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Injini yemoto eyinsimbi enesihlungi somoya

Konke Odinga Ukukwazi Ngezinjini Ezihlukahlukene Zezimoto

Izinjini zezimoto inomlando omude wokuthuthuka, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1800 lapho u-Etienne Lenoir esungula injini yokuqala yangaphakathi evuthayo. Namuhla, sezisebenza kahle ngendlela emangalisayo, zikhiqiza amandla engeziwe ngophethiloli omncane, okusiza ukunciphisa ukungcola nokukhuthaza ukusimama kwemvelo. 

Kulo mhlahlandlela ophelele, sizongena endaweni ethokozisayo ye izinjini zemoto, ehlola izinzuzo zawo eziyizinkulungwane; kusukela emandleni aluhlaza akhiqizwe izinjini zikaphethiloli kuya ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-eco-friendly kwamamotho kagesi, sizodalula ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kohlobo ngalunye, amandla, nezici ezihlukile. 

Okuqukethwe
Isabelo semakethe yenjini yezimoto nosayizi
Indlela izinjini zezimoto ezisebenza ngayo
Amalungiselelo ajwayelekile ezinjini zemoto
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamasilinda enjini
Isiphetho

Isabelo semakethe yenjini yezimoto nosayizi

Imakethe yezinjini zezimoto emhlabeni wonke ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengisa, kanye nezinsizakalo ze-aftermarket ezihlobene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinjini zezimoto. Ukuqala Kocwaningo yazisa imakethe yenjini yezimoto emhlabeni wonke ngo-2022 ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-102.89, futhi ilindele ukuthi ikhule ku-CAGR ka-2.8% isuka ngo-2023 kuya ku-2032. 

Imakethe yezinjini zezimoto ikhula kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda ukuthengiswa kwezimoto, isuka ezigidini ezingu-66.7 ngo-2021 yaya ezigidini ezingu-67.2 ngo-2022. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eqinile yokonga uphethiloli iphoqe abakhiqizi bezimoto ukuthi bagxile ekuthuthukiseni izinjini ezisebenza kahle nezithuthukile, okuholela emakethe echumayo yobuchwepheshe benjini obusha obuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye nesisi esinciphile.

Izifunda ezinesidingo esikhulu sezinjini zezimoto zifaka iNyakatho Melika, i-Asia Pacific, i-Europe, iNingizimu Melika kanye ne-Middle East. Ngo-2021, isabelo semali eNyakatho Melika sadlula ama-30%. Lesi sifunda sinomnotho othuthukile, okuhlanganisa i-United States neCanada. Ngesikhathi sokubikezela (2023 kuya ku-2032), kulindeleke ukuthi imakethe yase-Asia Pacific izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe lika-3.2%

Indlela izinjini zezimoto ezisebenza ngayo

Injini yemoto ehlanzekile

Okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenjini yemoto isethi yezingxenye ezibalulekile ezisebenza ngokuvumelana. Isibonelo, amasilinda afakwe ihange ngaphakathi kwebhulokhi yenjini, lapho ukusha okulawulwayo kwenzeka khona. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-piston atholakala phakathi kwala masilinda anyakazisa mpo, adala amandla abalulekile. Ukudlulisa la mandla kusuka kuma-piston kuya ku-crankshaft ama-rod axhumayo, aguqula ukunyakaza komugqa kube okujikelezayo. Ekugcineni, ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwama-valve, okuqondiswa yi-camshaft, kulawula ukungena nokuphuma kwamafutha kanye namagesi okukhipha ngaphakathi kwamasilinda.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukungenisa umoya

Lapho injini isebenza, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukungena komoya okufanele kuqala. Lokhu kufezwa ngokudweba umoya nge-multifold intake valve elawula ukugeleza komoya ongena enjinini. Ukuze kugcinwe umoya ohlanzekile futhi ongenawo ukungcola, izihlungi zomoya zisiza ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni ukuvutha okulungile. Ukwengeza, izinjini ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zingasebenzisa ama-intercoolers ukupholisa i-exhaust, ukukhulisa ivolumu, nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle komlilo.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Umjovo wamafutha

Umjovo wamafutha wuhlelo oluqondile oluletha uphethiloli kumasilinda enjini. Isilinda ngasinye sinomjovo okhethekile ofafaza uphethiloli enkungwini ecolekile emoyeni ongenayo. Namuhla, izinjini eziningi zisebenzisa amasistimu e-electronic fuel injection (EFI), alungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo inani likaphethiloli elethwa ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nomthwalo wenjini, isivinini, nezinga lokushisa. 

