I-Drayage: Incazelo Nezinhlobo Odinga Ukuzazi

Njengoba amahhashi engaseyona indlela yokuthutha evamile namuhla, kungase kube nzima ukucabanga ukuthi cishe emakhulwini eminyaka angu-1.5 edlule, ayesebenza njengendlela yokuthutha ebalulekile cishe yonke indawo. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1886 lapho abantu baqala khona ukuthola indlela yokuhoxisa izinsizakalo zamahhashi. Inqola yehhashi enenjini yokuqala eshintshiwe emhlabeni, ebizwa ngokuthi Daimler kanye Nenqola Yezimoto, ekugcineni yasungulwa ngalowo nyaka futhi ngokushesha yasetshenziswa njengenye indlela yokuthutha enamandla nethembekile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Nakuba amahhashi engase athathe umhlalaphansi emisebenzini yawo ebalulekile, igama elithi drayage, ekuqaleni okwakusho noma yiziphi izinto zokuhamba ezihamba amabanga amafushane kusetshenziswa amahhashi ama-dray, zisalondolozwa nanamuhla. Ezindlekweni zesimanje, nokho, ngenkathi zisamele ezokuthutha ezithatha uhambo olufushane, zihlanganisa izincazelo ezibanzi kakhulu. Qhubeka ufunde ukuze uthole incazelo yangempela ye-drayage emhlabeni wanamuhla wokuhleleka, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamadrayaji, kanye nendima yawo ekuhanjisweni kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene namuhla.

Okuqukethwe
1. Ukuqonda idrayage
2. Izinhlobo zokudonsa amanzi
3. I-Drayage kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal
4. Ukunyakaza okungenamthungo

Ukuqonda idrayage

Embonini yezokuthutha, igama elithi drayage limelela inqubo kanye nezindleko ezihambisanayo zokuthutha impahla isuka kumkhiqizi noma inqolobane iye endaweni eyisiqalo, futhi ukusuka endaweni okuyiwa kuyo ukuya endaweni yokugcina impahla. Ngamanye amazwi, i-drayage ihilela ukudluliswa kohambo olufushane kuzo zombili iziphetho zokuthunyelwa, ukuxhuma umthumeli wokuqala kutheminali yoqobo kanye nendawo okuyiwa kuyo kumamukeli wokugcina.

Ngokuphathelene nempahla yasolwandle, isibonelo esisodwa esivamile ukuthuthwa kweziqukathi zemikhumbi ngeloli ukusuka esikhumulweni sazo ukuya egcekeni lesitimela eliseduze noma isikhungo sokusabalalisa. Kodwa-ke, idrayivu ayiphathelene nokuthutha olwandle kuphela kodwa ingabandakanya izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpahla nezindlela zokuthutha, okuhlanganisa impahla yomgwaqo kanye nempahla yomoya.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudonsa kungafaka nezinqubo zokusabalalisa ezincane kakhulu eziklanyelwe imikhakha ethile, isibonelo, kuzilungiselelo ezinkulu zenxanxathela yezitolo kanye nokuhlelwa kwemicimbi. Ekusabalaliseni okudayiswayo, izinsiza zokudonsa amanzi zingase futhi zihlanganise ukulethwa kwezimpahla ezisuka endaweni yokwamukela emaphakathi ziye ezitolo zokuthengisa ngazinye ngaphakathi kwenxanxathela yezitolo. Endabeni yokuhlelwa komcimbi, i-drayage ingase futhi ihlanganise inqubo yokuthutha impahla yombukiso isuka endaweni yokugcina impahla iye kumadokodo ahlukene ngaphakathi kwesikhungo somhlangano. 

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-drayage iphinde ibhekisele ezinkokhelweni ezihilelekile ohlelweni lokudonsa. Nakuba lezi zindleko ngokuvamile ziwela phakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile, ngokuvamile azicashuniwe kusengaphambili ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kwamandla ukuboshwa futhi imali yokwehlisa imali. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi abathumeli banqume zonke izimali ezingaba khona zokudonsa amanzi ngaphambi kokukhetha umdluliseli othile.

Empeleni, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yedrayage indima yayo ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi ephakathi. Isebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokuthutha ye-intermodal ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba okushelelayo kuzo zonke izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukahlukene. Izigaba ezilandelayo zizojula ezinhlotsheni zedrayage, ezixhunywe ngaphakathi kwe-intermodal drayage njengesigaba esibanzi se-drayage, futhi zihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-drayage kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal ngemininingwane.

