Isetshenziswa Kanjani Izinhlaka Zokulawula Ubungozi

Ukuthatha okhiye 

Ukuqonda ukuthi ungazihlonza kanjani ngokuhlelekile izingozi ezingaba khona kumaphrojekthi noma inhlangano yakho kubalulekile empumelelweni yesikhathi eside nokuzinza.

Uhlaka lokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele luhlinzeka ngendlela ehlelekile yokuhlonza, ukuhlola, nokunciphisa ubungozi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.

Qoqa impendulo futhi ulungise uhlaka lwakho lwengozi njengoba kudingeka ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi luhlala lusebenza futhi lusabela ezingozini ezivelayo.

Ukulawulwa kobungozi sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo yesikhathi eside nokuzinza ebhizinisini. Izinkampani ziya ngokuya zichayeka ekungaqinisekini okuningi nasezinsongweni ezingaba khona, kusukela ekuguquguqukeni kwezimakethe kuya ekuhlaselweni kwe-inthanethi. Ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele akukhona nje ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa okungase kube khona, kodwa futhi nokubamba amathuba avela endleleni ehlelekile yokulawula ubungozi. Ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele okuphumelelayo kwenza izinhlangano zikwazi ukulindela izinselele, zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi zigcine umkhawulo wokuncintisana.

Luyini uhlaka lokulawula ubungozi?

Uhlaka lokulawula ubungozi luyindlela ehlelekile yokuhlonza, yokuhlola kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano. Inikeza incazelo ecacile nefingqiwe yezinqubo nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuphatha izinsongo ezingaba khona ngempumelelo. Lolu hlaka lusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubungozi bulungiswa ngendlela ehlelekile, okuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi anciphise imithelela engemihle futhi asebenzise amathuba.

Ngokomlando, ukwenyuka kokulawulwa kobungozi ebhizinisini kugqugquzelwe ukukhula kobunzima nokungaqiniseki emakethe. Njengoba izinhlangano zanda emhlabeni wonke futhi zixhumana kakhulu, ukuthembela kwazo kubuchwepheshe nakho kuye kwakhula kakhulu. Lokhu kuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe kwethule izingozi eziningi ezingaba khona, kusukela ezinsongweni ze-cybersecurity kuya ekuphazamisekeni kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwavela izinhlaka ezibanzi zokuhlinzeka ngendlela ehlelekile nehlelekile yokuhlonza, ukuhlola kanye nokunciphisa lezi zingozi.

Izingxenye ezibalulekile zesu lokulawula ubungozi

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe isu lokulawula ubungozi elisebenzayo, ukuqonda izingxenye ezibalulekile zohlaka lokulawulwa kobungozi kubalulekile.

Ukuhlonza ingozi 

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zingakwazi ukubona izingozi ngokuphumelelayo. Amasu afana nokuhlaziya i-SWOT asiza ukuhlola amandla, ubuthakathaka, amathuba nezinsongo, kunikeze ukubuka konke kobungozi. Izikhathi zokuxoxisana zivumela amalungu eqembu ukuthi axoxe ngezingozi ezingase zibe khona futhi bakhe izixazululo. Ukwengeza, ukuhlola ubungozi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesimo kusiza ukubikezela nokulungiselela izinselele.

Ukuhlola ingozi

Ukuhlola ubungozi obuhlonziwe kuhilela inqubo ehlelekile esebenzisa kokubili amathuluzi obuningi kanye nekhwalithi. Izindlela zokulinganisa, njengamamodeli ezibalo nokuhlaziywa kwamathuba, zinikeza isisekelo senani sokuqonda imvamisa yengozi nobukhulu, kusize ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezihlosiwe. Izindlela zekhwalithi, njengokwahlulela kochwepheshe kanye namatrices engozi, zinikeza imininingwane ngokuhlaziya okuzimele.

