Ukubheka Ngemininingwane Emachwebeni Amachweba Amakhulu amahlanu Aphezulu WaseMelika

Amachweba amakhulu ayizikhumulo ezinkulu ezisogwini lapho imikhumbi iza iphinde ihambe, ithwele inqwaba yezimpahla ezahlukene isuka endaweni eyodwa iye kwenye. Baphatha zonke izinhlobo zezinto, okuhlanganisa amathoyizi, izingubo, izinto zikagesi, ukudla, nophethiloli.

Lawa machweba anezindawo ezikhethekile zokuthulula nokugcina iziqukathi, okhreni ukuze baphakamise izinto ezisindayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezindawo zokugcina izinto ukuze kugcinwe izinto zibandayo, njengezithelo nemifino. Futhi banamanzi ajulile ukuze imikhumbi emikhulu kakhulu ingene.

Kusukela kuma-complexes agcwele e-Texas emanzini aguquguqukayo aseNew York kanye nezikhumulo zamachweba ezintsha zase-California, amachweba amakhulu ase-US asebenza njengamasango axhuma i-United States ogwini olukude emhlabeni jikelele. Kule bhulogi, sizobheka kabanzi amachweba amakhulu amahlanu aphezulu e-US (kulinganiswa ngamathani awo aphelele):

1. I-Houston Port Authority, eTexas
2. ISouth Louisiana Port, eLouisiana.
3. I-Corpus Christi Port, eTexas
4. I-New York Port, NY & NJ
5. I-Long Beach Port, eCalifornia

Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uhlole izinsiza ezihlaba umxhwele kanye nezici ezibalulekile ezisiza la machweba amakhulu ukuphatha inqwaba yempahla usuku nosuku!

Okuqukethwe
1. I-Houston Port Authority, eTexas
2. ISouth Louisiana Port, eLouisiana
3. Corpus Christi Port, Texas
4. I-New York Port, NY & NJ
5. I-Long Beach Port, eCalifornia
6. Amachweba amakhulu ase-US angamasango okuhweba ezimakethe zomhlaba

1. I-Houston Port Authority, eTexas

Incazelo

Njengoba yaziwa nje ngokuthi ichweba lase-Houston, leli chweba elimangalisayo liwubufakazi bentuthuko yomlando nezomnotho yalesi sifunda. Njengoba yasungulwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, isikhule yaba ngelinye lamachweba amatasatasa e-United States, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe nasemnothweni wasekhaya.

Ichweba laseHouston lavulwa ngokusemthethweni ukugcwala kwamanzi ajulile ngo-1914 kulandela imizamo ephumelelayo yokudiliza yokwakha i-Houston Ship Channel. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwaxhumanisa ichweba elimatasatasa neGulf of Mexico, kwabeka isisekelo sekusasa laso njengendawo yokuhweba olwandle yase-US.

Izici nezinsiza ezibalulekile

Njengoba ihamba amamayela angu-52 phakathi nezwe ukusuka e-Gulf of Mexico, i-Houston Ship Channel inamatheminali acishe abe ngu-200 omphakathi nezizimele. Lezi zinsiza zikhombisa ububanzi namandla echweba, zisekela inhlobonhlobo yemisebenzi yasolwandle.

Ukuxhumana kuyisici esibalulekile sePort of Houston. Ixhumeke kahle emigwaqweni emikhulu eminingana, okuhlanganisa imizila Yesistimu Yomgwaqo Kazwelonke I-10, I-45, US Route 69, I-610, kanye ne-US-90, yenza lula ezokuthutha ezihamba phansi.

Ukwengeza, inezixhumanisi eziqondile kumanethiwekhi amakhulu kaloliwe aphethwe yi-Union Pacific Railroad kanye nePort Terminal Railroad Association, iqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa nokuqoqwa kwempahla.

Mayelana nezinsiza, iPort of Houston ihlanganisa amatheminali omphakathi ayisishiyagalombili kanye namatheminali azimele angaphezu kuka-100. Lezi ziphethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zempahla, kusukela ngobuningi kanye nenqwaba yezimpahla kuye kwiphrojekthi kanye nezimpahla ezigingqikayo/ezikhishwayo.

Ichweba lisanda kukhulisa amandla alo ngamakhreni amasha amathathu ubude obungamafidi angu-158 ubude obusuka ogwini. Lezi zengezo ezintsha zandisa ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha nokuthulula futhi zisebenza ngogesi ngokugcwele, zihambisana nezindinganiso zamanje zomthwalo wemfanelo wendawo.

