisindo somkhumbi, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokulethwa kukaphethiloli kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile. Inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo ihlanganisa nokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, ukusebenza kukonke, nokwethembeka kwesikhathi eside ukuze kuthuthukiswe ulwazi lokugibela izikebhe nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle emanzini. Ukuqonda lezi zici kusiza ekuzulazuleni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokukhetha injini, ekugcineni kuholele ekusebenzeni okungcono nokuphila isikhathi eside komkhumbi.
Ukubukwa kwemakethe
Imakethe yezinjini zasolwandle emhlabeni wonke yalinganiselwa ku- $ 11.62 billion ngo-2020 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku- $ 18.09 billion ngo-2030, ibhalise izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) lika-4.7% ukusuka ngo-2021 kuya ku-2030, ngokusho kwe-Allied Market Research. Lokhu kukhula kubhebhezelwa ukwanda kwezithuthi zasolwandle zamazwe ngamazwe, isidingo esikhulu sezinjini zasolwandle ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili, nokwanda kwemidlalo yasemanzini kanye nezokungcebeleka. Isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific siphethe imakethe, silandelwa yi-Europe, North America, kanye nezifunda zaseLatin America, Middle East, kanye ne-Afrika (LAMEA). Imisebenzi ebalulekile yokwakha imikhumbi emazweni afana ne-China, India, ne-Japan inegalelo elikhulu kulokhu kwandiswa. Ukwengeza, ngokusho kweNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezohwebo Nentuthuko (UNCTAD), umthamo wokuhweba olwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe ufinyelele amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10.7 ngo-2020, okuqhubekisela phambili ukukhulisa isidingo sezinjini zasolwandle. Ukwenyuka kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe olwandle kanye nokwanda kwesidingo sokuthuthwa kwempahla yasolwandle kuholele ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwezinjini zasolwandle, okuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula okuqinile kwemakethe.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kubumba kabusha kakhulu imakethe yezinjini zasolwandle. Ukuqamba okusha okufana nezinjini zikaphethiloli ezimbili, ezingasebenza kukho kokubili uphethiloli wegesi nawuketshezi, ziya ngokuya ziduma ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo zemvelo kanye nokonga kwezindleko. Isibonelo, i-Engine Machinery Division ye-Hyundai Heavy Industries isanda ku-oda izinjini ze-ME-GA ezimbili zikaphethiloli ezinesivinini esiphansi ukuze zihlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo. Ukwengeza, kunokuthambekela okuphawulekayo ekwamukelweni kwamasistimu agcwele ugesi kanye ne-hybrid propulsion, eqhutshwa imithetho eqinile yezemvelo kanye negunya le-International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2020, elikhawulela okuqukethwe kwesibabule kumafutha olwandle. NgokweNhlangano Yezokubambisana Nezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho (i-OECD), ngo-2030, amaphesenti angama-70 ayo yonke impahla azothuthwa ngezindlela zasolwandle. Okuthandwa ngabathengi nakho kuyashintshela ezinjinini zasolwandle ezizinzile neziwonga uphethiloli, ezinomthelela ekuguquguqukeni kwezimakethe futhi okugqugquzela intuthuko eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe benjini. Lo mkhuba wokuqamba izinto ezintsha nokusimama kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke nokubumba imakethe yezinjini zasolwandle eminyakeni ezayo.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezici zabo
Izinjini zangaphandle
Izinjini zangaphandle zifakwe ku-transom, ngaphandle kohlaka lwesikebhe. Lezi zinjini ziyakwazi ukulawuleka kalula futhi kulula ukuzinakekela, okuzenza zilungele izikebhe ezincane ukuya ezimaphakathi. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, izinjini zangaphandle zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho ukuguquguquka nokulula ukuphatha kubalulekile. Ngokuvamile baqashelwa izikebhe zokungcebeleka, ukudoba, kanye nemisebenzi yezohwebo encane. Ukubekwa kwazo kuvumela isiteringi esilula ngokunyakazisa yonke injini, ekwazi ukulawulwa yi-hand tiller noma isiteringi, kuya ngosayizi wesikebhe. Izinjini zingamayunithi azimele ahlanganisa injini, u-gearbox, nophephela ephaketheni elilodwa, okwenza kube lula ukukhanda nokukhanda. Izinjini zangaphandle nazo zithandwa kakhulu ngokukwazi kwazo ukutshekiswa emanzini ukugwema ukungcola nokunciphisa ukudonsa lapho isikebhe singasetshenziswa.
