Ama-Incoterms aphezulu ayi-5 Asetshenziswa Kakhulu Okufanele Uwazi

Ama-Incoterms adalwe ukusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokumisa imigomo yokuhweba emingceleni. Ukuqonda le migomo kuyisihluthulelo sokuvula izinzuzo zabo kanye nokuxoxisana ngamadili ohwebo avuna kakhulu. 

Lesi sihloko sichaza ama-Incoterms angu-5 aphezulu asetshenziswa kakhulu abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe okufanele bawazi. 

Okuqukethwe:
Yini ama-Incoterms?
5 ama-incoterms asetshenziswa kakhulu
Imaphi ama-Incoterms akulungele?

Yini ama-Incoterms? 

Ama-Incoterms amagama enkontileka ajwayelekile asetshenziswa phakathi kwabathengi nabathengisi ekuhwebeni komhlaba. Ayisifinyezo "semigomo yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe." 

Isethi yokuqala ye-Incoterms yashicilelwa ngabakwa- I-International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) ngo-1936, futhi lo mzimba uyaqhubeka nokuvuselela nokugcina imigomo namuhla. Uhlelo lwakamuva kakhulu I-2020 Incoterms, ethathe indawo ye-Incoterms 2010. 

I-Incoterms isiza ukucacisa imithwalo yemfanelo yamaqembu mayelana nokuthutha izimpahla kanye nokuvunyelwa kwempahla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elithumela izimpahla nokuthi ubani osengozini yokulahlekelwa noma yokulimala ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa. 

Amanye ama-Incoterms anohlangothi olulodwa ngokwedlulele ngoba adlulisela zonke lezi zibopho eqenjini elilodwa. Amanye ama-Incoterm akhona endaweni ethile phakathi njengoba elinganisela ubungozi kanye nesibopho phakathi kwezinhlangothi. 

5 ama-incoterms asetshenziswa kakhulu

Izimpahla Zomshwalense Wezindleko 

I-Cost Insurance Freight (CIF) iyindlela evamile ekuhwebeni komhlaba. Ikakhulukazi lokho kungenxa yokuthi kunenzuzo kubo bobabili othumela ngaphandle kanye nomthengi. Ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukuthutha izimpahla ezingagciniwe njengezimoto, imishini, nempahla.

Ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-CIF, umdayisi unesibopho sokuthutha izimpahla aziyise endaweni eshiwo igama noma izwe okuyiwa kulo. Kodwa ngokungafani neminye imigomo yezohwebo, umdayisi akanayo ingcuphe yokulahlekelwa noma yokulimala ezimpahleni. Kunalokho, leyo ngcuphe idlulela kumthengi isuka lapho isuka khona. 

Ngokuphambene, umthengi akudingeki ahlele noma akhokhele izindleko zokuhamba. Kodwa ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yomthengi phakathi nohambo, i-CIF idinga ukuthi umdayisi aqinisekise izimpahla ngenani elincane. Ngakho-ke, i-CIF ibhalansa ubungozi kanye nesibopho cishe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezinhlangothi. 

Kukhokhelwe umsebenzi okhokhelwe 

Noma yimuphi umthengi othenge izimpahla endaweni yemakethe eku-inthanethi njenge-Chovm.com kungenzeka ukuthi ujwayelene nale Incoterm. 

I-Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) isivame kakhulu ngenxa yokukhula kwe-e-commerce. Igama lidinga ukuthi umdayisi aphathe yonke into ehlanganisa lokuthumela, amasiko, intela, izintela, njll. Ukulethwa kuqedwa kuphela lapho izimpahla zifika emnyango womthengi, futhi ubungozi budlula ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kwenza kube inketho elula kakhulu kubathengi. 

Nokho, abathengisi abaningi bazofaka izindleko zokulethwa enanini lempahla yabo. Ngakho-ke, abathengi cishe bazothwala izindleko zokugcina zokuthola izimpahla. 

Mahhala On Board 

I-Free on Board (i-FOB) idinga ukuthi umthengisi athuthe imikhiqizo esuka eshede noma efekthri ayiyise emkhunjini. Ukwengeza, banesibopho sokulayisha impahla emkhunjini, futhi ingozi idlulela kumthengi ngaleso sikhathi. 

