Amakhebuli Okuxhumana: Umhlahlandlela Wokukhetha Wabathengisi ngo-2024

Ikhebuli yokuxhumana iwuhlobo lwentambo noma ikhebula elisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izinhlobo eziningi zolwazi, okuhlanganisa izwi, izithombe, ividiyo, nedatha. Iqukethe intambo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu evalekile evalwe isendlalelo esisodwa noma eziningi ezivikelayo. Izintambo ngokuvamile zenziwe ngethusi noma nge-aluminium. 

Ukuxhumana izintambo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwesimanje lwezokuxhumana, njengoba kwenza ukushintshana nokwabelana kolwazi kusebenze kahle futhi kube lula. 

Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole konke odinga ukukwazi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukhetha izintambo zokuxhumana ezihamba phambili emakethe zabathengi bakho ngo-2024! 

Okuqukethwe
Uhlolojikelele lwemakethe yekhebula lokuxhumana
Ukuqonda izintambo zokuxhumana
Izinhlobo ezivamile zezintambo zokuxhumana
Izinselelo embonini yamakhebula okuxhumana
Izincomo zokukhetha
Isifinyezo

Uhlolojikelele lwemakethe yekhebula lokuxhumana

Imakethe yekhebula lezokuxhumana nedatha kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule isuka ku-US $ 19.18 billion ngo-2022 iye ku-US $ 45.37 billion ngo-2032, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) lika-8.51% ngesikhathi sokubikezela. Ngokwezinga lakamuva labakhiqizi bezintambo namakhebula emhlabeni wonke elikhishwe inhlangano yemboni ye-APC, Amabhizinisi aseShayina athatha abakhiqizi abangu-11 kwabangu-20 emhlabeni jikelele bezintambo namakhebula ngo-2021., okubonisa ukuthi ukuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwamabhizinisi aseShayina sekuthuthukile.

Imboni yezintambo nezintambo, ilandela imboni yezimoto, iyimboni yesibili ngobukhulu e-China, enezinga lokwaneliseka komkhiqizo elingaphezu kwama-90%. Inani eliphelele lokukhishwa kwentambo nekhebula lase-China lidlule okwase-United States emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, i-China isibe umkhiqizi omkhulu wezintambo namakhebula emhlabeni. 

Njengoba imboni yamandla yaseShayina ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, isidingo sezintambo nekhebula nazo zizokhula ngokushesha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla okuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwemboni yezintambo nezintambo makhulu.

Ukuqonda izintambo zokuxhumana

Izintambo zokuxhumana zidlala indima ebalulekile ekudluliseni idatha, futhi ezinye izinhlaka eziyisisekelo zizochazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomkhiqizo ngale mingcele.

1. imingcele yokusebenza kokudlulisela

I-bandwidth: ibhekisela kububanzi befrikhwensi lapho ikhebula ingadlulisela khona isignali ngempumelelo, ngokuvamile nge-Hertz (Hz). Uma umkhawulokudonsa umkhulu, inani eliphezulu kanye nesivinini sedatha engadluliselwa.

Ukunikezwa: Uma isignali idluliswa kukhebula, kuba nokuphelelwa amandla, futhi ukuncishiswa kubonisa izinga lokuba buthakathaka kwesignali ngesikhathi sokudlulisela, okuvame ukukalwa ngama-decibel/ubude beyunithi (dB/m noma dB/km).

I-Crosstalk: Ukugxambukela kwamasignali phakathi kwemigqa eseduze, ngokuvamile evezwa ngama-decibel. I-crosstalk eningi kakhulu izothinta ikhwalithi nokunemba kwesiginali.

Isiginali-to-noise ratio: Isilinganiso samandla esignali namandla omsindo kuma-decibel. Uma iphezulu i-SNR, iba ngcono ikhwalithi yesiginali.

2. Imingcele kagesi

I-impedance yesici: Ukuphikiswa kwesici kwekhebula kuya kumanje, ngokuvamile inani elinqunyiwe, elifana nama-ohms angu-50, ama-75 ohms, njll. Ukumataniswa kwe-impedance yesici kubaluleke kakhulu ekuzinzeni nasekuthembekeni kokudluliswa kwesignali.

capacitance: Amandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yobude bekhebula, evezwa ngo-F/m.

I-Inductance: I-inductance yekhebula ngobude beyunithi ngayinye, iboniswa ngo-H/m.

3. Imingcele ebonakalayo

Ububanzi obungaphandle: Ububanzi bangaphandle bekhebula, ngokuvamile ngamamilimitha (mm). Ububanzi obungaphandle buthinta indawo yokufaka nezintambo zekhebula.

isisindo: Isisindo sekhebula ngobude beyunithi ngayinye, sivezwa ngo-kg/m. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sokusekela lapho ikhebula liphezulu noma libekwe.