Ukuhamba kwempahla kanye nezimpahla eziphezulu

Ngo-2023, iPort of Houston yafinyelela ekuthuthweni kwempahla enkulu 50,323,264 amathani, igcizelela indima yayo ebalulekile ezimakethe zomhlaba nezasekhaya. Ibonisa ukwehlukahlukana kwemisebenzi yayo, itheku liphatha a inhlobonhlobo yezimpahla. Izigaba ezihamba phambili yilezi:

1. I-petroleum engahluziwe: Ehlanganisa u-17% wesamba sempahla;
2. I-distillate fuel oil: Ukubalwa kwamaphesenti angu-12;
3. I-Hydrocarbon ne-petrol gases: 11% wemali esele yenziwe;
4. Uphethiloli: Imele u-9%;
5. I-Naphtha nama-solvents: Kuhlanganisa 5%;
6. Bonke abanye: Yenza u-45% womkhiqizo, kanti ukolweni uwumkhiqizo wokudla ogqamayo.

2. ISouth Louisiana Port, eLouisiana

Incazelo

Ichweba laseNingizimu Louisiana liyisizinda esibalulekile kwezohwebo zasolwandle hhayi e-United States kuphela kodwa nasezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoba isendaweni ekahle phakathi kwe-Baton Rouge ne-New Orleans, umlando ocebile waleli chweba uhlanganiswe nendwangu yesifunda, nezimpande zibuyela emuva enkathini lapho ukuhweba eduze ne-Mississippi kwachuma ngesikhathi se-steamboat.

Namuhla, ichweba laseNingizimu Louisiana liwuphawu lobungqabavu bomnotho obungapheli besifunda nokuzibophezela ekukhuleni. Ima ngokuziqhenya njengokukhanya kwezohwebo e-Louisiana, ixhuma ngaphandle komthungo inhliziyo yaseMelika kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Izici nezinsiza ezibalulekile

Ichweba laseNingizimu Louisiana lihamba ngamamayela angu-54 eduze nomfula iMississippi. Njengoba ibusiswe ngokufinyelela okuphambili emizileni yezokuthutha ebalulekile, ixhuma ngaphandle komthungo emizileni ye-National Highway System I-10, I-55, I-310, US-61, kanye ne-US-90, kanye nojantshi abakhulu njengoCanadian National Railway kanye neKansas City Southern Railway Company.

Ngokuqhubeka nokutshala imali kwingqalasizinda yaso, itheku manje selithuthukisa amakhono alo ngokwakha ibhuloho lesibili lokufinyelela idokhu e-Globalplex yasePortSL. I-Globalplex Intermodal Terminal yomphakathi ithatha inqwaba eyomile—njengosimende, amapulangwe, nezimbiwa ezimbiwa phansi—kanye nenqwaba yezimpahla ezithengiswayo nezifakwe emabhokisini, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwechweba ukuze kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zohwebo.

Ukuhamba kwempahla kanye nezimpahla eziphezulu

Izinombolo zizikhulumela ngokwazo ekunikezeni Ichweba LaseNingizimu Louisiana isihloko somthengisi ohamba phambili wokusanhlamvu e-United States kanye nechweba lesibili ngobukhulu lamathani eNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe. Ngo-2023, itheku lasingatha izinto ezimangalisayo 248,130,992 amathani amafushane wempahla, okubonisa ubukhulu bayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo.

Echwebeni impahla ephezulu bonisa ukusebenza kwayo okuhlukahlukene kanye nesimo samasu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele. Nazi izinhlobo zezimpahla ezivelele:

1. Ukolweni: Ngama-25%, okugqamisa indima ebalulekile yechweba kwezamabhizinisi ezolimo;
2. Ubhontshisi wesoya: Imele u-16%, igcizelela isimo sechweba njengendawo enamandla yokuthumela okusanhlamvu kwamanye amazwe;
3. I-distillate fuel oil: Ukwenza u-10% wempahla yasechwebeni;
4. I-petroleum engahluziwe: Ukubalwa kwama-5%, okukhombisa ukubaluleka kwechweba emkhakheni wezamandla;
5. Uphethiloli: Okufika ku-4%, okugqugquzela ukusatshalaliswa kwalo mafutha abalulekile;
6. Bonke abanye: Ihlanganisa u-40% wokuphuma, okubonisa ukusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwechweba.

