Izinselelo ze-Just-In-Time ngo-2024 nokuthi Ungazinqoba Kanjani

Izinkampani eziningi zomhlaba, ezidume kakhulu iToyota neToyota Production System, bezilokhu zisebenzisa ngesikhathi esifanele (I-JIT) ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukumosha. I-JIT isho isu lokuphatha eliqondanisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ngokunembile nesidingo samakhasimende. Ihlose ukwakha indawo yefekthri ekahle - yonke imikhiqizo yenziwa ngesikhathi esifanele, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuchithwa kwempahla kanye nenani lempahla enqwabelene elingekho.

Kodwa-ke, ubuthakathaka bohlelo lokusungula lwe-JIT babonakala lapho ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lubangela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwesidingo kuzo zonke izimboni, okwenza kube nzima ukugcina amazinga afanele wokusungula. Kwezinye izimo, amabhizinisi asala nokushoda okukhulu kwemikhiqizo, kanti kwezinye, azithola enokugcwala ngokweqile kwemikhiqizo ebidingeka kakhulu ngenxa yemikhawulo yokuvalwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imodeli efika ngesikhathi incike kakhulu ekuthuthweni okuthembekile nokushesha kwezimpahla. Lapho ukuvalwa kwezindawo kanye nokushoda kwabasebenzi kuphazamisa ukuhamba komsebenzi emhlabeni wonke, kubangele ukubambezeleka okukhulu kanye nokuphazamiseka ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka. Njengoba isitokwe esilinganiselwe esasikhona ngenxa yendlela ye-JIT, amabhizinisi awakwazanga ukugcwalisa izikhala ngempahla egciniwe futhi abhekane nokuvalwa kokukhiqiza kwezinye izimo.

Manje sesiku-2024, futhi umbuzo wokuthi i-JIT iseyindlela enhle yini akulula ukuwuphendula. Qhubeka ufunda njengoba sibheka ubunzima obukhona ngokuphathwa kwe-inventory ngesikhathi kanye nendlela engcono yokusingatha lezi zinselele!

Okuqukethwe
Yiziphi izinselelo zamaketanga okuhlinzekwa kwe-JIT ngo-2024?
Amabhizinisi alungisa kanjani amaketanga awo wokuhlinzeka nge-JIT?
Amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngobufakazi benhlekelele awukhiye wempumelelo yebhizinisi

Yiziphi izinselelo zamaketanga okuhlinzekwa kwe-JIT ngo-2024?

Ngokusebenza 'ngesisekelo esidingekayo', amasistimu wokusungula we-JIT aklanyelwe ukuvumelanisa eduze nenqubo yokukhiqiza, kuyilapho kugcinwa uhlu lwezimpahla luseduze noziro ngangokunokwenzeka. Nokho, lokhu kuqondanisa okuqinile ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube inselele. Ake sibheke ezinye zezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibhekene namaketanga okunikezela ngesikhathi.

Isidingo sabathengi esingalindelekile

Inselele yokuqala yezinhlelo ze-JIT isimo esiguquguqukayo sokuziphatha kwamakhasimende. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yi-Accenture olubandakanya abaholi be-C-suite bomhlaba abangu-1,700, a okumangalisayo 95% yabaphathi abavela kuyo yomibili imikhakha ye-B2C kanye ne-B2B babona ukuthi izidingo zamakhasimende abo kanye nalokho abakulindele kuvela ngokushesha kakhulu kunalokho izinkampani zabo ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Lokhu kushintsha okusheshayo ekuziphatheni kwabathengi akwethusi neze emhlabeni wanamuhla, uma kubhekwa ukuthi abathengi baxhumeke ngokuphelele ngezinkundla zokuxhumana. Bahlale bechayeka ezinkulungwaneni zemikhiqizo emisha, izitayela, kanye nemibono, ethuthukisa ukulangazelela kwabo imikhiqizo emisha neshintshayo. 

Isibonelo, imodeli yakamuva ye-iPhone iphelelwa yisikhathi lapho kuvela ukuqagela mayelana nokwethulwa kwenguqulo entsha. Ngokufanayo, imfashini ekhona ingalahlekelwa ukukhanga kwayo phakathi namasonto ambalwa nje.

Isistimu yokusungula ye-Just-in-Time (JIT) ihloselwe ukusebenza okungaguquki, okuhleliwe futhi ayigcini isitoko esengeziwe njengesimo esiphuthumayo ukuze kuliwe nokushintshashintsha okungazelelwe kwesidingo. Ngakho-ke, uma umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nokwanda okungalindelekile kwesidingo, izinkampani zingase zikuthole kuyinselele ukuhlangabezana nama-oda ngokushesha, okubangela ukubambezeleka kokulethwa kanye namathuba okuthengisa okungenzeka aphuthelwe.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezindleko

Njengoba i-JIT incike ekuthengeni izinto ezisetshenziswayo lapho kudingekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza, iba sengozini enkulu ekuhlukeni kwezintengo zabahlinzeki. Iqembu laseBoston Consulting (BCG) ucwaningo luveza ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa zivame ukubhekana nokuntengantenga kwemakethe ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kokunikezwayo, isidingo esikhulu, noma izinguquko ezinkulu zentengo. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza ngokungalindelekile.

Amabhizinisi asebenzisa amasistimu e-inventory e-Just-in-time (JIT) angase ahlangabezane nokwenyuka okungazelelwe ezindlekweni zokusebenza lapho amanani entengo yezinto ezingavuthiwe enyuka, njengoba entula isilondolozi sesitoko esingavimbela lokhu kuguquguquka.

Isibonelo, uhlobo olusemfashinini oluncike kukotini ngomugqa wezikibha zabo lusebenza ngohlelo lwe-JIT futhi luyala ukotini ukuthi wonge ezindlekweni zokulondoloza. Ngeshwa, isimo sezulu esibi sithinta ukuthengwa kukakotini emhlabeni wonke, okwenza amanani enyuke kakhulu. 

Ngaphandle kukakotini othengwe ngaphambilini, izindleko zomkhiqizo wezimpahla ezithengiswayo (COGS) ziyakhuphuka, okulimaza amamajini enzuzo yawo. Babhekene nenkinga yokudlulisela izindleko kumakhasimende noma ukulimaza inzuzo yabo.

Ukushoda kwezinto ezibonakalayo

Ngaphezu kwengcindezi ebangelwa ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, isidingo sempahla eluhlaza simiselwe ukuba sibe izikhathi ezimbili ezinkulu ngonyaka ka-2050. Nokho, lezi zinto ziya ngokuya ziba nzima ukuzithola. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi nge-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, nezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba.

Cabanga ngezinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezifana ne-Apple, ezisebenzisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ukwenza imikhiqizo yazo. Kuhlelo lwe-JIT, lezi zinto kufanele zifike ezimbonini lapho nje kufanele zengezwe emikhiqizweni. 

Kodwa uma kwenzeka okuthile okungalindelekile, njengendaba yezombangazwe noma inhlekelele yemvelo, futhi kuphazamisa ukuhlinzekwa kwalezi zici, kwenzekani-ke? Ukukhiqizwa kwama-iPhones bekungeke kumane kwehlise ijubane - kungama ngokuphelele uma izingxenye ezibalulekile zingekho.

Ukuthembela ngokweqile kokuzenzakalelayo

Ukuzenzekelayo kuwumgogodla wokukhiqiza okuncane njengoba kwandisa umkhiqizo futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, uma uchungechunge lokunikezela nge-JIT luncike kakhulu ekuzisebenzeleni, amaphutha obuchwepheshe angaphazamisa ukusebenza futhi abangele ukubambezeleka okukhulu. 

Isibonelo, inkinga encane kumugqa wokuhlanganisa ozenzakalelayo ingamisa ukukhiqizwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-automation iqinile uma isebenza nezinguquko ezingazelelwe, njengokukhuphuka okungalindelekile kwama-oda, ukushoda kwezinto, noma ukwehluleka kwemishini.

Cabangela indawo yokucubungula ukudla esebenzisa imishini ezenzakalelayo ukupakisha nokuthumela. Uma kuba noshintsho olungazelelwe emithethweni yokupakisha noma izidingo ezintsha zokulebula ziphakama, njengezinto ezingezwani nomzimba, kungadala izinkinga. Kulesi simo, imishini idinga ukuhlelwa kabusha ukuze ifake ulwazi olusha noma ivumelane nokupakishwa okuhlukile, okungase kube yinselele futhi kudle isikhathi.

Amabhizinisi alungisa kanjani amaketanga awo wokuhlinzeka nge-JIT?