Lobu buchwepheshe obusha buholela ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, ukwehlisa umoya, nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kukonke kwenjini uma kuqhathaniswa namasistimu e-carbureted aphelelwe yisikhathi. Ezinye izinjini zize zifake umjovo kaphethiloli oqondile, lapho uphethiloli ujovwa khona ngqo endaweni evuthayo ukuze usebenze kahle.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Ukucindezela

Njengoba i-piston ihambela phezulu kusilinda, icindezela ingxube yamafutha omoya, inyuse umfutho kanye nezinga lokushisa. Lokhu kudala izimo ezifanele zokuvutha. Isilinganiso sokucindezela, esiqhathanisa umthamo wesilinda ekushayeni kwawo okuphansi uma uqhathaniswa naphezulu, siyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenjini. Izinjini zikadizili, ikakhulukazi, zincike ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kwezilinganiso zokuvutha kokucindezela, lapho izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lomoya lilodwa lithungela uphethiloli.

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Ignition

Ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, i-spark plug idlala indima ebalulekile ngokudala inhlansi kagesi ethungela ingxube yesibaseli somoya. Le nhlansi ikhiqizwa lapho i-current igeleza phakathi kwegebe le-spark plug. Isikhathi sale nhlansi silawulwa ngokucophelela yi-electronic control unit (ECU) yenjini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinjini zikadizili azithembeli kuma-spark plug ukuze zithungele. Esikhundleni salokho, zithola ukuthungela ngokushisa okuphezulu okubangelwa ukucindezelwa, okubangela ukusha okuzenzakalelayo kukaphethiloli wedizili ojovwe.

Isinyathelo sesi-5: Ukushaywa kwamandla

Ngemva kokushisa, amagesi avela ekushiseni akhula ngokushesha, okuphoqa i-piston ukuba iye phansi kusilinda. Lokhu kunyakaza kudluliselwa ku-crankshaft, okuyiguqule ibe ukunyakaza okujikelezayo. Kungalesi sikhathi sokushaywa kwamandla lapho imoto ikwazi ukuqhubekela phambili. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu phakathi nale nqubo kubalulekile ukuze kube nemiphumela emihle injiniukusebenza kanye nokonga kukaphethiloli njengoba noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa noma ukungasebenzi kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwemoto kukonke.

Isinyathelo sesi-6: I-Exhaust stroke

Lapho ibuyela emuva, i-valve yokukhipha umoya iyavuleka ngemva kokushaywa kwamandla kwepiston. Amagesi e-exhaust ashile aphuma ngaphandle injini ngokusebenzisa i-exhaust njengoba i-piston ihlehla iye phezulu kusilinda. Amagesi e-exhaust aqala athwalwa ngeshubhu ngokusebenzisa i-exhaust manifold, lapho ehamba khona ngepayipi le-exhaust futhi ekugcineni adedelwe emoyeni ongaphandle. 

Ukuze sijule kule symphony yomshini, sizohlola izigaba ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwezinjini zezimoto kanye nokuhlelwa kwamasilinda enjini ahlukahlukene. Lezi zingxenye zisebenza njengabangane ababalulekile ekuqondeni kwethu ukuthi izinjini zezimoto zisebenza kanjani.

Ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwezinjini zezimoto kusikhanyisela ekuhlelweni kwezinjini ezivamile, kucacisa ukuthi izingxenye okukhulunywe ngazo ekuqaleni zihlangana kanjani ezimweni zomhlaba wangempela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlelwa kwamasilinda enjini okuhlukahlukene kuzongena ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene okungase kwamukeleke, kuchaza kabanzi ngokuthi lawa malungiselelo akuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kwenjini, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kukonke. 

