I-FCA Incoterms: Umhlahlandlela Owenziwe Lula Ozofuna Ukuwuhlola

Ukuze kube lula nokwaneliseka kwekhasimende, izinkampani eziningi eziqashisa ngezimoto ziqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ilungiselwe ikhasimende ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ifakwa uphethiloli, iyahlinzekwa ngesevisi, futhi iyatholakala endaweni emisiwe yokulandwa kuyo. Ngohlelo olunjalo, izinkampani eziqashisa izimoto zikhawulela izibopho zazo endaweni yokuthatha uma ikhasimende selihambile.

Ezweni lika Imigomo Yentengiso Yamazwe Ngamazwe (Incoterms), i-FCA (Inkampani Yenethiwekhi Yamahhala) i-Incoterm isebenza ngendlela efanayo, njengoba imisebenzi yomthengisi iphela lapho izimpahla zilethwa endaweni ecacisiwe, zilungele ukuthi inkampani yenethiwekhi ithathe.

Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole incazelo ye-FCA, izibopho ezibalulekile nezibopho zezimali kokubili umthengisi nomthengi ngaphansi kwe-FCA kanye nomthelela we-FCA kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi nokwenza izinqumo lapho ukhetha i-FCA njengomthengi.

Okuqukethwe
Ukuqonda FCA Incoterms
Izibopho ezibalulekile kanye nezibopho zezimali
Umthelela we-FCA ekuthumeleni nasekukhetheni i-FCA njengomthengi
Inkululeko ekulawuleni izinto

Ukuqonda FCA Incoterms

I-FCA, noma inkampani yenethiwekhi yamahhala, umthetho we-Incoterm obeka isibopho kumthengisi ukuletha izimpahla endaweni ekhethwe umthengi, kungaba ezakhiweni zomthengisi noma kwenye indawo eshiwo. Umdayisi futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokumboza zonke izidingo zemvume yokuthumela ngaphandle. Uma indawo eshiwo isendaweni yomthengisi, ingozi idluliselwa kumthengi uma izimpahla sezilayishiwe kumthwali ohlelwa umthengi. Kodwa-ke, uma izimpahla zizolethwa endaweni ehlukile, ingozi ingase idluliselwe kumthengi lapho izimpahla sezilungele ukulayishwa kumthwali, noma ingase idluliselwe lapho ilethwa kunoma yimuphi omunye umamukeli oqokiwe ngumthengi.

I-FCA isebenza kuzo zonke izindlela zokuthutha, okwenza imisebenzi yomthengi ibe lula njengoba kuwumthwalo womthengisi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zilungiselelwa ukuthuthwa ngamazwe ngamazwe, nemisebenzi yokukhipha intela ethunyelwa ngaphandle iqediwe. Abathengi babe sebethatha imisebenzi esele ukuze baphathe inqubo yokungenisa ngokufanele.

Sekukonke, ngokombono wokusatshalaliswa kwesibopho esiyinhloko, i-FCA ingenye yemithetho ye-Incoterm elinganiselayo ehlukanisa ngokucacile izindima zokuthekelisa nokungenisa phakathi komthengisi nomthengi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi i-FCA ku-Incoterms 2020 ihlanganisa isibuyekezo esibalulekile senqubo uma kuqhathaniswa nenguqulo yayo yango-2010 ngenxa yokwengezwa kweMithetho Yokuthwalwa Kwempahla enombhalo osebhodini, okuzoxoxwa ngawo ngokujulile kamuva ngaphansi kwesigaba esihlanganisa umthelela we-FCA ekuthumeleni.

Izibopho ezibalulekile kanye nezibopho zezimali

Izibopho zomthengisi nezibopho zezimali

Isibopho esibaluleke kakhulu nesiyisisekelo sabathengisi abangaphansi kwe-FCA ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla ziyasulwa ukuze zithunyelwe ngaphandle futhi zilethwe endaweni ethile eshiwo ngabathengi. Eqinisweni, indawo emisiwe yokulethwa lapha kufanele icaciswe kuze kufike endaweni enembile yokulethwa ngaphakathi kwendawo eshiwo ukuze kunqandwe noma yiziphi izingxabano mayelana nezingozi eziqondile nendawo yokudlulisela izindleko.

Yonke imisebenzi nemicikilisho ehlobene nokugunyazwa kwezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, okuhlanganisa imibhalo nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kusizwe abathengi ukuhlela izinto zokuhamba kanye nomshwalense, kufanele isingathwe abadayisi ukuze basekele ukuxhumanisa izinto ezingenazihibe kuze kufike endaweni eshiwo. Umthengisi kumele futhi abe nesibopho sokupakishwa nokumaka izimpahla ukuze aqinisekise ukuphepha komkhiqizo kulo lonke uhambo, kungakhathaliseki izindlela zokuthutha nezimo.