Ngemva kokuqonda izinselele zokuba nesistimu yokusungula eyiziro, ake sihlole ukuthi amabhizinisi ahlukahlukene alungisa futhi aqinise kanjani amaketanga awo okunikezela nge-JIT ukuze akwazi ukuqina.

Ukushintshela ku-Just-In-Case (JIC)

Izinkampani eziningi ziphendukela kundlela yokusungula ye-just-in-case (JIC). I-JIC iyinetha yokuphepha. Kubandakanya ukugcina isitoko esengeziwe silungile ukuze simelane nezimo ezingalindelekile, njengokukhuphuka okungazelelwe kwama-oda noma ukuhixa ku-supply chain.

Noma leli su lingase liholele ekwenyukeni kwezindleko ze-inventory, izinzuzo zendlela ye-JIC zivame ukudlula izindleko zayo:

• Ukwaneliseka kwekhasimende: Ukugcina i-inventory eyanele kusho ukuthi inkampani ingahlala ihlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende ayo ngokushesha. Igwema ukuphelelwa isitoko futhi iqinisekisa ukulethwa kwama-oda ngesikhathi, okuholela kumakhasimende anelisekile nathembekile.
• Ukuqina kwamanani: Ukubamba i-inventory enqwabelene kuvikela amabhizinisi ekuguqukeni kwentengo yemakethe yesikhashana. Bangakwazi ukuthenga futhi babambe isitoko uma amanani ephansi, okusiza ukugcina ukuzinza ezindlekweni.
• Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemakethe: Ukuba nempahla eningi kwenza amabhizinisi akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zemakethe ngokushesha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwanda kwesidingo noma ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwayo, izinkampani zingasebenzisa isitoko sazo esengeziwe ukuze zishelelezi kulawa maqhubu, zibonise ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuqina.

Ukuhlukahluka kwabahlinzeki

Ukwakha isisekelo sabahlinzeki abahlukahlukene elinye isu amabhizinisi angalisebenzisa ukuze enze amaketanga awo okuhlinzeka nge-JIT aqine kakhudlwana. Ohlakeni lwe-JIT, noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okuvela kumphakeli oyedwa kungamisa yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi lapho isikhathi sibalulekile.

Isibonelo esihle sokunciphisa okunjalo ekusebenzeni Impendulo kaToyota Ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye netsunami eJapan ngo-2011. Ngemva kokufunda enkingeni edlule ngo-1997, abakwaToyota basungule isu elihlukene labahlinzeki bempahla, elayenza yakwazi ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokuhlinzekwa kwempahla.

Ukudala inethiwekhi ehlukahlukene yabahlinzeki bokuqala nabasekelayo kunenzuzo futhi kungahlukaniswa kanje:

1. Abahlinzeki bendawo:

• Abahlinzeki bendawo: Lezi ziseduze, okuholela ezikhathini ezifushane zokulethwa. Uma izinkinga zenzeka, zingaxazululwa ngokushesha ngenxa yokusondelana nokuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana.
• Abahlinzeki bomhlaba: Lokhu kunikeza ezinye izinketho zokuhlinzeka uma amaketanga asendaweni ephazamiseka. Bangakwazi futhi ukunikeza amanani ancintisana kakhulu, ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza ezifundeni zabo.

2. Abahlinzeki besikhathi abaholayo:

• Abahlinzeki besikhathi esifushane sokuhola: Lezi zibalulekile ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo njengoba zinika amandla izimpendulo ezisheshayo esidingweni esingalindelekile noma okunye ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa.
• Abahlinzeki besikhathi eside: Lokhu kuvame ukuhlinzeka ngamanani athengekayo futhi afanele imikhiqizo efunwa njalo.

Ukwandisa ukwenziwa kwasendaweni

Amaketango okunikezwayo afika ngesikhathi ancike kubahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe angaba sengcupheni efana nemikhawulo yezohwebo, izinguquko zenani lemali, ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe, kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo. 

Ukuze kuliwe nalezi zinselele, ukukhiqizwa kokwenza okwasendaweni kungaba usizo ngokuthola izinto ezibalulekile kakhulu kubahlinzeki abasezweni elifanayo noma esifundeni. Nazi ezinye izinzuzo zokusebenzisa amayunithi omhlangano wendawo:

• Izikhathi zokuhola ezisheshayo: Abahlinzeki bendawo bangasheshisa inqubo yokutholwa, okuholela ekutheni amabhizinisi akwazi ukufeza izidingo zamakhasimende.
• Izindleko zokuthutha ezincishisiwe: Ukuba nemithombo eseduze kwehlisa izindleko zokuhamba njengoba izingxenye zingafika ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokuhamba ibanga elide.
• Ukukhiqiza okusebenza kahle kakhulu: Ukusondela kwabahlinzeki kumasayithi okukhiqiza kusiza amabhizinisi ukuthi enze lula imigqa yawo yokukhiqiza, axhumanise ukulethwa kwe-JIT ngamathayimithebula okukhiqiza.