Amalungiselelo ajwayelekile ezinjini zemoto

Ukuthi imoto inohlelo olujwayelekile lwenjini kuncike ekusebenzeni kahle kwesikhala, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo, nokusebenza kahle. Okuvame kakhulu ukuhleleka kwenjini yangaphambili, i-front-wheel drive. Kodwa-ke, injini yangaphambili, idrayivu yamasondo angemuva inikeza ukuphatha okungcono kodwa idela isikhala sangaphakathi. Izakhiwo zenjini yangemuva azivamile kangako kodwa zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile, njengokunyakaziswa okuthuthukisiwe ezimweni ezithile zokushayela. Ukukhethwa kokuhlelwa kuncike ekusetshenzisweni okuhlosiwe kwemoto kanye nokuklama okubalulekile.

1. Izakhiwo zenjini esemgqeni

Izakhiwo zenjini esemgqeni zihlela amasilinda ngomugqa oqondile, ngokulandelana. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuvame ukubonakala ku izinjini ezine-cylinder, lapho amasilinda ebekwe emgqeni owodwa. Izinjini ezisemgqeni zikhethwa ngenxa yedizayini yazo eqondile, usayizi ohlangene, nokusebenza okulingana kahle. Amamodeli amele i-Honda Civic (injini ye-inline yamasilinda amane) kanye ne-BMW 3 Series (izinjini ezine-cylinder ezine neziyisithupha).

buhle

  • Idizayini elula nezingxenye ezimbalwa
  • Usayizi ohlangene nokusebenza kahle kwesikhala
  • Ukusebenza okulinganiselayo

bawo

  • Amandla anomkhawulo uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye ukucupha
  • Ukudlidliza okuthile ngenxa yokuhlelwa okusemgqeni
  • Izinselelo emaphaketheni, ikakhulukazi emiklamo ethile yezimoto

2. Izakhiwo zenjini eziqondile

Izakhiwo zenjini eqondile, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinjini ezingaphakathi komugqa, ziqukethe amasilinda ahlelwe ngomugqa owodwa, njengezakhiwo zenjini esemgqeni. Kodwa-ke, izinjini eziqondile zivame ukuba namasilinda angaphezu kwamane, esikhundleni salokho ziqhayisa ayisithupha noma ayisishiyagalombili. Lolu hlelo luqinisekisa ukulingana okuhle kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokulethwa kwamandla okuhle kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezimele iBMW 5 Series kanye ne-Audi A8.

buhle

  • Ibhalansi enhle kakhulu nokusebenza okushelelayo ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwe-inline yamasilinda
  • Ukulethwa kwamandla okuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekucushweni okunamasilinda ayisithupha noma ayisishiyagalombili, njengoba kubonakala ku-BMW 5 Series kanye ne-Audi A8.
  • Idizayini elula nezingxenye ezimbalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinjini ezinamasilinda amaningi

bawo

  • Ingase idinge indawo enenjini enwetshiwe ukuze ifake amasilinda engeziwe
  • Amanye amamodeli angase abe nokudlidliza okukhuphukile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhiwo zenjini
  • Isikhala esilinganiselwe sezisekeli ezithile noma izingxenye ngenxa yohlelo olude

3. V injini izakhiwo

Lezi zinjini zibonakala ngamasilinda ahlelwe ngamabhange amabili noma "ama-vees" e-engeli komunye nomunye. I-engeli ethile phakathi kwamabhange ingahluka, futhi okuhlukile okudumile kufaka phakathi izinjini ze-V6, V8, ne-V12. Lesi sakhiwo sinika amandla ukwakheka okuhlangene, ukulinganisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle. Izinhlobo ezimele i-Mercedes-Benz C-Class (injini ye-V6), i-Chevrolet Corvette (injini ye-V8), ne-Aston Martin DB11 (injini ye-V12).

buhle

  • Idizayini ehlangene nokufakwa kalula emabay enjini
  • Ibhalansi yemvelo yokusebenza kahle kwenjini
  • Inikeza okukhipha amandla okuhle kakhulu nokuvumelana nezimo

bawo

  • Ukwanda kobunzima ekukhiqizeni nasekunakekeleni
  • Yehlisa kancane ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kwezinye izimo
  • Izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme ngenxa yokwanda kobunzima