Izinhlobo zokudonsa

Okulandelayo yizinhlobo ezi-6 ezivame kakhulu zezinsizakalo zokudonsa ezitholakalayo emakethe manje:

Pier Drayage

Yize kwesinye isikhathi kubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi yi-port drayage, i-port drayage isho ngqo ukuthuthwa kwempahla ukuya nokubuya emachwebeni nasezindaweni eziseduze ngokuhamba amabanga amafushane. Ngokuphambene, ngenkathi futhi ihlobene nokuthuthwa kwempahla iye emachwebeni noma ezikhumulweni zolwandle, i-pier drayage ibeka ukugcizelela ezikhungweni zesitimela noma zikaloliwe. 

Ngokuyisisekelo, i-pier drayage ihilela ukuthutha iziqukathi zemikhumbi kanye nempahla ngeloli ukusuka esiteshini sesitimela noma ihabhu lesitimela ukuya endaweni yokudoba noma idokodo lechweba. Le nqubo ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kweziqukathi zokudlulisa ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi yasolwandle yamazwe ngamazwe.

I-Intra-Carrier Drayage

Njengoba igama liphakamisa, i-intra-carrier drayage iwuhlobo lwe-drayage olubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwezimpahla ngaphakathi kwezindawo eziphethwe inkampani yenethiwekhi efanayo, njengezindawo zokuthutha, amadokhu, amatheminali, noma iziteshi zezimpahla.

Ukukubeka kalula, kuyindlela yokuhamba ibanga elifushane eyenzeka ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawulwa nobunikazi benkampani yenethiwekhi efanayo. Empeleni, kunenkampani yenethiwekhi eyodwa kuphela ehilelekile, nakuba amahabhu okuthutha e-intermodal amaningi angase ambozwe.

I-Inter-Carrier Drayage

Ngokuphambene ngokuqondile ne-intra-carrier drayage, i-inter-carrier drayage ibhekisela kumasevisi ahlanganisa abathwali abaningi abahlukene. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukuthuthwa kwempahla phakathi kwemodi yezimpahla efanayo noma ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ezihlukene, njengokusuka esiteshini sesitimela ukuya endaweni yamaloli.

Ngokusho the I-Intermodal Association yaseNyakatho Melika, i-drayage ye-inter-carrier drayage iphinde ifakwe njenge-drayage enqamula idolobha, njengoba ihilela ukuthuthwa kwesitimela seyunithi ye-intermodal "ukuwela idolobha" ukuze kuqhubeke nohambo lwayo.

I-Shuttle Drayage

Nakuba i-shuttle drayage iphinde ihilele ukudluliswa kwempahla okufushane ukuya nokubuya ezindaweni zokuthutha kuzo zombili imvelaphi nendawo lapho uya khona, ihlukile kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zedrayage. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokudonsa okujwayelekile okubandakanya ukuthutha impahla isuka emachwebeni okuyiwa kuwo noma izindawo zokuthutha iyiswa ezindaweni zokugcina impahla, i-shuttle drayage iyisa impahla ezindaweni zokugcina zesikhashana ezinendawo elinganiselwe.

Ukuhlelwa kwesikhashana okunjalo kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka lapho izikhungo zezokuthutha eziyinhloko zigcwele kakhulu ukuba zingathwala umthamo owengeziwe noma zihlangabezana nokubambezeleka kokusebenza. Noma lokhu kungeza ngokusobala isinyathelo esengeziwe ochungechungeni lwezokuthutha, kuwuhlobo olubalulekile lokudonsa ukuze kulawuleke ukuchichima kwezimpahla ngenxa yokuminyana emachwebeni amatasa noma izindawo zokuthutha.

Ukukhipha Umnyango Nomnyango

Ngokufanayo ne-shuttle drayage, i-drayage yendlu ngendlu ingenye uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lokudonsa okungabandakanyi ukudluliselwa kwempahla ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla noma ezindaweni zokugcina. Kunalokho, ibonakala ngendlela yokulethwa eqondile– iletha izimpahla ngokuqondile ekhasimendeni ekugcineni zisuka endaweni okuyiwa kuyo.