3. Corpus Christi Port, Texas

Incazelo

Ibekwe ogwini lweCorpus Christi Bay, iPort of Corpus Christi isebenza njengendawo ephilayo nebalulekile yemisebenzi yasolwandle eGulf of Mexico, eningizimu yeSan Antonio, eTexas. Lesi sikhungo sezohwebo nezokuthutha sisukela ekuqaleni kwayo, sikhula ngokuqhubekayo futhi sithuthuka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhulayo zamabhizinisi angaphakathi nezwe kanye nasolwandle.

Njengoba idume ngokuma kwaso okunenhloso, itheku liqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwezimpahla okungenazihibe phakathi kwemifula yamanzi ethe chithi saka emaphakathi nezwe kanye nodedangendlale weGulf, okuhlanganisa izimakethe zasekhaya nemizila yomhlaba wonke.

Izici nezinsiza ezibalulekile

Ichweba laseCorpus Christi lisendaweni ekahle lapho kutholakala khona ukufinyelela okuqondile emihubheni yezinto zokuhamba ezibalulekile njenge-I-37 kanye ne-US-181 futhi lihlinzekwa ngojantshi abakhulu, okuhlanganisa iKansas City Southern Railway Company kanye ne-Union Pacific Railroad. Lokhu kuxhumana kwenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngokushesha ukuya nokubuya ethekwini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, itheku linamatheminali akhethekile kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, ezihlonyiselwe ukuphatha inqwaba yamakhefu, i-roll-on/roll-off (Ro/Ro), i-heavy-lift, kanye nempahla yephrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla echweba okusingatha impahla yezamandla aboniswa yizindawo eziningi ze-petroleum docks, ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ekudluliseleni uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli ngayo yomibili imikhumbi nezikebhe.

Uhlelo oluqhubekayo lwe-Corpus Ship Channel Improvement Project (CIP) luyintuthuko ebalulekile ethuthukisa amandla okusebenza kwechweba, okulindeleke ukuba siphothulwe ekuqaleni kuka-2025. Le phrojekthi efiselekayo ihlose ukujulisa kanye nokwandisa ishaneli yomkhumbi, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlangatshezwane nemikhumbi emikhulu futhi kwandiswe amandla okuphatha impahla echwebeni.

Ukuhamba kwempahla kanye nezimpahla eziphezulu

Ngo-2023, iPort of Corpus Christi yabona ukunyakaza okungakaze kubonwe cishe Amathani ayizigidi ezingama-200 wezimpahla ngokusebenzisa umgudu wawo, oqhutshwa kakhulu ngokuthunyelwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Lo mqulu uwubufakazi bengqalasizinda eqinile yechweba kanye neqhaza layo elibalulekile ekwenzeni lula ukuhwebelana kwamandla.

The ukwakheka kwezimpahla igqamisa ubungcweti bechweba kanye nokufaneleka kwamasu emkhakheni wezamandla, lokhu okulandelayo okuyizinto ezihamba phambili:

1. I-petroleum engahluziwe: Ukubusa ingxube yezimpahla ngama-62%, okukhombisa indima ebalulekile yechweba emakethe yokuthekelisa ngaphandle kwamandla kagesi;
2. I-Hydrocarbon ne-petrol gases: Ukubalwa kwe-10%, okugcizelela iqhaza elibalulekile lechweba ekuhwebeni kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele;
3. I-distillate fuel oil: Ukwenza u-5%, omunye umkhiqizo wamandla obalulekile ogqugquzelwa yichweba;
4. Uphethiloli: Ehlanganisa ama-4%, abalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo sikaphethiloli sasekhaya nesamazwe ngamazwe;
5. I-Naphtha nama-solvents: Isamba esingu-3%, okukhombisa ukuzibandakanya kwechweba emkhakheni wamakhemikhali kanye ne-petrochemical;
6. Bonke abanye: Kuhlanganisa u-16%, okubonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinye izimpahla nezimpahla eziphathwayo.

4. I-New York Port, NY & NJ

Incazelo

Isuka emlonyeni woMfula i-Hudson futhi ihlanganisa i-Upper New York Bay ne-Newark Bay, iPort of New York naseNew Jersey isebenza njengesango elikhulu lokuhweba olwandle.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo okuphansi njengendawo yokuhweba entsha kuya ekubeni ngelinye lamachweba amakhulu kunawo wonke futhi abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, umlando wayo uyamangaza. Ibone ukuvela kwezentengiselwano zasolwandle kanye nokukhula kwamanethiwekhi ohwebo emhlabeni wonke, futhi ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekulolongeni isimo somnotho saseNew York naseNew Jersey kanye ne-United States yonke.