Uma sibheka emuva ku-2018, ukukhula ukuhweba impi phakathi kwe-US ne-China kuthinte kabi izimboni eziningi okuhlanganisa nomkhakha wokukhiqiza amabhayisikili. I-US ingenise inqwaba yamabhayisikili evela eShayina, ethole amanani aphezulu angama-25%. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizi wamabhayisikili ozinze e-United States, u-Huffy, wabona izindleko zawo zenyuka ngezigidi futhi kwadingeka ukuthi anyuse amanani, okwaholela ekwehleni kokuthengiswa kwawo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iCanyon Bicycles, ehlanganisa amabhayisikili ayo eJalimane, ayizange ithinteke kangako. Nakuba bethole izingxenye zomhlaba wonke, ukuba nendawo yomhlangano eduze nezimakethe zabo ezinkulu zaseYurophu kwasiza ekudambiseni imiphumela yokuphazamiseka kwentela. Lokhu kwasiza ekugcineni izindleko zabo namanani entengo azinzile.

Ukukhiqiza kwangaphakathi

"Kungani uthenge isinkwa ube ungakwazi ukubhaka esakho?" Ukwenza izinto zokusetshenziswa endlini, esikhundleni sokuzikhipha, sekuyisu eliqinile lokwenza amaketanga okunikezela nge-JIT ancike kakhulu ekubekeni isikhathi ukuthi aqine kakhulu.

Ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kungaholela ekongeni izindleko ngokususa isidingo sama-markups kanye nezimali zokuthutha ezikhokhiswa abahlinzeki bezinkampani zangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqiza izinto zokusetshenziswa endlini kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi alawule ikhwalithi yezinto ezifakiwe zawo eduze, aqinisekise amazinga angaguquki futhi anciphise ubungozi bemikhiqizo enesici. 

Nakuba ukukhiqiza kwangaphakathi kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungase kungabi ngokoqobo, kufezeke, noma kungabizi kuzo zonke izingxenye zomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi amabhizinisi abeke phambili ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile ezingakhiqizwa ngaphakathi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu noma izinguquko ezinqala ekusetheni ukukhiqizwa kwamanje.

Thatha, isibonelo, umkhiqizi kashokoledi othembele kumphakeli ukuze athole i-cocoa nibs eluhlaza, isithako esiyinhloko ekukhiqizeni ushokoledi. Inkampani ibingathenga ubhontshisi we-cocoa ongahluziwe bese iwugazinga endlini ukuze yenze i-cocoa nibs yawo. 

Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane endaweni yokosa nezinto zokusebenza eziyisisekelo kuzobavumela ukuthi babe nokulawula okungcono kwikhwalithi, iphrofayili ye-flavour, kanye nokuvumelana kwe-cocoa nibs. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo yabo kashokoledi kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuthembekile nokuqhubekayo kwesithako esibalulekile noma nini lapho kudingeka.

Amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngobufakazi benhlekelele awukhiye wempumelelo yebhizinisi

Kafushane, ukuphazamiseka kwakamuva emhlabeni jikelele kuphonsele inselelo amaketanga anikezela ngempahla avele atuswa ngesikhathi. Lezi zinselelo zigqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo soxhaso lwempahla olufakazelwa yinhlekelele endaweni yebhizinisi yanamuhla engalindelekile. 

Kungakhathalekile isu lokuphatha elamukelwayo, ukwakha amaketanga anikezela ngempahla aqinile—ngezinyathelo ezinjengokuhlukahlukana kwabahlinzeki, ukukhushulwa kwamabhafa, kanye nokuhlaziya okuthuthukisiwe kokubikezela—akukona nje ukukhetha kodwa kuyimfuneko ebalulekile ukuze uphile. Hlola amanye amasu okuphatha i-inventory futhi uhlomise ibhizinisi lakho ngamathuluzi alungile okusingatha ukungaqiniseki okuzayo!