Ngokuvumelana nalezi zibopho, izibopho zezimali zomthengisi ngaphansi kwe-FCA zimboza zonke izindleko ezihlobene nokugunyazwa kokuthekelisa, ukupakisha, ezokuthutha, kanye nanoma yimiphi imisebenzi ehlobene nezintela ezifika endaweni ebekiwe. Ngamafuphi, umthwalo wezindleko wabathengisi ngaphansi kwe-FCA Incoterm uhlanganisa zonke izindleko zokuphatha nezokuthutha, njengokuhlinzeka ngobufakazi bokulethwa kumthengi kuze kufike endaweni eshiwo, kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindleko ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezicacisiwe zomthengi.

Izibopho zomthengi nezibopho zezimali

Nakuba i-FCA Incoterm ibhekwa njengokulinganisela ngokusesilinganisweni ngokwezibopho ezibalulekile kanye nezibopho zezimali phakathi komthengisi nomthengi, amalungiselelo enqola eyinhloko, kuhlanganise nezindleko ezihambisanayo kanye nemithetho yokungenisa ehilelekile phakathi nenqubo yokugunyazwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimpahla zingangena ngokusemthethweni ezweni okuyiwa kulo, zonke zibekwe ngaphansi kwezibopho zomthengi.

Ngamanye amazwi, abathengi kufanele futhi baphathe yonke imithwalo yemfanelo ehlobene nokungenisa kanye nokuhlola ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela ngokugcwele imithetho yezwe okuyiwa kuyo. Abathengi badinga ukuhlela inqola enkulu kanye nezinto zokuhamba ezilandelayo, kanye nokulawula ubungozi obuhilelekile. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, umthengi kufanele futhi amukele ubufakazi obuhlinzekwe ngumthengisi ngesimo sokulethwa kwezimpahla kuze kufike endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi ukulethwa.

Ngokuqondana nalezi zibopho, abathengi badinga ukubophezeleka kuzo zonke izindleko zokuhamba zangemuva kokulethwa uma izimpahla sezilethiwe endaweni eqanjwe igama lokulethwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindleko ezinkulu zokuhamba, izindleko zetheminali, izimali zokulayisha, kanye nazo zonke izibopho zezimali zangemuva kwenqola. Ngokuyisisekelo, umthengi udinga ukukhokhela zonke izindleko zokuthutha izimpahla zisuka lapho zilethwa khona ziye endaweni yokugcina, okuhlanganisa nemithetho ehlobene yokungenisa neyokuthutha, efana nokuvunyelwa kwentela, amalayisense okungenisa (uma kudingeka), kanye nezintela zokungenisa kanye nezibopho.

Esimeni lapho kukhona ezinye izindleko ezengeziwe ezivela esicelweni somthengi sosizo lomthengisi ukuze athole imibhalo ethile edingekayo yenqubo yokulethwa noma ngenxa yokwehluleka komthengi ekuqokeni inkampani yenethiwekhi, umthengi kufanele futhi abe nesibopho sokubuyisela izindleko ezifanele kumthengisi noma ukumboza lezi zindleko ezengeziwe ngokufanele.

Umthelela we-FCA ekuthumeleni nasekukhetheni i-FCA njengomthengi

Umthelela we-FCA ekuthunyelweni

Lapho kuxoxwa ngomthelela we-FCA ekuthumeleni, umuntu angahlaziya imithelela yayo kusukela kumbono womthengisi noma womthengi. Umthelela obaluleke kakhulu wesimiso se-FCA Incoterms 2020 kubathengisi ukutholakala kwendlela yokuzikhethela evumela umthengi ukuthi ayalele inkampani yakhe yenethiwekhi ukuthi ikhiphe isikweletu somthwalo esinombhalo osebhodini oya kumthengisi, obungatholakali kunguqulo yangaphambilini ye-Incoterms 2010.

Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kwale ndlela yokuzikhethela esanda kungezwa kubathengisi, kubalulekile ukuqonda injongo yencwadi yomthwalo wemfanelo enombhalo osebhodini kanye nobudlelwano bayo nezimfuneko zenkontileka noma zebhange, njengencwadi yesikweletu. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-in-board bill of lading, i-bill of lading enenothi esebhodini ngokuvamile iyadingeka ukuze kufezwe izidingo zencwadi yesikweletu. Ukuze incwadi yesikweletu isebenze njengendlela yesiqinisekiso sokukhokha esikhishwe ibhange lomthengi kumthengisi, umthengisi kufanele ethule incwadi yesikweletu engaphakathi ebhodini njengobufakazi bokuthi izimpahla zilayishwe emkhunjini.