Izici nezinsiza ezibalulekile

Ichweba laseNew York kanye naseNew Jersey ahlanganiswe ngaphandle komthungo kunethiwekhi yezokuthutha ebanzi, eziqhenya ngokuxhumene eduze nemizila ye-National Highway System, ehlanganisa i-I-78, I-278, ne-I-478, eduze kwezitimela ezinkulu ezifana ne-CSX Transportation kanye ne-New York New Jersey Rail.

Ichweba linamatheminali amakhonteyina omphakathi ayisithupha, okuyiwona akha umgogodla wokusebenza kwechweba. Lawa matheminali anekhono ekuphatheni izinhlobo eziningi zempahla, okuhlanganisa i-Ro/Ro (roll-on/roll-off), iphrojekthi, kanye ne-break-bulk cargo.

Ukwengeza, i-25th Street Pier igqama njengetheminali ekhethekile yomphakathi eyomile. Njengamanje esiqashwe ku-opharetha ozimele, lesi sikhungo sibalulekile ekuphatheni izinto zokwakha ezifana usimende, isihlabathi, namatshe, okuyizinto ezibalulekile embonini yezokwakha yesifunda.

Intuthuko ebalulekile ngo-2023 kube ukwethulwa kwephrojekthi Yokuthuthukisa Umhubhe wasePort Street. Ihlose ukuklama kabusha indawo yokungena yechweba esenyakatho ngomgwaqo, le phrojekthi ithembisa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlela.

Le phrojekthi kulindeleke ukuthi yenze kube lula ukuhamba kwethrafikhi, inciphise ukuminyana, futhi ithuthukise ukuphepha okuphelele kwesango lechweba lechweba kanye namandla okusebenza ngokwethula ukumiswa komgwaqo osebenza kahle kakhudlwana kanye nendawo ejikayo ebanzi.

Ukuhamba kwempahla kanye nezimpahla eziphezulu

Ngo-2023, ichweba laseNew York naseNew Jersey bafinyelela ingqophamlando ngokuphatha okuhlaba umxhwele 7.8 million TEUs (amayunithi alingana namafidi angamashumi amabili), iqinisekisa isikhundla sayo njengechweba lesibili elimatasatasa lesizwe lokulayishwayo nokuthekelisa ngaphandle.

The izimpahla eziphezulu ze-port penda isithombe esicacile sesisekelo sayo sempahla ehlukahlukene:

1. Uphethiloli: Umzila wokuphila wezokuthutha ubalelwa ku-17%;
2. I-distillate fuel oil: Uwoyela we-distillate, obalulekile ekushiseni nasekunikezeni amandla imishini, uhlanganisa u-12% wempahla.
3. I-petroleum engahluziwe: Umgogodla ongahluziwe wemikhiqizo engenakubalwa ungeza ku-9%;
4. Uwoyela wesibaseli osalayo: Ibalulekile emikhunjini nasezimbonini zamandla kagesi, uwoyela osele umela u-7%;
5. Imikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe, i-NEC: Ngo-5%, imikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe imboza inqwaba yezimpahla ezingahlukaniswanga kwenye indawo;
6. Bonke abanye: Impahla engu-50% egcwele ingena ngaphansi kwesigaba esithi 'Zonke ezinye', okufakazela ukuguquguquka kwechweba ekuphatheni izimpahla eziningi.

5. I-Long Beach Port, eCalifornia

Incazelo

Itholakala ogwini lwaseSouthern California, Ichweba laseLong Beach lisebenza njengesango elibalulekile lohwebo lwase-US-Asia. Imaka indawo yayo ebalazweni lemizila ebalulekile yasolwandle, ilele eSan Pedro Bay, elukwe eduze nomakhelwane wayo, iPort of Los Angeles.

Umlando ocebile wechweba laseLong Beach uhlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyikhulu, uvela ekusakazekeni nje kwamachweba nezinsimbi ekuqaleni kwawo-1900 ukuya kwesinye sezikhumulo ezimatasa kakhulu emhlabeni. Indawo yayo enamasu kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo kuyenze yaba isizinda sohwebo nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Izici nezinsiza ezibalulekile

Ichweba laseLong Beach linenethiwekhi yezokuthutha exhumene, elixhumanisa ngaphandle komthungo nomhlaba ngale kwemigwaqo emikhulu efana ne-I-110, ne-I-710 kanye nojantshi abahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa iPacific Harbour Line, BNSF Railway, Union Pacific Railroad, kanye neRichmond Pacific Railroad.

