Indlela Ukukhiqiza Umanyolo Okuwukhiye Wokuvikeleka Kokudla

Njengamanje umhlaba ubhekene nenkinga enkulu yokudla. Cishe 345 abayizigidi ezingu abantu babhekene namazinga aphezulu okuntuleka kokudla ngo-2023, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili inani lango-2020. Le nkinga yokudla ingahlotshaniswa nezici ezihlukahlukene, ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, izingxabano, isomiso, kanye namanani aphezulu kamanyolo namandla.

Inani eliphezulu labantu abathintwe yinkinga yokudla lifuna izixazululo ezingokoqobo, njengokwanda kokukhiqizwa kukamanyolo. Umanyolo hlinzeka izitshalo ngemisoco edingekayo ukuze kukhule futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nesivuno sezitshalo. 

Le bhulogi ihlola izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukwenziwa kukamanyolo okungasiza ngazo ukubhekana nenkinga yenkinga yokudla.  

Okuqukethwe
Uhlolojikelele lwenkinga yokudla emhlabeni wonke
Izindlela zokukhiqiza umanyolo ezingaxazulula inkinga yokudla
Izifundo zokwenziwa komanyolo nokusetshenziswa kwazo
Isiphetho

 Uhlolojikelele lwenkinga yokudla emhlabeni wonke

IWorld Food Programme (WFP) ilinganisela lokho 783 abayizigidi ezingu abantu babhekene nendlala engapheli, okuwukwanda kwezigidi ezingu-200 kusukela ngo-2020. I-World Health Organization ibika ukuthi cishe 29.6% yenani labantu emhlabeni wonke (abantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.4) abanakho ukufinyelela kokudla njalo. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-3.1 (amaphesenti angu-42 abantu emhlabeni wonke) abakwazi ukukhokhela ukudla okunempilo.

Nakuba inkinga yokudla iyinkinga yomhlaba wonke, ezinye izindawo zimbi kakhulu kunezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, indlala iye yehla e-Asia naseLatin America, nakuba isaqhubeka iphikelela e-Afrika. Umuntu oyedwa kwabahlanu e-Afrika ubhekene nendlala, okuyisilinganiso esiphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso somhlaba wonke. Cishe 129,000 abantu kulindeleke ukuthi babhekane nendlala emazweni ahlukene, okubalwa iSouth Sudan, iMali, iBurkina Faso, neSomalia. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-70% abahlaselwe yindlala bahlala ezindaweni ezikhungethwe yizimpi. 

Umanyolo uthuthukisa ngempumelelo isivuno nekhwalithi yezitshalo

Umanyolo unikeza izitshalo imisoco edingekayo njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, ekhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno. Umanyolo we-nitrogen usetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuvunda kwenhlabathi, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukuthuthukisa i-photosynthesis, nokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll. Umanyolo we-Phosphate usetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwesitshalo, ukukhuthaza ukumila kwezimbali nokuqhakaza, ukwenza iziqu zesitshalo namagatsha aqine kakhudlwana, futhi kusheshiswe isivinini sokuvuthwa kwesithelo. Umanyolo we-Potassium usetshenziselwa ukwenza iziqu zesitshalo zibe namandla, uthuthukise ukumelana kwazo nezifo, izinambuzane, nesomiso, futhi uthuthukise izinga lezithelo. Ngakho-ke, umanyolo uyindlela ebalulekile yokwandisa isivuno sokusanhlamvu.

Izindlela zokukhiqiza umanyolo ezingaxazulula inkinga yokudla

IBhange Lomhlaba lihlonza ukukhuphuka kwezulu nokuguquguquka amanani kamanyolo njengosongo olukhulu ekuvikelekeni kokudla. Ngokunjalo, iWFP ikhomba ukuthi ukwenyuka kwentengo kamanyolo kuholele ekutheni ukukhiqizwa kwehlile zommbila, irayisi, ubhontshisi wesoya, nokolweni, okuzoholela kancane kancane enkingeni yokutholakala kokudla. Ngakho-ke, ukwehlisa amanani kamanyolo kungasiza ekwehliseni inkinga yokudla eqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwehla kwezintengo zikamanyolo kuzokwenza abalimi abaningi bakwazi ukuthenga umanyolo, ngaleyo ndlela kwenyuse ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu.

Indlela yokwehlisa amanani kamanyolo

Ngokusekelwe kumbono we-Alfred Marshall wokuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo, ukunikezwa kukamanyolo okuphansi kuholela ekwenyukeni kwamanani kamanyolo. Ngakho-ke, amanani entengo aphezulu anciphisa amandla abalimi okuthenga umanyolo, okwenza izitshalo zingakwazi ukuthola imisoco ebalulekile. Lokhu ekugcineni kubangela ukukhiqizwa okuphansi okusanhlamvu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutholakala kukamanyolo omningi kuholela ekwehleni kwamanani kamanyolo, okwenza abalimi bakwazi ukuthenga umanyolo, bathole imisoco eyanele yezitshalo, futhi ekugcineni kwenyuse ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu.

Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kukamanyolo ngezinga elikhulu emhlabeni wonke kungase kuholele ekugcwalisweni kukamanyolo, okungase kwehle amanani futhi kwenze abalimi abaningi bakwazi ukuwuthenga, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukukhiqizwa kokudla.