4. Izakhiwo zenjini eyisicaba

Izakhiwo zezinjini eziyisicaba, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinjini eziphikisayo ezivundlile, zifaka amasilinda amiswe avundlile nhlangothi zombili ze-crankshaft. Lokhu kulungiselelwa okuyingqayizivele kubangela isikhungo esiphansi sokudonsela phansi, okuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokubamba. Isicaba izinjini zivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni ezifana nezimoto zezemidlalo ze-Porsche (isb. i-Porsche 911 enenjini eyisicaba-six) kanye nezinjini ze-Subaru Boxer (isb. i-Subaru Impreza enenjini eyisicaba-ezine), ikhombisa izinzuzo zazo ngokusebenza nokulawula.

buhle

  • Isikhungo esiphansi se-gravity sisiza ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokubamba
  • Ukusebenza nokulawula okuthuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi ezimotweni zezemidlalo njengePorsche 911
  • Umklamo ohlangene uvumela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwendawo, njengoba kubonakala ku-Subaru Impreza

bawo

  • Okungenzeka kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza nokuyinakekela
  • Isikhala esilinganiselwe sezingxenye ezithile ngenxa yomklamo ohlangene
  • Izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphakeme kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhiwo

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamasilinda enjini

Isilinda yilapho uphethiloli nomoya kuhlangana khona, kuthungele, futhi kudale amandla aqhubeza imoto. Isibalo nokuhleleka kwamasilinda odabeni lwenjini ngoba kuthinta indlela injini esebenza ngayo, ukuthi ingakhiqiza amandla angakanani, isebenza kahle kangakanani, ngisho nendlela injini ebukeka ngayo futhi ingena ngayo emotweni. Isakhiwo ngasinye sinezinzuzo kanye nezinkinga zayo.

1. Izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu

Amakhanda e-cylinder enjini yemoto

Ukwenyuka kokuthandwa kwama-cylinder amathathu izinjini zemoto kungase kubangelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwazo okunokulinganisela kokusebenza nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Ijwayele ukutholakala ezimotweni ezihlangene ngisho nakumamodeli asebenza kahle kakhulu njengeFord Fiesta (1.0L EcoBoost), iMini Cooper (1.5L Turbo), neBMW i8 (hybrid), ukumiswa kwamasilinda amathathu kushayisana phakathi kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle, nokubumbana. 

Ngomnotho othuthukisiwe kaphethiloli, lezi zinjini ziletha amandla amaningi ezidingweni zokushayela zansuku zonke, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okukhangayo kulabo abafuna inhlanganisela efanele yokusebenza nokusebenza kahle.

buhle

  • Inhlanganisela elinganiselayo yamandla nokusebenza kahle, ebhekelela izidingo ezihlukahlukene zokushayela
  • Ukuncipha kokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kukaphethiloli nokonga izindleko
  • Ukwakhiwa okuncane nokulula kuthuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo nokubamba, kuzenze zilungele izimoto ezihlangene kanye nokushayela emadolobheni

bawo

  • Ingase ibe namandla aphansi kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini ezinkulu ezinamasilinda amaningi
  • Amasilinda ambalwa angaholela ekudlidlizeni okuphawuleka kakhudlwana phakathi nokusebenza, nakuba le nkinga iye yancishiswa ngemiklamo yesimanje.
  • Nakuba zifanelekela ukushayela kwansuku zonke, zingase zingabi ezilungele ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zezemidlalo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu noma ezimweni ezinzima.

2. Izinjini ezine-cylinder

Umakhenikha uqaqa ibhulokhi yenjini

Izinjini ezine-cylinder zidumile ngokulinganisela kwazo okuvumelana phakathi kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, nosayizi ohlangene. Lezi zinjini zivame ukutholakala kuma-sedans, ama-SUV, nama-hatchbacks, okukhombisa ukuhlukahluka kwazo. 