Esikhumulweni semikhumbi somsuka, idrayivu yendlu ngendlu ivamise ukweqa ukugcinwa kwempahla okumaphakathi kodwa ithumela izimpahla ngqo endaweni okuyiwa kuyo ngaphambi kokuziletha ngqo kumakhasimende.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo lapho izimpahla zithunyelwa ngokuqondile kusuka esitolo somthengisi ziyiswa endaweni okuyiwa kuyo futhi kamuva kuya ekhasimendeni lokugcina nazo zihlukaniswa njengamadrayivu endlu ngendlu njengoba isici esiyinhloko sokudonsa kwendlu ngendlu kuyisici saso esichazayo sokulethwa okuqondile endaweni yekhasimende.

I-Drayage Esheshisiwe

Njengoba umuntu angase aqagele egameni layo, ukudonsa okusheshayo kuhilela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ezwela isikhathi, ephuthuma kakhulu, noma elandelwa ngokushesha. Ishesha kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinsiza ezijwayelekile zokudonsa amanzi futhi ngenxa yalokho ifaneleka kakhulu ezimpahleni ezibolayo nanoma yimuphi umthwalo onezidingo eziqinile zesikhathi.

Lapho kulandwa kuzo zombili izindawo okuyiwa kuzo nezindawo okuyiwa kuzo, ukudonsa okusheshisiwe kunikeza ukulethwa okusheshayo futhi kulungele ukuthunyelwa ngezidingo eziphuthumayo.

I-Drayage kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal

Ake sihlaziye ngokushesha ukuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngokuxhumana kwayo ne-drayage. Kafushane, ukuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal kubhekisela kunqubo yokuthutha ebandakanya izindlela zokuthutha eziningi ukusuka endaweni yokuqala ukuya endaweni yokugcina.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal kuqukethe izici ezithile ezihlukile ezikwenza kube ngaphezu kwenhlanganisela yezindlela zokuthutha ezihlukile. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuthutha impahla, ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ezihlukene kuhlanganisa amayunithi okuthumela ajwayelekile (njengamabhokisi anosayizi abajwayelekile), iyunithi evamile iphinde iqinisekise inqubo yokuthumela engenazo izinkinga futhi ebushelelezi njengoba ukupakishwa kabusha nokuhlelwa kwempahla kungancishiswa.

Sekukonke, i-drayage isiza ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwempahla okushelelayo kuzo zonke izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukahlukene ngokuxhumanisa izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukene, njengemikhumbi, amaloli, nezitimela, ngaphandle komthungo emabangeni amafushane.

Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwe-drayage kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal kusho ukunyakaza okufika ngesikhathi nangempumelelo kwezimpahla okunesikhathi esincane sokungenzi lutho, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukonke kwe-supply chain ngokunciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba nezindleko. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuphinde kube negalelo elikhulu kumaketanga okunikezela ngempahla yomhlaba wonke, athembele kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwe-intermodal ukuhambisa izimpahla zisuka kubakhiqizi abakude ziye kumakhasimende ekugcineni.

Ukunyakaza okungenamthungo

I-Drayage yitemu lezinto ezisetshenziswayo elibandakanya ukudluliselwa kohambo olufushane kuzo zombili iziphetho nezindawo oya kuzo. Ihlanganisa impahla yasolwandle, imithwalo emgwaqeni, kanye nempahla yasemoyeni, yenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngeloli kukho kokubili imvelaphi netheminali yokugcina. I-Drayage iphinde ihlanganise izinqubo ze-niche zezitolo zezitolo kanye nezimpahla zomcimbi. Nakuba ngokuvamile izinkokhelo ezivamile, ukudonsa amanzi ngokuvamile akucashuniwe kusengaphambili ngenxa yezindleko ezingase zibe khona zokuboshwa kanye nezokuhoxiswa. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi abathumeli banqume zonke izindleko ezingaba khona zokudonsa amanzi ngaphambi kokukhetha umdluliseli. Izinhlobo ezingu-6 ezijwayeleke kakhulu zokudonsa amanzi yi-pier drayage, i-intra-carrier drayage, i-inter-carrier drayage, i-shuttle drayage, i-drayage yendlu ngendlu, kanye ne-drayage esheshayo.

I-Drayage empeleni iyingxenye yokuthunyelwa kwe-intermodal, futhi ukuxhumana phakathi kwemiqondo emibili akunakuhlukaniswa, ikakhulukazi uma kuhileleke imilenze eminingi yezokuthutha. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamadrayaji zinikeza ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo okuxhuma izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukene ngempumelelo nangempumelelo.

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