Ukukhiqiza umanyolo ngobuningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyelela kwabalimi

Kungenziwa amasu anhlobonhlobo okunyusa ukukhiqizwa kukamanyolo nokuhlinzeka nokwehlisa amanani, okuhlanganisa:

• Amazwe kufanele akhuthaze ukusungulwa kwezimboni ezincane zikamanyolo. Le ndlela yamasu inciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kubakhiqizi bakamanyolo futhi ikhulise ama-profits, ngaleyo ndlela ihehe abatshalizimali abaningi.
• Ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhiqiza umanyolo obuvela emazweni anezimboni ezithuthukile zokukhiqiza kungasetshenziswa ukusheshisa amandla okukhiqiza umanyolo wasekhaya.
• Amathuba okuthunyelwa kukamanyolo ezimakethe zomhlaba kufanele abhekwe. Lokhu kungakhuphula umthamo wokukhiqiza kanye nemali engenayo futhi kusekele nakakhulu amakhono okukhiqiza asekhaya.

Ama-fertilizer aqondene nomhlabathi wokukhiqiza okuphezulu okusanhlamvu

Umanyolo usiza ukwengezela umsoco ovela ngokwemvelo emhlabathini, okwenza uvunde. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila kwezakhi ezifundeni ezahlukene kuyehluka. A cwaningo ithole ukuthi imvelo efudumele, ewugwadule, nehlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, evame ukutholakala emazweni angathuthukile, inezakhi ezincane zomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, ohulumeni kufanele bakhiqize umanyolo ohambisana nezici zenhlabathi yabo. Isibonelo, amazwe anenhlabathi eqinile kufanele akhiqize umanyolo ophilayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, ukwakheka, amandla okubamba amanzi, namandla omsoco. 

Izifundo zokwenziwa komanyolo nokusetshenziswa kwazo

Inkinga yamanje yokudla emhlabeni wonke idinga isixazululo esiphuthumayo ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa kokudla. Izwe ngalinye kufanele litshale imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze likhiqize umanyolo ngokubheka izici zomhlabathi walo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlola amafomu amasha, ukuthuthukisa amasistimu okulethwa kwezakhi, noma ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ukukhiqizwa kukamanyolo omningi kungasiza ekwehliseni amanani kamanyolo, kubenze bafinyeleleke kalula kubalimi futhi kukhuphule ukukhiqizwa kokudla.

Ingabe ufuna umenzi ozokusiza ukukhiqiza umanyolo oqondene nomhlabathi? I-Henan Lane Heavy Industry Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. inikeza ukukhiqizwa kwe-OEM ne-ODM, umanyolo wokukhiqiza ngokusekelwe ekucacisweni komkhiqizo wangokwezifiso onikeziwe. 

Icala 1: Ulayini wokukhiqiza umanyolo we-silk we-Indonesia wesundu wesundu

E-Indonesia, ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha esundu kuye kwanda cishe ngokuphindwe kathathu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, nokukhiqizwa kwawo sekuphelele cishe cishe. 45% yokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukutshalwa kwesundu kanye nesivuno kuye kwanda kakhulu njengoba abalimi bebamba leli thuba kanye nemakethe. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kubangele ukwanda kwemfucuza evela ekukhishweni kwamafutha esundu. Imfucuza ivela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuchithwa kwamafutha esundu (i-POME), ama-oil palm fronds (OPF), isixha sezithelo esingenalutho (EFB), imicu yesundu (PPF), iziqu zamafutha esundu (OPK), namagobolondo embewu. Lezi zinto ezilahlwayo zikhiqizwa ngezigidi zamathani, okubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo.

Ukuze kuncishiswe le nselelo, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia kanye nabalimi bathuthukise lo mbono ngokushintsha izinto ezilahlwayo zikawoyela wesundu zibe umanyolo obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zinto zibe sezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umanyolo wemvelo osiza ukuthuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nezakhi zomhlabathi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-inorganic, futhi kuthuthukise amandla ezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mkhuba uye wandisa ukukhiqizwa futhi wathuthukisa izindlela zokulima ezizinzile kanye nentuthuko e-Indonesia.

Ikesi 2: Ulayini wokukhiqiza we-urea wase-Turkmenistan ohlanganiswe nesibabule

I-urea yase-Turkmenistan ehlanganiswe nesibabule ingabambezela ukukhululwa kokuzala kukamanyolo futhi inikeze imisoco yesikhathi eside kuso sonke isikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo. I-nitrogen iyisakhi esibalulekile esidingekayo ekukhiqizeni izitshalo kanye nokusimama kwezinhlelo zezolimo. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zithola ngaphansi kuka-50% we-nitrogen kumanyolo ofakiwe, kanti enye ilahleka emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke ukugcotshwa kwe-urea kuwumkhuba owodwa ojwayelekile osetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-nitrogen.

I-sulfur urea yaseTurkmenistan ihlanganisa ukufaka ungqimba lwesibabule esincibilikisiwe esizungeze i-urea. Lo mshini wokumboza uholela ekukhishweni kancane kwe-nitrogen, okuyivumela ukuthi ihlale isikhathi eside enhlabathini futhi ihlangabezane nezidingo zezitshalo. Umanyolo ohlanganisiwe owumphumela uthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kahle kwe-nitrogen futhi wenze kube lula ukukhula nekhwalithi yesivuno. Ukushoda kwezakhi ezincishisiwe kuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, okubonisa ukubaluleka komugqa wokukhiqiza urea waseTurkmenistan ohlanganiswe nesibabule ekubhekaneni nenkinga yokudla.

Isiphetho

Kuyacaca kulezi zibonelo ukuthi kunezindlela zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kukamanyolo. Indlela efanele yezindawo ezithile namazwe izoncika kakhulu ezidingweni zabo zezitshalo kanye nezimo zemvelo jikelele. Uma lokhu sekusunguliwe, umkhiqizi kamanyolo noma izinhlobonhlobo zawo wonke umuntu zingatholakala kuwo Chovm.com.