Zidume ngokusebenziseka nokusebenza kahle, izinjini ezinamasilinda amane ziletha amandla anele ohambo lwansuku zonke kuyilapho zilondoloza ukonga kukaphethiloli okuncomekayo. Izinhlobo ezimele iHonda Civic, eyaziwa ngokuthembeka nokusebenza kahle kuphethiloli, iToyota Camry enezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinjini ezingama-cylinder amane, kanye neVolkswagen Golf, enconywa ngendlela ethokozisayo yokushayela nokuhlangana kahle kokusebenza kwayo nokonga kuphethiloli.

buhle

  • Ibhalansi evumelanayo phakathi kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, nobukhulu obuhlangene
  • Ivame kakhulu kuma-sedans, ama-SUV, nama-hatchbacks, ahlinzeka ngezinhlobo zezimoto ezahlukahlukene
  • Amandla anele ohambo lwansuku zonke nowonga uphethiloli oncomekayo

bawo

  • Ingase intule amandla nokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini ezinkulu, okukhawulela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu
  • Kwezinye izimo, ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe enjini kungase kubangele ukunciphisa isikhathi eside
  • Ezimweni ezithile zomthwalo osindayo, ingase ibonise i-torque enciphile uma iqhathaniswa nezinjini ezinkulu ezinamasilinda amaningi.

3. Izinjini zamasilinda ayisithupha

Injini ye-V6 ene-crankshaft namapiston

Izinjini zamasilinda ayisithupha zibhekwa kahle ngokusebenza kwazo okuthembekile nokuqinile. Zitholakala ezimotweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ama-sedans, ama-SUV, nezimoto zezemidlalo, okwenza kube nebhalansi phakathi kwamandla nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kanye nokunikeza ulwazi lokushayela oluthuthukisiwe. Izinhlobo ezimele zihlanganisa i-BMW 3 Series, eyaziwa ngokushintshashintsha kokushayela kwe-sporty, i-Toyota Highlander, enikeza inketho yeSUV ephakathi nendawo ebushelelezi, kanye ne-Ford Mustang, ngezinjini zabo ezinamandla ezinamasilinda ayisithupha ezinikeza abathanda ukusebenza.

buhle

  • Ukusebenza okuqinile namandla engeziwe okushayela okunomoya
  • Ukuhlukahluka ngezinhlobo zezimoto ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-sedans, ama-SUV, nezimoto zezemidlalo, njll.
  • Ukusebenza okushelelayo nokudlidliza okuncishisiwe ngenxa yamasilinda engeziwe

bawo

  • Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphezulu, okuholela ezindlekweni ezingase zibe phezulu zokusebenza
  • Izindleko eziphakeme uma ziqhathaniswa nezinketho zenjini ezincane
  • Ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli okulinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi ekushayeleni uma usuka uye edolobheni

4. Eight-plus cylinder izinjini

I-Hongyan SFH Cursor 9 injini yedizili

Izinjini ezingamasilinda ayisishiyagalombili zinikeza amandla akhethekile, azenza adume ezimotweni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ezimotweni zikanokusho namaloli. Banikeza ulwazi olujabulisayo lokushayela ngamandla amakhulu amahhashi kanye ne-torque kodwa zisebenzisa uphethiloli owengeziwe futhi zinezindleko eziphezulu zokukhiqiza. Amamodeli amele iLamborghini Aventador (V12), Mercedes-Benz S-Class (V8), kanye neChevrolet Silverado (V8).

buhle

  • Amandla aphezulu wamahhashi kanye ne-torque yokusheshisa nokusebenza okumangazayo
  • Idume ezinhlotsheni zezimoto ezahlukahlukene, njengezimoto zezemidlalo, ama-sedans aphambili, namaloli
  • Ubuningi bamasilinda bunikeza ukusheshisa okuguquguqukayo nokuba khona okuyalayo

bawo

  • Ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kukaphethiloli kuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokusebenza
  • Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kanye nezingxenye ezengeziwe kubangela izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu
  • Ukwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nesisi esikhiswayo kungase kube nesizinda esikhulu semvelo

Isiphetho 

Uhlobo ngalunye lokucushwa kwenjini lunezinzuzo eziyingqayizivele eziklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto ezihlukene, kusukela ezinjinini ezihlangene nezisebenza kahle zamasilinda amabili ukuya kweziqinile nezinamandla ezingamasilinda ayisishiyagalombili. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubeka phambili ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, ukusebenza okuphezulu, noma ibhalansi phakathi kwakho kokubili, kunohlobo lwenjini oluhlangabezana nezidingo zakho ezithile. Ukuze uhlole kabanzi indawo yezinjini zezimoto, vakashela Chovm.com futhi uphequlule izinkulungwane zemikhiqizo yezimoto nezingxenye. 

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