Ukuthi Imifelandawonye Emithathu Yasolwandle Ebusa Kanjani Ukuthunyelwa Kwasolwandle

Imifelandawonye yolwandle iwubambiswano lwamasu phakathi kwezinkampani zemikhumbi ezakhelwe ukuhlanganisa izinsiza, zabelane ngendawo emikhunjini, futhi zihlanganise imizila yenethiwekhi. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwenza imifelandawonye olwandle sihlanganisa:

• Ukonga imali: Ukusebenzisa imikhumbi emikhulu ezindaweni ezikude kubiza kakhulu. Ngokwabelana ngale mikhumbi nezinye izinkampani, ilungu ngalinye lomfelandawonye lingonga imali eningi kuphethiloli, emiholweni yabasebenzi, nasekunakekeleni imikhumbi.
• Ukufinyelela izindawo eziningi: Ayikho inkampani yemikhumbi eyodwa engafinyelela kuzo zonke izikhumulo zemikhumbi emhlabeni iyodwa. Ngokusebenzisana, lezi zinkampani zingasebenzisa amanethiwekhi azo ahlangene ukuze zifinyelele emadolobheni amaningi nasemazweni, okwenza ukuthutha izimpahla emhlabeni wonke kube lula.
• Inikeza amasevisi angcono: Ukusebenza ndawonye kuvumela lezi zinkampani ukuthi zinikeze uhambo oluvamile namashejuli avumelana nezimo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimpahla zingalethwa ngokushesha nangokuthembekile, okuhle kakhulu kumabhizinisi alinde ukuthunyelwa.
• Ukuhlala unokuncintisana: Imboni yezokuthutha inokuncintisana kakhulu. Izinkampani ezincane zisengozini yokuxoshwa yizinkulu. Lezi zinkampani ezincane zingahlala zifanelekile futhi zincintisana nezimbangi ezinkulu ngokwenza imifelandawonye.

Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uhlole imifelandawonye emithathu emikhulu yasolwandle futhi ufunde ukuthi lokhu kubambisana okunamandla kwasolwandle kwabelana kanjani ngemikhumbi, amachweba, nemizila ukuze kugcinwe amasondo e-ecommerce yomhlaba ejikeleza!

Okuqukethwe
1. 2M Umfelandawonye
2. I-Ocean Alliance
3. UMBIKO
4. Ukwengamela okusemthethweni emifelandawonye yasolwandle

2M Umfelandawonye

I-2M Alliance ukusebenzisana kwasolwandle phakathi kweziqhwaga ezimbili zasolwandle: i-Maersk Line kanye ne-Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC). I-Maersk Line, esekelwe ngaphandle kwe-Copenhagen, e-Denmark, ingenye yezinkampani ezinkulu ezithumela amabhokisi emhlabeni wonke. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-MSC esezinze eSwitzerland iyona ehamba phambili, inweba ukufinyelela kwayo kuwo wonke amachweba abalulekile omhlaba.

I-genesis ye-2M Alliance yaqala ngesimemezelo sayo ngo-2014, futhi umhlaba wabona ukuqaliswa kwayo njengamandla okusebenza ngo-2015, okumaka isahluko esisha emlandweni wasolwandle. Imizamo yabo ehlangene igxile kakhulu emigwaqweni emikhulu yezohwebo eMpumalanga-Ntshonalanga—ehlanganisa imizila yase-Asia eya e-Europe, indawo enkulu ye-trans-Pacific, kanye nomlando owela i-Atlantic.

Isibalo esishaqisayo ukuthi, kusukela ngoMashi 2023, imiyalo ye-2M Alliance cishe i-51% yomthamo wemikhumbi yomhlaba wonke yohwebo lwe-Atlantic. Ukuze uqonde ubukhulu balokhu kuhlanganiswa, umuntu kufanele acabangele lokho kukonke, umfelandawonye ilawula 11% yenani eliphelele lomthamo womkhumbi weziqukathi zomhlaba.

Ngokusebenza, i-2M Alliance isebenza njengeSivumelwano Sokwabelana Ngemikhumbi (VSA). Lolu hlelo luyisu njengoba lusebenza, luvumela i-Maersk Line kanye ne-MSC ukuthi babelane ngemikhumbi yabo kuyo yonke imizila okuvunyelwene ngayo kuyilapho begcina imisebenzi yabo yebhizinisi eyingqayizivele.

Ubuhle balesi sakhiwo busebulula baso—inkampani ngayinye yemikhumbi ingasebenzisa izimpahla zomunye ngaphandle kobunzima bokuhlanganisa izinkampani. Kodwa-ke, lobu budlelwano phakathi kwalezi zingcweti zokuhambisa abukho ngaphandle kwedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Esimemezelweni esibalulekile sembonini, kubikwe ukuthi i-2M Alliance izonqanyulwa ngo-2025. Bobabili i-MSC ne-Maersk bavumelene ngokuvumelana ukuqeda ubudlelwano babo kusukela ngoJanuwari 2025.

I-Ocean Alliance

Eyethulwe ngokuzimisela ngo-2017, i-Ocean Alliance ingumfelandawonye wasolwandle owasungulwa ngombono wokuqondisa nokuqinisa imithambo yezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe esikhathini sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu, nokubonakala kubekwe ngokuqinile emkhathizwe othembisa inketho yokuvuselelwa.

Emnyombweni wokwakhiwa kwayo kumi izingqwele ezine embonini yemikhumbi: i-COSCO (Inkampani Yase-China Ocean Shipping), i-OOCL (i-Orient Overseas Container Line), i-CMA CGM, ne-Evergreen Line, ngayinye iletha amandla ayo ahlukile namandla ayo kulo mfelandawonye wolwandle.