Ukunciphisa Ingozi

Kunamasu amaningana okunciphisa ubungozi ngempumelelo. Enye indlela ukugwema, ukuyiqeda ngokuphelele ingozi. Elinye isu ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa ubungozi bufike ezingeni elamukelekayo ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezisheshayo. Ukwabelana kuhilela ukudlulisela ubungozi kwelinye iqembu, ngomshwalense noma ngokuthumela ngaphandle, isibonelo. Okokugcina, ukwamukela kusho ukuvuma ubungozi kanye nokulungiselela imiphumela engaba khona ngezinhlelo zezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsiza.

Ukuqapha Nokubuyekeza

Ukuqhubeka nokuqapha ubungozi namasu okuphatha kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ngokushesha futhi kubhekwane nezinsongo ezingaba khona. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlangano ukuthi zihlole ukusebenza kahle futhi zenze izinguquko ezidingekayo ezingozini ezivelayo nezinguquko. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bagcina indlela esebenzayo, bavikele imisebenzi futhi baqinisekise impumelelo yesikhathi eside.

Izinhlaka ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokulawula ubungozi

Ukuqonda izinhlaka ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokulawula ubungozi kungaba usizo ekwenzeni isu lakho. Uhlaka ngalunye lunikeza izindlela ezihlukile namathuluzi afanelana nezidingo ezithile zemboni kanye nezidingo zokulawula.

I-COSO ERM Framework 

Uhlaka lwe-COSO ERM (Enterprise Risk Management), oludalwe yiKomidi Lezinhlangano Ezixhasayo leKhomishana yeTreadway, lunikeza indlela ebanzi yokuhlonza, yokuhlola, yokuphatha kanye nokuqapha ubungozi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano. Iqondanisa ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele nokuhlela kwamasu nokusebenza, igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqhathanisa ukudla okuyingozi nezinjongo zebhizinisi. Uhlaka lubandakanya izingxenye ezinhlanu: Ukubusa Namasiko; Isu kanye Nokuhlelwa Kwezinjongo; Ukusebenza; Ukubukeza kanye Nokubukeza; kanye Nolwazi, Ukuxhumana, kanye Nokubika.

ISO 31000

Uhlaka lwe-ISO 31000, oluthuthukiswe yi-International Organization for Standardization, luhlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokulawula ubungozi obusebenzayo kunoma iyiphi inhlangano, ngokunganaki usayizi noma imboni. Ikhuthaza indlela ehlelekile, esobala, futhi engaguquki ngokushumeka ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele ekubuseni, kumasu kanye nezinqubo zokuhlela. Iveza izici ezibalulekile njengokuhlonza ubungozi, ukuhlola, ukwelashwa, ukuqapha nokubuyekeza, igcizelela ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuxhumana nababambiqhaza.

I-NIST Risk Management Framework

I-NIST Risk Management Framework (RMF), eyakhiwe Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Samazinga Nobuchwepheshe, inikeza inqubo ehlelekile, eguquguqukayo nephindaphindekayo yokuhlanganisa ukuphepha nokulawulwa kobungozi emjikelezweni wokuphila wokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu. Ekuqaleni kumasistimu wolwazi wenhlangano kodwa evumelana nanoma iyiphi inhlangano, i-RMF igcizelela indlela yomjikelezo wempilo yokuphatha ukuvikeleka kolwazi nobungozi bobumfihlo. Iqukethe izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa: 

1. Lungiselela: Sungula umongo nendawo ekahle ekulawuleni ukuphepha kanye nezingozi zobumfihlo, okuhlanganisa ukuchaza izindima, izibopho nezinsiza.
2. Faka ngokwezigaba: Chaza izinga lomthelela lezinhlelo zolwazi ngokusekelwe ezingozini ezingaba khona ekusebenzeni, izimpahla kanye nabantu ngabanye.
3. Khetha: Khetha isethi ehlanganisiwe yezilawuli zokuphepha ngokusekelwe ezingeni lomthelela wesistimu kanye nezidingo ezithile.
4. Sebenzisa: Sebenzisa izilawuli zokuphepha ezikhethiwe futhi ubhale ukuthi zihlanganiswe kanjani nesistimu yolwazi.
5. Hlola: Hlola izilawuli zokuphepha ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ziyasebenza futhi zisebenza njengoba kuhlosiwe.
6. Gunyaza: Yenza isinqumo esisekelwe ebungozini sokugunyaza ukusebenza kohlelo lolwazi, wamukele noma yiziphi izingozi ezisalelayo.
7. Qapha: Qhubeka ulandelela izilawuli zokuphepha, uhlole kabusha izingozi futhi wenze izibuyekezo ezidingekayo ukuze ugcine isimo sokuphepha esamukelekile.