Impahla ye-sheath: Izinto zangaphandle ezivikela ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwekhebula, njenge-polyethylene, i-polyvinyl chloride, njll., izici zayo ezithinta ukumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nokugqwala, nokumelana nomlilo kwekhebula.

4. Imingcele yemvelo

Ibanga lokushisa lokusebenza: Ibanga lokushisa lapho ikhebula engasebenza khona ngokuvamile liboniswa ngamadigri Celsius.

Ukumelana nomswakama: ikhombisa ukusebenza kwekhebula endaweni enomswakama.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindinganiso zomkhiqizo nemikhiqizo, kanye nokubukeka kwazo nobukhulu, nazo zibalulekile.

Izinhlobo ezivamile zezintambo zokuxhumana

Izintambo zokuxhumana ziyizintambo ezivalekile ezisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ulwazi lukagesi (njengocingo, ucingo, imibhalo yefeksi, izinhlelo zethelevishini nezomsakazo, idatha, njll.), enothile futhi ehlukahlukene futhi engahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezihlukene.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa ngesakhiwo

Ikhebuli ye-Symmetrical: yakhiwe izintambo ezimbili ezifanayo ncamashi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, iluphu ihlukaniswe imvamisa ephezulu kanye nemvamisa ephansi. Imvamisa yokudlulisa yezintambo ze-symmetric high-frequency ifanele ukuxhumana okude. Izintambo ezilinganisa imvamisa ephansi zifanele ukuxhumana phakathi kwamabanga amafushane.

Intambo ye-coaxial: Amakhondaktha angaphakathi nangaphandle ku-eksisi efanayo akha iluphu. I-conductor yangaphandle izungeza i-conductor yangaphakathi, futhi kokubili kufakwe i-insulated. Amakhebuli angama-coaxial asetshenziswa kakhulu kumabonakude, i-broadband, nakweminye imikhakha ngenxa yebanga lawo elide lokudlulisela, ukuzinza kwesignali, nokuduma.

Intambo ye-Fiber optic: Ikhebuli esebenzisa umgomo wokubonisa ukukhanya okuphelele engilazini noma ifayibha yepulasitiki ukuze kudluliselwe isignali. Izintambo ze-fiber optic zinenzuzo yesivinini sokudlulisa ngokushesha, umthamo omkhulu, nekhono eliqinile lokulwa nokuphazamiseka, yingakho ziyingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi okuxhumana esimanje.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa ngomsebenzi

Ikhebuli yokuxhumana yendawo: Izintambo zokuxhumana ezisetshenziselwa inethiwekhi yokuxhumana yendawo, njengekhebuli yocingo noma intambo ye-broadband. Izintambo zokuxhumana zasemadolobheni ngokuvamile zifakwa kumapayipi; amanye anamathiselwe ezakhiweni noma afakwe phezulu.

Ikhebuli yokuxhumana yebanga elide: Izintambo zokuxhumana ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okude phakathi kwamadolobha. Izintambo zokuxhumana ezihamba amabanga amade zinebanga elide lokudlulisela futhi ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kabusha; eziningi zazo zigqitshwe ngokuqondile ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi ezimweni ezimbalwa, zifakwa phezulu noma ngamapayipi.

Ikhebuli yasehhovisi: Lezi zisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma uhlaka lokusabalalisa ihhovisi ku-rack noma phakathi kwama-rack. Ikhebula lasehhovisi livamise ukufakwa ohlakeni lokusabalalisa, kanti amanye afakwa kumkhombe wekhebula, osetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokudlulisa kanye nezisetshenziswa zokushintsha ehhovisi lezokuxhumana kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza zangaphakathi ehhovisi.

3. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinye izindlela

Ikhebula elendlalekile: Ikhebula lapho imigqa eminingi ihlelwa khona ngokwezendlalelo eziqondile ukuze yakhe umgogodla wekhebula.

Ikhebuli yeyunithi: Inani lamaqembu ezintambo anqwabelene noma asontelwe ngokujulile ukuze akhe iyunithi, bese esongwa abe yikhebuli eyinhloko yekhebula.

Ikhebuli ye-RF: Ikhebula elisetshenziswa njengesiphakeli ukudlulisa nokwamukela izimpondo zeziteshi zomsakazo noma njengolayini wokuxhuma wezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola i-RF.

Intambo yocingo: Intambo eguquguqukayo esetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izinto zocingo.

Ikhebuli yokuxhumana ehlanganisiwe: Ikhebuli yokuxhumana eneqembu elilodwa noma amaningi ayinhloko olayini isakhiwo sawo esihlukile kwamanye amaqembu emigqa.