Leli chweba liyikhaya lamatheminali angaphezu kuka-20, ngalinye liklanyelwe ukuphatha izinhlobo ezahlukene zempahla kusukela kunqwaba eyomile kuye ezimpahleni eziqandisiwe nakho konke okuphakathi. Lawa matheminali afakwe ubuchwepheshe obuphambili ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa nokugcinwa kwempahla ngendlela efanele.

Nokho, mhlawumbe iphrojekthi ambitious ngaphansi kwebhande layo ukwakhiwa Isikhungo se-Pier B On-Dock Rail Support. Le phrojekthi ihlose ukuthuthukisa kakhulu umthamo wokusingathwa kwempahla echwebeni ngokuphinda kabili ubukhulu begceke lesitimela elikhona i-Pier B libe amahektha ayi-171. Uma sesiqediwe, lesi sikhungo kulindeleke ukuthi siqinise umthamo kaloliwe osesikhumulweni semikhumbi, siphathe ama-TEU ayizigidi ezi-4.7 (amayunithi alingana namafidi angamashumi amabili) minyaka yonke.

Ukuhamba kwempahla kanye nezimpahla eziphezulu

Onyakeni wakamuva ka-2023, ichweba laseLong Beach lizuze umsebenzi oncomekayo, ukuphatha 8 million TEUs. Lesi sibalo sigqamisa isikhundla sechweba njengesisekelo ekuhwebeni kweTranspacific. Ngokuhwebelana kwenani elikhulu lama-USD 200 webhiliyoni eligeleza minyaka yonke, itheku lixhumanisa amabhizinisi nabathengi kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

Ukwehlukahlukana kwempahla edlula echwebeni kuningi, okugqamisa ukubaluleka kwamaqhinga ezimbonini ezahlukene. I impahla yokuqala zihlanganisa:

1. I-petroleum engahluziwe (29%): Okumele ama-29%, lokhu kugcizelela indima ebalulekile yechweba ekuqhubekiseleni phambili amabhizinisi nemizi;
2. Imikhiqizo ekhiqiziwe, i-NEC: Okuhlanganisa u-11%, lokhu kukhombisa ukuguquguquka kwechweba ekuphatheni izimpahla ezikhethekile;
3. I-coke engahluziwe: Ibalulekile ezinqubweni ezehlukene zezimboni, i-coke engahluziwe ibalwa ku-5%, okukhombisa ukuxhumana okuqinile kwechweba namaketango okuphakelwa kwezimboni;
4. Imishini kagesi: Ehlanganisa u-4%, kusukela ezintweni zasendlini kuye kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, lesi sigaba sibonisa indima ebalulekile yechweba emakethe yezogesi;
5. I-distillate fuel oil: Okumele u-3% wempahla ethunyelwayo, lokhu kuphinde kugcizelele isikhundla esibucayi sechweba ochungechungeni lokuphakelwa kwamandla omhlaba;
6. Bonke abanye: Ihlanganisa ama-46% anezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo. Kulezi, ukudla kwezilwane kuhamba phambili ohlwini, okukhombisa ukubaluleka kwechweba emkhakheni wezolimo.

Amachweba amakhulu ase-US angamasango okuhweba ezimakethe zomhlaba

Kuyacaca ukuthi amachweba amakhulu ase-US e-Houston, e-South Louisiana, e-Corpus Christi, eNew York, nase-Long Beach angaphezulu nje kwamaphoyinti kumephu. Izinjini ezinamandla ezishayela umnotho wase-US, zicubungula inani elikhulu lezimpahla, futhi zixhuma izimakethe ezilwandle nasemazwekazini.

Ukuqonda amakhono nezipesheli zechweba ngalinye kunganikeza umkhawulo obalulekile wokuncintisana wamabhizinisi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uwoyela namakhemikhali e-petrochemicals e-Houston nase-Corpus Christi, imikhiqizo yezolimo e-South Louisiana, noma izimpahla zabathengi ezigeleza e-New York nase-Long Beach, ichweba ngalinye linamandla alo kanye nempahla egxilile.

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