Umhlahlandlela we-PMBOK we-PMI

I-Project Management Institute's (PMI) Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Umhlahlandlela uyinhlanganisela ephelele yemikhuba emihle kanye namazinga okuphatha amaphrojekthi ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izimboni. Iveza izinqubo ezibalulekile zokuphatha iphrojekthi kanye nezindawo zolwazi, ezihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amahlanu enqubo:

1. Iyaqalisa: Chaza futhi ugunyaze iphrojekthi noma isigaba, uchaze izinjongo zayo, ababambiqhaza kanye nezidingo ezisezingeni eliphakeme.
2. Ukuhlela: Yakha umgwaqo onemininingwane ukuze ufeze izinjongo zephrojekthi, okuhlanganisa ububanzi, isimiso, izindleko, ikhwalithi, izinsiza, ukuxhumana, ubungozi kanye nezinhlelo zokuthenga.
3. Ukwenza: Hlanganisa abantu nezinsiza ukuze kuqaliswe uhlelo lwephrojekthi, uqinisekise ukuthi okulethwayo kwephrojekthi kuyakhiqizwa futhi ukusebenza kuyabhekwa.
4. Ukuqapha nokulawula: Landelela, ubuyekeze futhi ulawule ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwephrojekthi, uhlonza noma yiziphi izinguquko ezidingekayo futhi uzilawule ukuze zihlale zisendleleni ngohlelo lwephrojekthi.
5. Ukuvala: Qedela yonke imisebenzi ukuze uqedele ngokusemthethweni iphrojekthi noma isigaba, uqinisekisa ukuthi konke okulethwa iphrojekthi kuyamukelwa futhi kubhalwe phansi izifundo ezifundiwe kumaphrojekthi azayo.

FAIR Framework

Uhlaka lwe-FAIR (I-Factor Analysis of Information Risk) luyindlela ehlelekile yokuqonda, ukuhlaziya kanye nokulinganisa ubungozi bolwazi ngokwemibandela yezezimali. Ithuthukiswe nguJack Jones, i-FAIR ihlukanisa izici eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifaka ubungozi zibe izingxenye ezilawulekayo. Igxila ekungenzeka kube khona isigameko esisongelayo kanye nomthelela waso ongaba khona enhlanganweni, sinikeza isisekelo esicacile, somthamo wokwenza izinqumo.

Ukusebenzisa uhlaka lokulawulwa kobungozi

Ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo kubalulekile ukuze uhlanganise uhlaka olukhethiwe ukuze luvumelane nezimo ezithile zenhlangano. Yonke inhlangano nezimboni zinezidingo ezihlukile, futhi ukulungisa uhlaka kuqinisekisa ukuthi luhambisana nalezo zidingo ukuze kusebenze kahle.

Inani lebhizinisi

Ukulawulwa kobungozi kubalulekile ekubalweni kwebhizinisi njengoba kuhlonza, kuhlola futhi kunciphise ubungozi obungaba nomthelela ekuhambeni nokuphuma kwemali kwenkampani kwesikhathi esizayo kanye nenani lilonke. Ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele okuphumelelayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsongo ezibalulekile—njengokuntengantenga kwezimakethe, ukungasebenzi kahle, izikweletu ezingokomthetho kanye namasu angalungile—ziyaqashelwa futhi ziyaxazululwa. Le ndlela ihlinzeka ngokulinganisa okunembe kakhudlwana nokuthembekile, okubalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo unolwazi ngabatshalizimali, abakweletwayo kanye nababambiqhaza.