Ngaphambi kokuthi kusetshenziswe le ndlela yokuzikhethela, ukukhishwa kwebhili yomthwalo ebhodini ngaphansi kwe-FCA kungaba inselele impela. Ngokomthetho ojwayelekile we-FCA, ukudiliva kubhekwa njengokuqediwe ngisho nangaphambi kokuba izimpahla zilayishwe emkhunjini, inqobo nje uma zinikezwa umthengi noma inkampani yenethiwekhi yomthengi. 

Ngaphansi kwendlela entsha yokuzikhethela manje, ngokusekelwe emiyalweni evela kumthengi, inkampani yenethiwekhi ingakhipha ibhili yokulayisha engaphakathi kumthengisi uma izimpahla sezilayishwe emkhunjini. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le ndlela yokuzikhethela ingase ibangele ubunzima obuthile kumthengisi ngokwezinsuku, njengoba idethi yokulethwa komhlaba kanye nedethi elayishiwe ebhodini nakanjani izohluka.

Okokugcina, njengoba abathengi bengakhetha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthutha ngaphansi komthetho we-FCA, baphinde babe nokulawula okukhulu ekukhetheni abathwali ababathandayo nabahlinzeki bempahla kusukela endaweni yokulethwa. Izingxabano ezingaba khona phakathi kwabathengisi nabathengi zingancishiswa kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-FCA futhi njengoba imithetho iza namaphoyinti acacile wokudlulisa ubungozi phakathi kwabathengisi nabathengi.

Ukukhetha i-FCA njengomthengi

Ngisho noma izibopho ezibalulekile zabathengisi nabathengi zingase zingacaci ngokushesha egameni layo—Inkampani Yenethiwekhi Yamahhala (FCA)—i-Incoterm enikeza abathengi inkululeko ebalulekile yokukhetha abathwali nezindlela zokuthutha, okuyenza ibe inketho ekahle kubathengi abafuna ukulawula okungeziwe phezu kwezinto zokuhamba. 

Lokhu kusho futhi ukuthi abathengi bakhululekile ukwenza ngokwezifiso izinhlelo zabo zokuthutha ngokwezidingo zabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okwenqola enkulu noma zonke ezinye izinhlelo zokudiliva ezilandelayo. Ngazo zonke lezi zimo, abathengi futhi banethuba eliphezulu lokunciphisa izindleko zokuthutha zizonke ngokusebenzisa imigomo yenqola okuxoxiswene ngayo kangcono njengoba belawula inqwaba yohambo lokuthutha.

Ukwengeza, njengoba abathengi yibona abaphethe imvume yokungena ngaphansi kwe-FCA, abathengi abajwayelene nezinqubo zokungenisa bangagxila ekuvunyelweni kwempahla ngaphandle kokukhathazeka nganoma yiziphi izinkinga ezihlobene nokuthekelisa, ngaleyo ndlela bathole ukulawulwa okungcono kokusebenza nobungozi kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthumela.

Ekugcineni, lapho ukhetha umthetho we-Incoterm, inkampani yenethiwekhi etholakalayo, nezinketho zemodi yezimpahla, ukusebenza kahle kokulawula ukusebenza, kanye nezindleko eziphelele kanye nezingozi ezihilelekile kufanele kube phakathi kokucatshangelwa okuyinhloko kwabathengi. Kusukela kule mibono, i-FCA Incoterms isebenza njengecebo lokukhetha elinikeza ukuguquguquka kwabathengi, njengoba abathengi bekhululekile ukukhetha nokuphatha inkampani yabo yenethiwekhi kanye nenqubo yokuthumela ngenkathi begcina ukulawula phezu kweningi lezinto zokuhamba ngaphansi kwe-FCA.

Inkululeko ekulawuleni izinto

Ngaphansi kwe-FCA, abathengisi banesibopho esigcwele senqubo yokugunyazwa kokuthekelisa futhi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi izimpahla zilethwa endaweni ethile yokulethwa okuvunyelwene ngayo nabathengi, okuhlanganisa zonke izintela zokuthumela ngaphandle ezihlobene, imisebenzi, nazo zonke izindleko ezihlobene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathengi banikezwe umsebenzi wemfanelo kanye nezindleko zakho konke ukulethwa okulandelayo uma izimpahla sezamukelwe endaweni eqanjwe igama, okuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi ehlobene yokukhipha nokukhipha imvume kanye nezimali ezikhokhwayo, kanye nezintela nezintela ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Sekukonke, abathengi bangazuza ku-FCA ngokwemibandela yokuguquguquka ekukhetheni izindlela zabo zokuhamba abazithandayo, abathwali, nabahlinzeki bezinto zokuhamba. 

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