4. Ukuhlukaniswa ngendlela yokubeka

Izintambo zokuxhumana nazo zinezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokubeka ezifana nephezulu, ukungcwaba okuqondile, amapayipi, kanye nangaphansi kwamanzi ukuze zivumelane nezimo nezidingo ezahlukene.

Izinselelo embonini yamakhebula okuxhumana

Imboni yezintambo zokuxhumana nayo ihlangabezane nochungechunge lwezinkinga obekudingeka zixazululwe. 

Okokuqala nje, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kanye nezinkinga zokunciphisa isignali ayikwazi indiva. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini ye-elekthronikhi efana nemikhumbi nezinhlelo zamandla, ukuphazamiseka kukazibuthe kuzothinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yokudlulisa isignali yezintambo zokuxhumana.

Ngokusho kwedatha, cishe i-10% yokwehluleka kokuxhumana komkhumbi kubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuphumela ekuncishisweni kwekhwalithi yokudlulisela isignali, okungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kokuxhumana noma ukulahlekelwa idatha, kodwa futhi kwandisa izindleko zokugcinwa kwesistimu nokulungisa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza okuphelele. 

Okwesibili, ikhwalithi yezinto ezingafanelekile enye inkinga engathi sína. Uma kusetshenziswa izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi zekhebula le-optical cable, lokhu kungaholela kalula ekwephukeni kwekhebula elikhanyayo, ukudluliswa kwesignali okungekuhle, nezinye izinkinga, akukhulisi nje kuphela izinga lokuhluleka kwekhebula le-optical futhi kuthinte ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwesistimu yokuxhumana kodwa futhi kwandise ukushintshwa nokugcinwa kwemvamisa yekhebula le-optical, okwandisa izindleko.

Izincomo zokukhetha

Le bhulogi ihlose ukusiza abahlinzeki baqonde ukubaluleka nobunkimbinkimbi bezintambo zokuxhumana ukuze benze izinqumo zokuthenga benolwazi oluthe xaxa.

Ukuze wenze lokhu, okokuqala, udinga ukucacisa izidingo eziphelele:

• Nquma isimo sokusebenzisa: Isibonelo, noma ngabe okokuxhumana kwasekhaya, ukuxhumana namahhovisi ezinkampani, ukulawulwa kwezimboni, noma ukuxhumana okude. 
• Cabangela isilinganiso sokudlulisa nezidingo zomkhawulokudonsa: Linganisa isivinini sokudlulisa esidingekayo kanye nomkhawulokudonsa ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwedatha ezodluliswa. 
• Nquma ibanga lokudlulisela: Ukudluliswa kwebanga elide kungase kudinge amakhebuli anciphisa kancane namandla esignali esinxephezelo esingcono.

Okwesibili, ukuqonda uhlobo lwekhebula kubalulekile: 

• Ipheya elisontiwe: Okujwayelekile kumanethiwekhi e-Ethernet, afana ne-CAT5, i-CAT6, njll., intengo iphansi futhi ifanele ukuxhumana okujwayelekile kwenethiwekhi yebanga elifushane. 
• Intambo ye-Fiber optic: Ifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, ibanga elide, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga umkhawulokudonsa kodwa ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zibiza ukuyifaka nokuyinakekela.

Okokugcina, naka amapharamitha okusebenza: 

• Izici zokunciphisa: Khetha amakhebuli ane-attenuation ephansi ebangeni lefrikhwensi yokusebenza ukuze uqinisekise amandla esignali. 
• Ukucindezelwa kwe-Crosstalk nomsindo: I-crosstalk ephansi nekhwalithi yesiginali yesiqinisekiso se-SNR ephezulu.

Isifinyezo

Izintambo zokuxhumana ziyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekudlulisweni kolwazi. Kulesi sikhathi esixhumeke kakhulu, ukuxhumana kwakho ngocingo kwansuku zonke, amakholi wevidiyo, noma ukudluliswa kwedatha nokwabelana ngamafayela phakathi kwamabhizinisi konke kuncike ezintambo zokuxhumana ukuze kuzuzwe ukudluliswa kolwazi oluzinzile, olusheshayo, nolunembile. 

Ngokuhlolisisa izinto eziyisisekelo, izinhlobo ezivamile, namandla emakethe yezintambo zokuxhumana, sihlose ukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho le ngxenye ebalulekile futhi sikusize ekukhetheni izinketho ezingcono kakhulu imakethe engazinikeza. 

Futhi ekugcineni, ukuze uphequlule izintambo zokuxhumana ku-inthanethi kusukela kunhlobonhlobo yabahlinzeki abathembekile, qonda ku Chovm.com.