Ukulawulwa kobungozi ngendlela efanele kuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokubikezela kwenkampani, kukhulise ukukhanga kwayo kanye nenani elibonakalayo kubatshalizimali. Isu eliphelele lokulawula ubungozi lingaholela ekwabiweni okungcono kwezinsiza, ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye nenzuzo eqhubekayo yokuncintisana, konke okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukulinganisa kwenkampani.

Amasu empumelelo:

• Ukuze ubonise ubungozi bebhizinisi, lungisa amamodeli ezezimali ngezinselele zalo ezihlukile. Isibonelo, sebenzisa izilinganiso zesaphulelo eziphakeme zokuqalisa okuguquguqukayo ukuze ubale ingozi enkulu yokwehluleka nokuhlukahluka kwezinzuzo. Ngokufanayo, lungisa ukuqagela kokugeleza kwemali ezinkampanini ezithengisayo ngokusekelwe kumikhuba yokuziphatha yabathengi.
• Sebenzisa amasu okulinganisa athuthukile ukuze uhlaziye futhi ulawule ubungozi obuqondene nebhizinisi. Isibonelo, ukulingisa kwe-Monte Carlo kungamodela umthelela wezinto eziyingozi ezihlukahlukene ekusebenzeni kwezezimali, okubonisa imiphumela engaba khona kanye namathuba azo. Ukuhlaziywa kokuzwela kungaveza ukuthi izinguquko ekuqageleni okubalulekile (njengevolumu yokuthengisa noma izindleko) zikuthinta kanjani ukulinganisa.
• Sebenzisa amasistimu okuqapha ubungozi besikhathi sangempela ukuze ulandelele futhi uhlaziye izici zebhizinisi ezinobungozi. Lawa mathuluzi ahlinzeka ngolwazi lwamanje nezexwayiso ngoshintsho olubalulekile lwezinkomba zobungozi eziyinhloko (ama-KRI) ahambisana nokusebenza kwenkampani nesimo semakethe. Isibonelo, idatha yesikhathi sangempela ngezimo zemakethe, izinguquko zokulawula noma amamethrikhi okusebenza angasiza ukubhekana ngokushesha nezingozi ezivelayo.

Consulting

Ukulawulwa kobungozi ekubonisaneni kubalulekile empumelelweni nasekusimameni kwawo womabili amafemu namakhasimende awo. Abeluleki basiza izinhlangano ukuthi zibhekane nezinselele futhi zisebenzise amathuba, kodwa le mizamo ivamise ukubandakanya izingozi ezihlukahlukene.

Ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele okuphumelelayo kuvumela abaxhumanisi ukuthi babone, bahlole futhi banciphise izingozi ezingaba khona kuyo yonke inqubo yokubonisana, kusukela ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi kuya ekuqalisweni. Ngokubhekana nezingozi ezihlobene nobubanzi bephrojekthi, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza, okulindelwe ababambiqhaza kanye namandla emakethe, abaxhumanisi banganciphisa amathuba okuhlehla kwephrojekthi, ukweqiwa kwesabelomali, kanye nokulimala kwesithunzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele ekubonisaneni kwakha ukwethembana nokuzethemba phakathi kwamakhasimende, abese ebona abeluleki njengabalingani abanamasu abakwazi ukuletha izixazululo ezinokwethenjelwa. Ngokubeka phambili ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele, amafemu okubonisana angathuthukisa isiphakamiso sawo senani, agqame emakethe futhi azuze impumelelo yesikhathi eside.