Izinjini zangaphakathi
Izinjini zangaphakathi zifakwa ngaphakathi kwesikhumba sesikebhe futhi ngokuvamile zitholakala ezikebheni ezinkulu nalezo ezisetshenziselwa imidlalo yasemanzini. Lezi zinjini zihlinzeka ngokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo esingcono nokusebenza okuthule uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zangaphandle. Njengoba kuphawulwe i-Louisiana Cat, izinjini zangaphakathi ngokuvamile ziyizinjini zezimoto eziguquliwe eziklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa olwandle, ezifaka uphephela oxhunywe ku-drive shaft. Ukuqondisa kwesikebhe kufinyelelwa kusetshenziswa amaphini okuqondisa abekwe ngemuva kwe-propeller, enikeza ukuqina nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini esiphezulu nangaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo. Izinjini zangaphakathi ziyaziwa ngokuqina namandla azo, okuzenza zilungele izikebhe ezidinga amandla ehhashi engeziwe. Avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho amakhono okudonsa edingekayo, njenge-wakeboarding kanye ne-waterskiing. Ukwengeza, izinjini zangaphakathi azichayeke kangako ezintweni, ezinganweba isikhathi sazo sokuphila futhi zinciphise izidingo zokunakekelwa.
Izinjini ze-Sterdrive
Izinjini ze-Sterndrive, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinjini ze-inboard-outboard, zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izinjini zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Afakwe ngaphakathi komgodla wesikebhe njengezinjini zangaphakathi kodwa aneyunithi yokushayela ephumela ngaphandle kwesiteringi, efana nezinjini zangaphandle. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kunikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu nokuqondisa okulula, okwenza izinjini ze-sterndrive zidume ezikebheni zokuzijabulisa nezikebhe zezemidlalo. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, lolu hlobo lwenjini lunikeza ukwethembeka namandla ezinjini ezingaphakathi ngenkathi igcina ukulawuleka kwamayunithi angaphandle, okuwenza aguquguquke emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yasolwandle. Ama-Sterndrives avame ukukhethwa ngokuklama kwawo okushelelayo kanye nekhono lokunikeza i-transom ecacile, enenzuzo emisebenzini efana nokubhukuda nokudoba. Lezi zinjini ngokuvamile zithulile futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu kunamabhodi angaphandle, futhi isikhungo sazo esiphansi samandla adonsela phansi sithuthukisa indlela isikebhe esisebenza ngayo kanye nokuzinza emanzini amabi.
Izinjini ze-jet
Izinjini ze-Jet drive zisebenzisa i-water jet propulsion, zidonsa amanzi futhi ziwakhiphe ngesivinini esikhulu ukuze ziqhube futhi ziqondise isikebhe. Lezi zinjini zilungele amanzi angashoni kanye nemikhumbi yamanzi yomuntu siqu, ehlinzeka ngokuguqulwa okuphezulu ngaphandle kwengozi yokulimala okuvela ezithiyo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Izinjini zokushayela i-Jet azinawo uphephela oveziwe, othuthukisa ukuphepha futhi ovumela ukusebenza endaweni lapho izikebhe eziqhutshwa ngophephela zingase zibe nzima khona. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, lolu hlobo lwe-propulsion lusebenza kahle kakhulu emisebenzini yokuzilibazisa, imisebenzi yokuhlenga, kanye nezindawo ezidinga amakhono anembile okuqondisa. Ama-jet drives aziwa ngokukwazi kwawo ukusebenza emanzini angashoni kakhulu, njengoba engenazo izingxenye ezinwebeka ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesikebhe. Lokhu kubenza babe ukukhetha okudumile kokugijima emfuleni, i-jet ski, nokuzulazula ezindaweni ezinezingozi ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ukwengeza, ama-jet drives ahlinzeka ngokusheshisa okusheshayo futhi angasabela kakhulu kunezinhlelo zendabuko zophephela.
Amasistimu okuhambisa udizili
Ngenkathi kuxoxwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinjini zezikebhe, kubalulekile ukugqamisa amasistimu okuhambisa udizili, ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukusebenza kahle kwawo namandla. Izinjini zikadizili zingatholakala kukho kokubili ukuhlelwa kwe-stroke okubili kanye ne-four-stroke, okuhlinzeka ngokusebenza okuthembekile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zezohwebo nezomsebenzi osindayo. Amasistimu okuhambisa udizili nogesi, asebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinjini zikadizili namajeneretha kagesi, nawo athola ukuduma ngokusebenza kahle kwawo kanye nokuncipha kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, amasistimu okuhambisa udizili ayikhethelo eliphezulu emikhunjini emikhulu, enikeza ibhalansi yamandla, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, nokuphila isikhathi eside, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwasolwandle isikhathi eside. Lezi zinhlelo zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwezentengiselwano, lapho ukusebenza kahle kanye nezindleko eziphansi zikaphethiloli kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinjini zikadizili nazo ziyakhethwa ezimeni lapho itorque ephezulu kanye namahora anwetshiwe okugijima kudingekile, njengasemikhunjini yokudoba, imikhumbi yezimpahla, nezikebhe zabagibeli. Ukwengeza, inqubekelaphambili kubuchwepheshe bukadizili iholele ezinjinini ezihlanzekile nezinobungani nemvelo, okusiza ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhipha umoya eziqinile.
Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha izinjini zezikebhe
Amandla amahhashi nokusebenza
Ukufanisa amandla enjini nesisindo sesikebhe kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle. I-horsepower-to-weight ratio inquma ukuthi isikebhe singasheshisa futhi sigcine isivinini ngempumelelo kangakanani. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuba nehhashi elilodwa kuwo wonke amakhilogremu angu-25 kuya kwangu-40 wesisindo somkhumbi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isikebhe singafinyelela isivinini esifiselekayo ngaphandle kokucisha injini. Usayizi wenjini uthinta kakhulu isivinini nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Izinjini ezinkulu zivame ukunikeza ukusebenza okungcono nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, njengoba kungadingeki ukuthi zisebenze ngokugcwele ngokugcwele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, injini engaphansi kobukhulu ingase idinge ukusebenza kanzima, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli okuphezulu kanye nezinkinga ezingase zibe khona.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziswa
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwesikebhe kuyisici esiyinhloko ekukhetheni injini. Izikebhe ezisetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa zingase zibeke phambili izici zenjini ezihlukile uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuthengisa. Isibonelo, abathanda imidlalo yasemanzini bavame ukudinga izinjini ezinetorque ephezulu kanye nokusheshisa okusheshayo, kuyilapho izikebhe zezentengiselwano zingase zidinge izinjini ezinikeza ukwethembeka nokusebenza kahle isikhathi eside. Ukwengeza, umthamo wabagibeli nomthwalo kufanele ucatshangelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi injini iyakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo ojwayelekile. Ngokusho kwe-UTI, ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwesikebhe kusiza ekukhetheni injini enikeza amandla adingekayo nokusebenza kwemisebenzi ethile.
Usayizi Wenjini kanye Nokusebenza Kwezibaseli
Ukukhetha phakathi kwezinjini ezinkulu nezincane kuhlanganisa ukukala izinzuzo zejubane, ukuphatha, nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Izinjini ezinkulu ngokuvamile zinikeza ukuphatha okungcono kanye nesivinini esiphezulu, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini esiphakathi nendawo. Ziphinde zijwayele ukonga uphethiloli ngoba ziyakwazi ukugcina ukusebenza ngaphandle kokugijima ngomthamo omkhulu. Amasistimu ahlukene okulethwa kukaphethiloli, afana nomjovo kaphethiloli oqondile, umjovo kaphethiloli we-elekthronikhi, namasistimu e-carbureted, nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kukaphethiloli kanye nokusebenza kwenjini. Ngokusho kwe-UTI, umjovo kaphethiloli oqondile kanye namasistimu omjovo kaphethiloli we-elekthronikhi anikeza ukonga kukaphethiloli okuphakeme kanye nesisi esiphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namasistimu e-carbureted, angase abe nezindleko eziphakeme zokuqala kodwa ukusebenza kahle kancane.
Isondlo Nokuqina
Ukunquma ukuthi uzoyakha kabusha yini noma ushintshe injini kuncike ezintweni ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa izindleko, isikhathi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okufunayo. Ukwakha kabusha injini kuvame ukubiza kancane kunokuyishintsha ngokuphelele futhi kunganweba impilo yenjini. Nokho, ukushintshwa kungase kusebenze nakakhulu uma injini idinga ukulungiswa njalo noma uma amamodeli amasha enikeza ukusebenza okuthuthuke kakhulu noma ukonga kukaphethiloli. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, injini enakekelwa kahle esekelwa ukwesekwa komkhiqizi okuthembekile newaranti ingathuthukisa ukuqina nokuthembeka, iqinisekise ukwaneliseka kwesikhathi eside. Ukwesekwa komkhiqizi kubalulekile ukuze uthole izingxenye zangempela kanye nesevisi yochwepheshe, okungase kube nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwenjini.
Ukwethembeka kanye Nokwesekwa
Ukubaluleka kokukhetha izinjini ezinokwesekwa okuhle komkhiqizi akukwazi ukweqiwa. Ukwesekwa okuthembekile kuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ezingxenyeni ezidingekayo namasevisi okunakekela ochwepheshe, angasiza ekuvimbeleni ukungasebenzi futhi andise impilo yenjini. Ngokusho kwe-Louisiana Cat, izinjini ezivela kubakhiqizi abahloniphekile zivame ukuza neziqinisekiso nezinsizakalo ezisekelayo ezinikeza ukuthula kwengqondo futhi zivikele ukutshalwa kwezimali. Ukwengeza, abakhiqizi abanikeza izinsiza eziphelele zosekelo, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo nokunakekelwa okujwayelekile, bangasiza ukugcina isikebhe sisebenza futhi banciphise ukuphazamiseka. Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kosekelo kanye nezingxenye kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza nokuthembeka kwenjini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isiphetho
Ukukhetha injini yesikebhe efanele kuhlanganisa ukuqonda amathrendi emakethe, izinhlobo zezinjini, nezidingo ezithile. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuthuthuka kwemboni yamanje, njengokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe benjini kanye nezinguquko kumazinga okulawula. Ukwengeza, ukucabangela izici ezifana namandla ehhashi kanye ne-horsepower-to-weight ratio kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi injini inamandla ngokwanele usayizi wesikebhe nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe. Isibonelo, isikebhe esisetshenziselwa imidlalo yasemanzini singase sidinge injini enetorque ephezulu kanye nesivinini esisheshayo, kuyilapho umkhumbi wezohwebo ungase ubeke phambili ukwethembeka nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli emabangeni amade. Ukuqonda lokhu kucaciswa kusiza ekukhetheni injini engafinyeleli nje kuphela okulindelekile kokusebenza kodwa futhi ethuthukisa umuzwa wokugibela izikebhe.
Le ndlela ebanzi ivumela izinqumo ezinolwazi, iqinisekisa ukuthi injini ekhethiwe inikeza amandla adingekayo, ukusebenza kahle, nokuthembeka kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokugibela izikebhe. Ngokuvumelanisa amandla enjini nezidingo zokusebenza zesikebhe, abanikazi bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini, ukuphatha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ukwengeza, ukucabangela izidingo zokunakekela kanye nokuba khona kosekelo lomkhiqizi kubalulekile ekwanelisekeni kwesikhathi eside nokuqina. Injini enakekelwa kahle, esekelwa isevisi enokwethenjelwa kanye nezingxenye zangempela, inganweba kakhulu isikhathi sokuphila kwesikebhe, iqinisekise ukuthi ihlala isebenza futhi isebenza kahle iminyaka ezayo.