Iyala nxazonke Imikhumbi engama-330 amandla okuthwala ahlanganisiwe amangalisayo alinganiselwa ku-3.8 million TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units), i-Ocean Alliance imele mayelana ne-16% yomthamo wemikhumbi yomhlaba. Ukumboza imithambo ebalulekile yohwebo lomhlaba wonke, umfelandawonye uhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezingaphezu kuka-40 ezithinta imigudu yokuhweba emikhulu:

• 19 Izinsizakalo ze-Transpacific iqondise ukuhweba okukhulu phakathi kwe-Asia neNyakatho Melika, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zigeleza ngaphandle komthungo phakathi kwe-Eastern and Western hemispheres.
• Izinsizakalo eziyi-7 phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu ukunqamula umhubhe wohwebo omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, ihlanganisa izimakethe ezinkulu zase-Asia nezizinda zezomnotho zaseYurophu.
• Izinsizakalo ezi-4 phakathi kwe-Asia neMedithera ukuxhumanisa izimakethe zase-Asia nezifunda ezinomlando nezihlukene ngokwezomnotho ezisemngceleni woLwandle iMedithera.
• 2 Amasevisi e-Transatlantic ukuhlanganisa i-Atlantic ukuze kube lula ukuhwebelana phakathi komnotho waseNyakatho Melika kanye nowaseYurophu.
• Izinsizakalo ezi-4 phakathi kwe-Asia neMpumalanga Ephakathi ukuxhumanisa izindawo zokukhiqiza zase-Asia nezifunda ezicebile ngamandla zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
• Izinsizakalo ezi-2 ze-Asia-Red Sea inikeza izixhumanisi ezibalulekile phakathi kwe-Asia kanye nesifunda soLwandle Olubomvu, iqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwamasu eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

UMBIKO

I-Alliance iwumfelandawonye wamasu ohlanganisa amandla ezinkampani ezine eziyinhloko zasolwandle, ezihlinzeka ngezinzuzo zokusebenza kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo okuthuthukisiwe kuyo yonke imizila ebalulekile yomhlaba wonke. Yang Ming iphethe lo mfelandawonye, ​​inikela ngama-80% omthamo wayo weziqukathi, okuyenza ibe uzakwethu omkhulu kunabo bonke kule nhlangano.

Ukulandela eduze kuyinto I-Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM Co., Ltd), ebophezela u-78% wekhono layo lokuthutha, okugcizelela indima yayo ebalulekile ekubambisweni. I-Ocean Network Express (ONE) iletha omunye u-69% womthamo wayo weziqukathi. Okwamanje, Hhayi Lloyd, ehlanganisa u-43% womthamo wayo, ihlanganisa leli qembu lasolwandle.

I-Alliance isebenzisa uxhaxha lwemikhumbi engu-260, eyenza amagagasi anqamule amachweba omhlaba angu-82 futhi iqinisekise ukutholakala kwezinsiza ezihlukahlukene ezineminikelo ehlukene engu-31. Le canvas ebanzi yokusebenza ihlanganisa imizila yokuhweba ebalulekile, okuhlanganisa imizila ye-Trans-Atlantic, Trans-Pacific, kanye ne-Asia-Europe.

Ngomthamo osetshenzisiwe ohlanganisiwe we cishe izigidi ezi-3.03 ze-TEUs, I-Alliance iyala mayelana ne-12% umthamo womkhumbi weziqukathi zomhlaba wonke, ukuwuvumela ukuthi uphathe ingxenye enkulu yohwebo lwasolwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Inhloso eyinhloko ye-Alliance ukuphakamisa ukusebenza kahle kuyo yonke le migudu yokuhweba ebalulekile. Lokhu kuzibophezela kuhumushela ezikhathini ezithuthukisiwe zokuthutha ezisuka echwebeni ziye ethekwini, ezibalulekile ekufikeni kwesikhathi kwezimpahla futhi ezinemithelela eqondile ekuthembekeni kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukwengeza, lo mfelandawonye wezilwandle ubeka ukugxila okuhlangene ekunciphiseni imithelela yemvelo. Ngokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi kanye nokwenza lula amashejuli akunciphisi nje kuphela ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nentuthu ephumayo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwesevisi kanye nokonga kwezindleko kumakhasimende ayo omhlaba.

Ukwengamela okusemthethweni emifelandawonye yasolwandle

Lezi zivumelwano ezintathu ezinkulu zolwandle ziye zalula ngokungenakuphikwa ukusebenza kwempahla, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthumela, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle embonini yezokuthutha yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, okunye okukhathaza kakhulu imifelandawonye yasolwandle ukuthi kungenzeka kube nokuziphatha okungahambisani nokuncintisana.

Ngesabelo esibaluleke kangaka somthamo womhlaba wemikhumbi ngaphansi kolawulo lwayo, lezi zivumelwano zasolwandle zinamandla amakhulu emakethe, okuthi, uma esetshenziswa kabi, angaholela emikhubeni efana nokulungiswa kwamanani entengo, ukuxhaphaza amandla, noma ukubekela eceleni izimbangi ezincane zemikhumbi.

Ngokubona lezi zingozi, izinhlangano ezilawulayo emhlabeni wonke zifuna imithetho eqinile kanye nokuqapha okuseduze ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lezi zivumelwano zasolwandle zisebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele esemthethweni nencintisanayo. Lokhu kungasho ukukhawulela ububanzi bokusebenzisana phakathi kwamalungu omfelandawonye, ​​ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mfelandawonye ongalawula ngokuhlangene izimakethe noma amanani.

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