Amasu empumelelo:

• Hlanganyela namaklayenti ukuze udale amarejista ezingozi abonisa ubungozi obungase bube khona futhi uhlole ukuthi kungenzeka yini kanye nomthelela wazo. Gxila ezingozini ezithinta izinjongo zamasu zeklayenti kanye nemiphumela yebhizinisi. Ngokubeka phambili lezi zingozi, abeluleki babhekana nezinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuqala, basize amaklayenti abhekane nezinselele ezingase zithiye impumelelo yawo.
• Dizayina amadeshibhodi engozi angokwezifiso anikeza abaphathi imininingwane ecacile, yesikhathi sangempela ezingozini zephrojekthi kanye nezenzo zokunciphisa. Gqamisa ama-KPI ahlobene nokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele, ovumela izinqumo ezisheshayo, ezinolwazi. Lokhu kubeka izinto obala kukhuthaza ukwethenjwa futhi kugcina ubuholi bunolwazi ngezinkinga ezingase zibe khona kanye nabaphathi bazo.
• Gxila kumamethrikhi akala izinzuzo zezezimali zokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele. Bala imbuyiselo ku-investimenti yokunciphisa ubungozi (i-RORMI) ukuze ubonise izinzuzo zezezimali ezivela emisebenzini yokulawula ubungozi. Ngokufanayo, hlola inzuzo yephrojekthi elungisiwe ukukhombisa ukuthi ukunciphisa ubungozi kuyithuthukisa kanjani imiphumela.

Ezezimali

Ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele okuphumelelayo kwezezimali kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izimpahla, ukuthuthukisa izinzuzo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuqina kwezikhungo zezezimali nezimakethe. Ngokuhlonza, ukuhlola nokunciphisa ubungozi obuhlukahlukene—njengezimakethe, izikweletu, ukuswelakala kwemali kanye nobungozi bokusebenza—izikhungo zezimali zingazivikela ekulahlekeni nasekuphazamisekeni okungaba khona.

Izinqubo eziqinile zokulawula ubungozi azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuzethemba kwabatshalizimali, kodwa futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho kanye nokuzinza okuphelele kwezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zenza izikhungo zezimali zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokwabiwa kwezinsiza, amasu okutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, ngaleyo ndlela zandise imbuyiselo kuyilapho zinciphisa ukwehla okungaba khona.

Amasu empumelelo:

• Dala ama-matrics ahlola futhi abeke phambili izingozi ezihlukene ngokuya ngokubaluleka kwazo kwesu kanye nomthelela ongaba khona ezinhlosweni zesikhathi eside zenhlangano. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izikhungo zezezimali zingagxilisa imizamo yazo yokulawula ubungozi kanye nezinsiza ezingozini ezibaluleke kakhulu, ziqinisekise ukuthi izinsongo ezibucayi ziyabhekwana kuqala futhi ngokuphumelelayo kuvikela ukuzinza nezinjongo zesikhungo.
• Enza ngendlela oyifisayo amasu okuvikela ukuze ahambisane nezici ezithile zobungozi zomkhiqizo ngamunye wezezimali noma utshalomali. Lokhu kuhilela ukucabangela izici ezifana nomugqa wesikhathi wokuvuthwa komkhiqizo, uhlobo lwezimpahla eziyisisekelo kanye nezintandokazi kanye nokubekezelela ubungozi kubatshalizimali.
• Dala imigwaqo enemininingwane yokuthobela eqondene ngqo nokusebenza kwenhlangano kuzo zonke izifunda nemikhakha yezimboni. Lawa mamephu emigwaqo kufanele afake zonke izidingo zokulawula ezifanele, izinsuku eziwumnqamulajuqu nezinhlelo zokwenza endaweni ngayinye kanye nomugqa webhizinisi.

Imicabango yokugcina

Ukulawulwa kobungozi okusebenzayo kuyingxenye esemqoka yanoma yiliphi isu lebhizinisi eliyimpumelelo. Ngokuhlonza, ukuhlola nokunciphisa ubungozi, izinkampani zingavikela impahla yazo, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle futhi zakhe isisekelo esiqinile sokukhula okuqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokulungisa amamodeli ezezimali, ngokusebenzisa amasu obuningi athuthukile noma ukusebenzisa amasistimu okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisheshayo zokuphatha izingozi kungaletha izinzuzo ezibalulekile zesikhathi eside. Khumbula, indlela eqinile yokulawula ubungozi ayigcini nje ngokuvikela ibhizinisi lakho, kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ukubaluleka kwalo, ukwethembeka, nokuqina.

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