I-FOB ayenzelwanga impahla efakwe emabhokisini, noma; isebenza kakhulu ekuthuthweni kolwandle noma ukuthutha ngemizila yamanzi ephakathi nezwe. I-Incoterm ngokuvamile isebenza ekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla ezigudluka kalula njengokusanhlamvu, insimbi yensimbi, njll. 

Inkampani yenethiwekhi yamahhala 

I-Free Carrier (FCA) elinye igama elingase livune kakhulu abathengisi. 

Njenge-Ex Works (EXW), i-FCA ibeka umthwalo nengozi yokuthunyelwa kumthengi. Okufanele umthengisi akwenze ukuletha izimpahla “endaweni yokulethwa”. Lokhu kungaba isikhumulo sezindiza, isikhumulo sezindiza, isiteshi sesitimela, noma indawo yokugcina impahla yomthengisi. 

Nokho, i-EXW ihluke kancane ngokuthi umthengisi kusengadingeka aphathe ukubika nokukhipha imvume. Ngaleso sikhathi, nge-FCA, zonke izibopho zomthengisi ziphelela endaweni yokulethwa.

I-FCA ijwayelekile phakathi kwabathengisi abangafuni izibopho ezengeziwe noma ubungozi kanye nabathengi abangenandaba nomzamo owengeziwe. 

Mahhala Ngokuhambisana Nomkhumbi 

I-Free Alongside Ship (FAS) isebenza kakhulu kulokho okubizwa nge-out of gauge (OOG) cargo. Lezi yizimpahla ezingangeni esitsheni, njengemishini emikhulu. I-FAS iyindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokuthumela impahla yalolu hlobo. 

Ngaphansi kwale migomo, umdayisi unesibopho sokuletha izimpahla eceleni komkhumbi kuphela. Ubungozi bubuye budlule ngaleso sikhathi, futhi konke okwenzeka ngemuva kwalokho kuwumthwalo womthengi. 

Imaphi ama-Incoterms akulungele? 

Izinto eziningi zinquma ukuthi iyiphi i-Incoterms okufanele ikhethwe. Nazi ezinye izici okufanele uzikhumbule njengoba uxoxisana ngenkontileka yokuthengisa: 

• Uhlobo lokuthumela. Amanye ama-Incoterm afanele umkhumbi olwandle wodwa, kanti amanye afanele umkhumbi wasolwandle nongewona wasolwandle. Isibonelo, i-CIF, i-FOB, ne-FAS yenzelwe ukuthutha olwandle, kuyilapho I-DDP kanye ne-FCA zinhle kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuthumela. 
• Ubukhulu bezibopho. Ingabe umthengi unazo izinsiza kanye nokuxhumana ukuze acubungule imvume yentela noma akhokhe intela nezintela? Isibonelo, i-DDP ilula kakhulu njengoba ithatha wonke umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthumela nokukhokha intela kubathengi. Ngokuqhathaniswa, i-FCA ne-EXW izodinga ukubandakanyeka komthengi okwengeziwe. 
• Indawo yokuthumela. Ukuthunyelwa endaweni ekude kungabiza, ngakho abathengi kudingeka bacabangele ukuthi bazimisele yini ukukhokhela lezo zindleko. Ukwengeza, ama-Incoterms athile, njenge-EXW, awafaneleki ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngoba aveza ubunzima obuningi bemingcele. 
• Ubunjalo bezimpahla. Izimpahla ezithunyelwa kanzima njengemishini esindayo zingaba yinkinga. Uma umdayisi enobungcweti obukhethekile ekuthumeleni lezi zimpahla, kungaba ngcono ukushiya iningi lenqubo kuye. Ngokufanayo, i-FAS isebenza kangcono kakhulu ngempahla ye-OOG, ngakho-ke leyo yinto okufanele icatshangelwe lapho uxoxisana nomthengisi. 

Isiphetho 

Ama-Incoterms angonga imali yabathengi futhi avimbele izingxabano uma ziqondwa kahle futhi zisetshenziswa. Ngethemba, lesi sihloko singasiza abathengi bakhe ulwazi olungcono lwalawa magama okuhweba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo.