Izisekelo ze-EPR kanye Nomthelela Wayo Kubathengisi

Ngokuvumelana ne idatha evela ku-ejensi yezibalo ye-European Union—EUROSTAT, ngo-2020, inani labantu base-EU lakhiqiza i-178 kg (392 lbs) yokupakisha imfucuza ngomuntu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kusatshalaliswa akulingani kakhulu phakathi kwaMazwe Angamalungu, kanti amanye akhiqiza imfucuza yokupakisha ephindwe kathathu kunamanye.

Nakuba ingenye yezomnotho ezinkulu emhlabeni, i-European Union iseyingxenye nje yezinto ezikhiqiza udoti emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi kunezinqubomgomo ezikhona zokukhawulela imfucuza kanye nokunciphisa umthelela womuntu esimweni sezulu.

Okuqukethwe
Yini Isibopho Esandisiwe Somkhiqizi (EPR)?
Isebenza kanjani i-EPR?
I-EPR: okuhle nokubi
Ingabe i-EPR iyasebenza: izibonelo ezingaphezu kwemithetho ye-EPR
Amabhizinisi angafunda kuphi okwengeziwe nge-EPR?
Isiphetho: Isibopho Esandisiwe Somkhiqizi

Yini Isibopho Esandisiwe Somkhiqizi (EPR)?

Isibopho Esinwetshiwe Somkhiqizi kuyinqubomgomo izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziyisebenzise ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, lo mkhuba wemvelo udlulisela umthwalo othile kubakhiqizi bezimpahla.

E-EU lapho kwaqala khona imithetho ye-EPR, “umkhiqizi” yilowo ohlinzeka ngezimpahla emakethe, hhayi nje ozikhiqizayo. Ikakhulukazi, i-EPR iphathelene nezigaba ezithile zezinto ezifana nokupakishwa, okogesi (WEEE), amabhethri, izimoto zokuphela kwempilo (ELV), kanye nezinto ezicaciswe kakhulu njengezinaliti zezokwelapha nemithi.

I-EPR yethulwa okokuqala eSweden ngeminyaka yawo-1990s ngombono wokuguqula omunye wesibopho sokuphathwa kwemvelo kwemikhiqizo kubakhiqizi esikhundleni sokuhlala ngokuphelele kuhulumeni, othwesa uhlelo lomphakathi umthwalo.

Muva nje, imithetho ehlobene ne-EPR e-EU isiqinile, ikakhulukazi kubakhiqizi ababamba iqhaza ezimakethe zaseJalimane naseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba umnqamulajuqu ka-2024 i-EU eyibekile yokufeza izinjongo ezithile ezihlobene nokulawulwa kwemfucuza uyasondela, kulindeleke ukuthi inani elibalulekile lamazwe angamalungu nalo lizolandela lesi sibonelo. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi kufanele bazijwayeze nezibopho zabo kusenesikhathi futhi balungiselele ukukufeza kusenesikhathi.

Ezimisweni ze-EU zokuphathwa kwemvelo, i-EPR ihambisana ne-Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (PPWD), yona eyingxenye yoMyalelo we-Waste Framework Directive (WFD).

Labo abaziyo bangathola ukufana phakathi kwe-EPR kanye nohlaka "lokuphatha umkhiqizo". Futhi ngempela, zombili izindlela zihlose ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okunesibopho, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokulahlwa empilweni yomkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile, la magama amabili asetshenziswa ngokushintshana. Noma kunjalo, sikhuluma ngohlaka oluthile lokulawula kuleli cala. Ngakho-ke sizosebenzisa igama elifanele—EPR.

Isebenza kanjani i-EPR?

Njengoba kunababambiqhaza abaningi empilweni yomkhiqizo, i-EPR ithinta amaqembu ahlukahlukene ahililekile ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwawo.

Izidingo zokuthobela i-EPR ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuwo wonke Amazwe Angamalungu e-EU. Okufanayo kuyasebenza nakububanzi balezi zinqubomgomo. Ngo-2022, nokho, iJalimane neFrance bethula izibopho ezifanayo eziqondiswe kubakhiqizi nezimakethe.

Futhi, abakhiqizi babhekisela kulabo ababeka umkhiqizo emakethe, ngisho noma bengawukhiqizi. Labo abafuna ukuthengisa eJalimane naseFrance kumele bagcwalise izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuthobela i-EPR ezweni elifanele.

Kafushane, lezi zinyathelo ziqala ngokufaka isicelo sezinombolo zokubhalisa ezihlukile zesigaba ngasinye ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo ye-EPR. Inqubo yenziwa ngokwenza isivumelwano nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Producer Responsibility Organizations (PRO)—izinhlangano ezilawula ukupakishwa okulahliwe. Kamuva, lezi zinombolo zisetshenziselwa ukuhambisa isimemezelo sesisindo esilindelekile samaphakheji umkhiqizi okufanele awabeke phakathi nonyaka. Isinyathelo sokugcina ukukhokhwa kwezimali ezifanele.

Imithetho emisha yethula izibopho ezintsha ezimakethe futhi. Okungukuthi, banesibopho sokubheka futhi baqinisekise ukuthi abakhiqizi abasebenzisa izinsizakalo zabo bayayithobela i-EPR. Uma kungenjalo, imakethe kuzomele isuse uhlu lomkhiqizo.

I-Austria ihlela ukwethula izinyathelo ezifanayo njengengxenye yemithetho ye-EPR yayo kusukela ngo-2023. Amanye amazwe angamalungu abhekana nayo ngendlela ehlukile; ngakho-ke, umthwalo wemfanelo womkhiqizi uyahlukahluka kuye ngamazwe.

I-EPR: okuhle nokubi

buhle

Inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-EPR ukuthi isiza ukuxazulula inkinga ecindezelayo yokungcoliswa kwamaphakheji. Ngokusho kuka-a umbiko we-European Organisation for Packaging and the Environment (EUROPEN), ngokusekelwe kudatha evela ku-Eurostat, ukugaywa kabusha kwephakheji e-EU kukhuphuke kusuka ku-47% kuya ku-65% ngo-1998-2012, isikhathi ngemuva kokuthi i-PPWD iqale ukusebenza. Lokhu kubalulekile emazweni ayi-15 ayengamalungu e-EU ngesikhathi leyo datha yabikwa okokuqala kuKhomishini ye-EU. Ngeshwa, kusekhona igebe elikhulu ekusebenziseni okuhloswe yiNyunyana yokuvuselela kabusha. Ngo-2019, i-Eurostat yabika ukuthi iBelgium ibihamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwama-83.5% wokupakishwa kukadoti. Kodwa-ke, iMalta ifike endaweni yokugcina ngama-33.7% kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iFinland isithole u-115% wemfucuza yayo yokupakisha, obekwenzeka ngenxa yokugcinwa nokulawulwa kwemfucuza eminyakeni edlule.

Nakuba kuwumthwalo owengeziwe wabakhiqizi, bangazuza futhi ku-EPR ngale kwenzuzo esobala yokusiza iplanethi. Lezi zinqubomgomo ziyithuba elihle kakhulu lokuthi abakhiqizi baxhumane namakhasimende abo ngemikhankaso yokufundisa nokufinyelela emphakathini mayelana nokuphathwa kwemfucuza okunesibopho. Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo semizwa yanamuhla yabathengi, egxile kakhulu ekukhetheni amabhrendi akhombisa ukukhathalela okusebenzayo nokuqotho ngendawo ezungezile.

bawo

Ukubi kwe-EPR kubakhiqizi akubalulekile kangako ngaphakathi kwe-EU njengoba kuhlobene nezintela ze-EPR, okunengqondo impela. Phela, inani eliqondile lincike enanini, isisindo, kanye nezigaba zemikhiqizo ekhokhiswa intela.

Kodwa-ke, ukuhlehla okukhulu kakhulu kunobulungiswa futhi kuphawuleka emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho ye-EPR isekude nokuvumelanisa phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu e-EU. Ngakho-ke, kuhlanganisa impilo yabakhiqizi abafuna ukuthengisa kuyo yonke imakethe ye-EU futhi kuvimbele ukufezwa kwezinjongo zemvelo ze-EU. Ukwengeza, ukungalingani kwezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu kusho ukuthi abanye abakhiqizi bangase bahlangabezane nezabelo kakhulu kunabanye kuye ngemakethe.

Ingabe i-EPR iyasebenza: izibonelo ezingaphezu kwemithetho ye-EPR

Uhlaka lwe-EPR luyisidingo sokulawula, ngakho-ke ukuqaliswa kwalo kuhlobene nezenzo ezithile ezihloselwe ukubekwa nokuphathwa kwemfucuza yokupakisha.

Isibonelo, imishini yokubuyisela ibhodlela lesiphuzo idume kakhulu emazweni aseScandinavia, okungabaholi kuwo impilo eluhlaza imizamo. Muva nje, iCoca-Cola imemezele ukuthi isiqala ukunikeza iziphuzo zayo ngamabhodlela anamakepisi asala enamathele ebhodleleni. Lokhu okusha kuhlose ukuthuthukisa ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhodlela epulasitiki.

Isibonelo esihle kakhulu se-a indlela enomthwalo wemfanelo emikhiqizweni eyithengisayo inkampani yezimpahla zangaphandle iPatagonia. Amakhasimende ayo angathumela izingubo zawo ze-Patagonia ezindala noma ezilimele enkampanini ukuze zilungiswe. Ngale ndlela, inhloso ukunciphisa ukuthengwa ngokweqile kwezingubo, okungenye inkinga ebalulekile yemvelo.

Amabhizinisi angafunda kuphi okwengeziwe nge-EPR?

Isihloko sokuthobela i-EPR sidinga ukucaciswa, futhi ku-inthanethi, umuntu angabona ukuthi abakhiqizi abaningi badidekile ngokuthi yini edingekayo kubo. Ngenhlanhla, kukhona izinsiza ezinhle ezihlinzeka ngolwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nayo yonke inqubo.

Umuntu angathola ulwazi olunjalo emakhasini eziphathimandla ezibhekene nezinqubomgomo ze-EU zemvelo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona i-European Commission kanye neziphathimandla ezifanele emazweni angamalungu. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ulwazi lapho lungase lungacaci futhi lubangele ukudideka.

Imvamisa, umthombo okulula ukuwufanisa ngamakhasi achazayo ezimakethe kanye izinhlangano ezihlobene nokuhambisana ne-EPR e-EU—njengama-PRO (Izinhlangano Ezibophezeleka Ngomkhiqizo).

Futhi ekugcineni, ezinye izinkampani zihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuthobela i-EPR kubakhiqizi, ezifana nama-ejensi wokubala. Futhi ziwumthombo wolwazi kanye nenye indlela engenzeka kubakhiqizi abafisa ukugwema ukubhekana nalesi sici sebhizinisi labo.

Isiphetho: Isibopho Esandisiwe Somkhiqizi

Imibiko yeminyaka yakamuva mayelana nesimo sendawo ezungezile iholele ekutheni umhlaba ucabange kabusha ukuthi ubhekana kanjani nokuziphatha okusebenzisayo. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemigomo emisha, eqinile, nehamba ngokushesha, izinqubomgomo ebezilokhu ziqoqa uthuli amashumi eminyaka zidlule kuzibuyekezo ezinkulu nezinhlaka ezintsha. Kulokhu, i-EU ithathe indlela yomnotho oyindilinga. Nokho, ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo kuwumsebenzi onzima.

Esinye isinyathelo okufanele sithathwe ukuvumelanisa umhlaba wonke kwezinqubomgomo njengemithetho ye-EPR. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukubamba iqhaza kwawo wonke amandla omnotho womhlaba wonke futhi kulinganise inkundla mayelana nenzuzo yokuncintisana.